BIOL 4120: Principles of Ecology Lecture 5: Biome Concept in Ecology
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Transcript of BIOL 4120: Principles of Ecology Lecture 5: Biome Concept in Ecology
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BIOL 4120: Principles of EcologyBIOL 4120: Principles of Ecology
Lecture 5: Biome Concept in Lecture 5: Biome Concept in EcologyEcology
Dafeng HuiDafeng Hui
Room: Harned Hall 320Room: Harned Hall 320
Phone: 963-5777Phone: 963-5777
Email: [email protected]: [email protected]
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TopicsTopics
5.1 Climate is the major determinant of plant growth form and distribution
5.2 Climate determine the boundaries of terrestrial biomes5.3 Walter climate diagrams distinguish the major climate
biomes5.4 Temperate climate zones have average annual
temperature between 5 and 20oC5. 5 Boreal and polar climate zones have average
temperatures below 5oC5. 6 Climate zones with tropical latitudes have average
temperatures exceeding 20oC5.7 Biome concept must be modified for freshwater
aquatic systems5.8 Marine aquatic systems are classified principally by
water depth
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Biomes are classified according to the
predominat plant types and climate
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Concept of Biomes:
F.E. Clements and V.E. Shelford, 1939
Combining broad-scale distribution of both plants and associated animals into a single classification
Biomes: classified according to the predominant plant types
Campbell 1996: the world's major communities, classified according to the predominant vegetation and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment.
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Biomes reflect adaptations of dominant plant life forms
Why are there consistent patterns in the distribution and abundance of three dominant plant life forms that relate to climate and physical environment?
Three general plant forms: trees, shrubs, and grasses.
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Biomes reflect adaptations of dominant plant life forms
These three forms represent different patterns of carbon allocation and morphology
Grasses: less C to production of supporting tissue (stem) than do wood plants (shrubs and trees), more to photosynthetic tissues (leaves)
Woody plants: shrubs allocate lower percentage to stem than trees.
Trees: more to stem, advantage of height and access to light, cost more for maintenance and respiration.
As environmental conditions become adverse for photosynthesis (dry, low nutrient, cold T), trees will decline in both stature and density until they are no longer able to persist as a component of the plant community.
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Forests
Within broad classes of forest and woodland ecosystem (trees are dominant or co-dominant), leaf form is another plant characteristic.
Based on longevity of leafDeciduous (live for only one year or growing season)• Winter-deciduous (temperate regions, low winter T)• Drought-deciduous (subtropical and tropical, leaf shed on
dry periods)Evergreen (live beyond a year)• Broadleaf-evergreen (tropic rainforest, no distinct growing
season, year-round photosynthesis)• Needle-leaf evergreen (growing season is short or nutrient
availability constrains photosynthesis and plant growth)
Economic model to explain adaptation of leaf form: cost to produce leaf and gain from photosynthesis.
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Concept of Biomes:
Major terrestrial biome types (eight , nine, and varies):
Tropical forest, temperate forest, conifer forest (taiga and boreal forest), tropical savanna, temperate grasslands, chaparral (shrublands), tundra, and desert.
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5.1 Climate is the major determinant of plant growth form and distribution
Since organisms are adapted to the physical environments of their biomes, ranges of species are limited by these physical conditions
In terrestrial environments, temperature and moisture are the most important variables, particularly for plants.
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Related species may differ in their ecological tolerances, and distribute Differently
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5.2 Climate defines the boundaries of terrestrial biomes (Walter)
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Robert Whittaker, Cornell Uni.
Biomes and climate
Boundaries between biomes are broad and often indistinct
Other factors: topography, soils, and exposure to disturbances such as fire
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Nashville, TNNashville, TN
Mean temperature: 14.9 oC, annual precipitation: 122.3 cmSource: US Climate Data
Temperate seasonal forest
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Robert Whittaker, Cornell Uni.
Biomes and climate
Boundaries between biomes are broad and often indistinct
Other factors: topography, soils, and exposure to disturbances such as fire
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BIOL 4120: Principles of EcologyBIOL 4120: Principles of Ecology
Lecture 5: Biome Concept in Lecture 5: Biome Concept in EcologyEcology
Dafeng HuiDafeng Hui
Room: Harned Hall 320Room: Harned Hall 320
Phone: 963-5777Phone: 963-5777
Email: [email protected]: [email protected]
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RecapRecap
Climate and soilSoil profile, soil weathering process, soil order
BiomesClimate is the major determinant of plant growth form and
distribution
Climate determine the boundaries of terrestrial biomes
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5.3 Walter climate diagrams distinguish the major terrestrial biomes
Precipitation and temperature interactively determine biomes
To permit ecologically meaningful comparisons of climates between localities, Walter developed a climate diagram to illustrate seasonal periods of water deficit and abundance.
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Each climate zone has a typical seasonal patterns of T and P.
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5.4 Temperate climate zones have average annual temperature between 5 and 20oC
Temperate seasonal forest biome (Climate zone VI)
Temperate rain forest biome (Climate zone V)
Temperate grassland/desert biome (Climate zone VII)
Woodland/shrubland biome (climate zone IV)
Subtropical desert biome (climate zone III)
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Temperate seasonal forest
Forest ecosystems dominate the wetter regions of the temperate zone
Deciduous forest covered large area of Europe and China, but mostly converted to croplands, only exist in eastern China
North America, deciduous forests consist of a number of associations (next slide)
Southern Hemisphere, temperate evergreen forest become predominant
Asiatic broadleaf forest found in eastern China, Japan, Korea is similar to the North American deciduous forest
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Large scale distribution of temperate forest in eastern US
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Grassland ecosystems
Rainfall is very important: 250 to 800 mmOther factors: fire, and human activity
(convert grassland to desert by overgrazing)
Area: dropped from 42% to <12% of original size
Location: mid-latitudes in mid-continental regions
Typical: prairies of North America, steppes of central Eurasia
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Grassland in North America
a.Tallgrass prairie in Iowa,
b.mixed-grass prairie;
c.shortgrass steppe
Tallgrass prairie
Big bluestem, >1m
Mixed-grass prairie
Needlegrass-garma grass
Shortgrass prairie
Blue garma and buffalo grass
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Aboveground primary productivity is related to MAP (52 grassland)
Grasslands are most productive when MAP>800 mm and MAT > 15oC
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5.4 Temperate climate zones have average annual temperature between 5 and 20oC
Temperate seasonal forest biome (Climate zone VI)
Temperate rain forest biome (Climate zone V)
Temperate grassland/desert biome (Climate zone VII)
Woodland/shrubland biome (climate zone IV)
Subtropical desert biome (climate zone III)
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sclerophyllous: hard-leaved vegetation
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Desert
Area: 25 to 35%Location: latitudes between 15 and 30oCause: Global air mass circulation T: High in summer, could be cold in winterPPT: low, <150 mmTypical examples: majority in Northern
Hemisphere, Sahara in Africa, Gobi in Asia, western North America
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Deserts are not the same everywhere
Cold desert: Great Basin of North America, the Gobi, Takla Makan, and Turkestan deserts of Asia
Species: sagebrush, shadscale, chenopods, etc
Hot desert: Mojave, the Sonoran, and Chihuahuan
Vegetation: none to some combination of chenopods, dwarf-shrubs, and succulents
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Hot desert: a. Chihuahuan Desert, b. Great Victorian Desert in Australia, c. Dunes in Saudi Arabian desert.
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Plants and animals in DesertSurvive of desert plants:
Adapted to scarcity of water, low primary productivityFlowering only when moisture is presentFast grow, flower, produce seeds and dieDeep-rooted (mesquite, taproots reach water table)CAM pathway, special leaf structure
Survive of animalsSupport a diversity of animal life (bettles, ants, locusts, lizards, snakes, birds and mammals)Grazing herbivores: generalists, consume a wide range of species. Desert carnivores, such as fox and coyotes, have mixed diet include leaves and fruits.
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5. 5 Boreal and polar climate zones have average temperatures below 5oC
Boreal forest biome (Climate zone VIII)
Tundra biome (Climate zone IX)
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Black spruce in North America taiga (boreal forest)
Some coniferous forest. A. Norway spruce, b. Rocky Mountaine subalpine forest, c. montane coniferous forest in Rocky Mountains
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Arctic TundraTundra is treeless plainArctic tundra is a frozen plain, clothed in sedges, heaths, and
willows, dotted with lakes, and crossed by streams
Cold Temperature and low precipitation
Two types:Polar desert: dry soil, less than 5% plant cover
Wet tundra: up to 100% plant coverage, wet to moist soil
Unique conditions:permafrost: isolate and protect soil OMvegetation: simple form, slow growth, allocate more to roots.
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Arctic tundraCanada
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Rocky Mountains alpine tundra
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5. 6 Climate zones with tropical latitudes have average temperatures exceeding 20oC
Tropical rain forest biomes (Climate zone I)
Tropical seasonal forest/savanna biome (Climate zone II)
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Tropic rain forest
Location: Equatorial zone between latitudes 10 oN and 10 oS
T: warm all year, monthly mean T>20 oC
PPT: Rainfall occurs daily, min. monthly>60mm
Typical example: Amazon basin of South America
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RecapRecap
Climate zone with temperate climate zones have average temperatures between 5 and 20 oC
Boreal and polar climate zones have average temperatures below 5oC
Climate zones with tropical latitudes have average temperatures exceeding 20oC
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Tropic rain forests in Amazon (a), Malaysia (b), and Northeast Australia (c)
High net primary productivity (NPP)
High diversity of plant and animal life
7% land surface, >50% plant and animal species
10-km2 contain 1500 species of flowing plants and 750 tree species.
Richest area in Malaysia, 7900 species
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90% of all primate species live in the tropical rain forest
orangutan (an arboreal ape)
Gibbons, langurs, macaques
(Malaysian)
Gorillas, and chimpanzees
(Africa)
Lemurs
Beetles, butterflies
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Vertical stratification of a tropic rain forest
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Tropical Savannas
Location: Equatorial zone between latitudes 30oN and 30oS, Dry tropic and subtropical.
T: warm all year, annual mean T>18oCPPT: distinct seasonality in rainfall,
large interannual variationTypical example: South America
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Tropical SavannasSavanna: means the treeless areas of South America
Grassland with scattered trees.
Characteristics:Occur on land surfaces of little relief, often on old plateaus,
dissected by rivers, soil poor in nutrients, especially PDominant species are fire-adapted, subjected to recurrent
fires.Grass cover with or without wood vegetation is always presentWoody component is short-lived (less than a few decades).
Two-layer vertical structure (ground level grass + shrubs or trees)
Support a large and varies assemblage of herbivores, invertebrate and vertebrate, grazing and browsing.
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Interaction between annual PPT and soil texture in defining biomes
Access by plants to soil moisture is more limited on the heavy textured soils (clay) than sandy oil.
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5.7 Biome concept must be modified 5.7 Biome concept must be modified for aquatic systemsfor aquatic systems
Terrestrial biomes: classified by growth form of Terrestrial biomes: classified by growth form of dominant vegetation reflects climate conditions.dominant vegetation reflects climate conditions.
Aquatic biomes: in many aquatic systems, there is Aquatic biomes: in many aquatic systems, there is no “vegetation” form, only algaeno “vegetation” form, only algae
Classified primarily by physical characteristics Classified primarily by physical characteristics such as salinity, water movement, and depthsuch as salinity, water movement, and depth
Freshwater aquatic:Freshwater aquatic: Flowing water: Streams and riversFlowing water: Streams and rivers Standing water: lakes and pondsStanding water: lakes and ponds WetlandsWetlands EstuariesEstuaries
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Flowing water: streams and riversLotic systems: flowing fresh waters, such as streams and rivers
Streams form wherever P exceeds ET, and excess water drains from the land.
Riffles: water runs rapidly over a rocky substratumPools: deeper stretches of more slowly moving water
Riparian zone: terrestrial veg influenced by seasonal floodingAllochthonous: organic material that enters the aquatic system from the outsideAutochthonous: home grow its organic material.
Lack richness and diversity
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Fluvial systems, as rivers are sometimes called
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Standing water: lakes and ponds
Lentic system: nonflowing water systems, such as lakes and ponds
Layers of lake:
Littoral zone
Liminetic or pelagic zone
Benthic zone
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Wetlands: terrestrial and aquatic communities come together
Lands consisting soil saturated with water and supports vegetation that specifically adapted.
Include swamps, marshes, bogs (fresh water), salt marshes and mangrove (associated with marine environments)
Plants can tolerate low O2
Important habits for a wide variety of animals, waterfowl, fish, invertebrates
Protect coastal areas from ravages of hurricanes
Wetland sediments immobilize potentially toxic or polluting substances dissolved in water and are thus natural water purifying plants.
Wetlands
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Estuaries are found at the mouths of river
Mix of fresh and salt water
Extremely productivity systems
Estuaries
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Human inputs into freshwater biomes
Acid rain and eutrophication
1. Acid rain: combustion of fossil fuels, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides pH<4 in steams and rivers
2. Eutrophication: addition of limiting nutrients, such as N, P to aquatic ecosystems. runoff: sewage, industrial wastes, fertilizers, animal wastes from agricultural lands.
Oxygen depletion
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5.8 Marine aquatic systems are 5.8 Marine aquatic systems are classified principally by water depthclassified principally by water depthVariation in marine environments:Variation in marine environments:
temperature, salinity, depth (which influence light temperature, salinity, depth (which influence light and pressure), currents, substrata and at the and pressure), currents, substrata and at the edges of ocean and tides.edges of ocean and tides.
Depth:Depth:
Littoral zone (intertide zone): extends between Littoral zone (intertide zone): extends between highest and lowest tidal water levels. highest and lowest tidal water levels.
Neritic zone: extends to depth of 200m, high Neritic zone: extends to depth of 200m, high productivity.productivity.
Oceanic zone: below neritic, sparse nutrient, low Oceanic zone: below neritic, sparse nutrient, low production.production.
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Benthic zoneSeafloor below oceanic zone.
Photic zone:With sufficient light for photosynthesis
Aphotic zone: no light for photosynthesis
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Open ocean === desert
But in:
Coral reefs: shallow water of warm ocean, T>20oC year around
very productive and high diverse
Like tropical rain forest in terrestrial biome
Problem: global warming, coral bleaching
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Thank you!
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Winter-deciduous
Drought-deciduous
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Broadleaf evergreen in tropic rain forest in Australia
Needle-leaf evergreen in Sierra Nevada, US
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BIOL 4120: Principles of EcologyBIOL 4120: Principles of Ecology
Lecture 5: Biome Concept in Lecture 5: Biome Concept in EcologyEcology
Dafeng HuiDafeng Hui
Room: Harned Hall 320Room: Harned Hall 320
Phone: 963-5777Phone: 963-5777
Email: [email protected]: [email protected]
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RecapRecap
Biomes, concept
Climate is the major determinant of plant growth form and distribution
Climate determine the boundaries of terrestrial biomes
Walter climate diagrams distinguish the major climate biomes
Temperate climate zones have average annual temperature between 5 and 20oC