Prezentace aplikace PowerPoint - cvut.czstorm.fsv.cvut.cz/data/files/4_atmosphere_a(1).pdf ·...
Transcript of Prezentace aplikace PowerPoint - cvut.czstorm.fsv.cvut.cz/data/files/4_atmosphere_a(1).pdf ·...
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• atmosphere – definition, description, classification
• atmosphere pollution:
sources
smog + inversion
• greenhouse effect
• ozone layer
Environmental EngineeringAtmosphere & pollution
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• 1: a particular environment or surrounding influence• 2: a unit of pressure• 3: the mass of air surrounding the Earth• 4: the weather or climate at some place• 5: the envelope of gases surrounding any celestial body • 6: a distinctive but intangible quality surrounding a person or thing
What does ‚atmosphere‘ mean ?
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12 756 km
~ 100 km
NASA: man above 80 km = astronautKarman’s boundary in 100 km – above we do not use m asl, but the distance from a space objectAnacoustic zone: above 160 km. Low molecules density does not permit sound transmission
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Atmosphere description
how thick is the mass of air ?
up to 16km 90% of particles, 30km 99%, 48km 99,9%, totally over 700km
Chemical content:
N2
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Atmosphere description -troposphere
Chemical content:
Variable components(amounts vary over time and location)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 0.0003%
Water vapour (H20) 0-4%
Methane (CH4) trace
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) trace
Ozone (O3) trace
Nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2) trace
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Atmosphere description
Term ‚clean air‘ – exists only in labs !
- cannot be found in nature (there are always particles and pollution (even trace amounts) –cause of fires, volcanic activities….etc.)
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Troposphere: most of air mass, weather, temp decreases with alt
Stratosphere: ozone layer – absorbs UV => heated
Mesosphere: temp decreases (down to -90°C)
Thermosphere: few molecules, temp up to 1000°C
Exosphere: only H and He, no boundary with space
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Atmosphere pollution
Sources: • natural (volcanic activity, fires, natural wind erosion, pollen dispersion, natural radioactivity…)
• anthropogenic (industry, transportation, power plants, agriculture, mining, sprays…)
Extent: • local (chimneys, local fires…)
•regional (power plant)
• global (no boundaries exist – sand from the Sahara in the Alps, acidification of the Scandinavian lakes…
More hazardous pollution is discharged into air than into landfills, waters and groundwater combined
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26. aug 2007. Fire in a southern Greece vs sandstorm in Sahara
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Emission– pollutants emitted from the sources of pollution, they characterize the sources (SO2) [kg.h-1]
Polluted air – the air containing pollutants
Immission – the emissions which have reacted with the atmosphere, they characterize the state of the atmosphere (H2SO4) [kg.m-3]
(SO2 + H2O H2SO3 ... 2 H2SO3 + O2 2 H2SO4)
Polluting the air – the process of entering pollutants in the atmosphere
We have to distinguish between:
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Consequences of the pollution:
risks and damages for people (respiration, skin deseases), animals, plants…
More dangerous for kids
risks and damage for constructions, forestry, agriculture…
adverse affects in the ambient areas – smell, visibility…
Ozone layer depletion, greenhouse effect acceleration
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In the 80s was exploited 110 sq. km of forest in the Jizerske mountains
(Pelc, 1993)
the Sumava mountains 2004
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Sights damage is caused by sulphur deposition…
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- Acid rain: weathering effect on marble- Air pollution: colour changes due to dust and carbon particles
deposition- Dusty winds: abrasion
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Sky glow – light scattering of particles
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Burning oil wells Kuwait, 1991 – were burning for almost a year
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METEOROLOGICAL INVERSION
• ‚negative‘ meteorological situation – cold air under warm
• low horizontal and vertical convection
• depends also on morphology
• emissions and clouds in the ground layer
• may cause smog
• it is a natural process
• inverse progress of the temperature gradient
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SMOG „smoke & fog“ (known since 1911) – specific state of the
atmosphere
mix of particulates and gases
PM2.5 – aerosol particles smaller than 2.5 microns, burning of fossil fuels, lodge deep in lungs
•Type London – reductive; high moisture, inversion, temperatures around 0°C, SO2 emission from the industry
•Type Los Angeles – photo-chemical; sun, NOx, ground ozone, emission from the traffic -> brown haze
http://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=77495
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„Reducing light“
Smog reduces the amount of light entering the Earth‘s surface(reduction during the 2.½ 20. cent of 10%)
• it influences the plant growth, evaporation…
http://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=5865&eocn
=image&eoci=related_image
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Situation in the CR
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European monitoring (NO2) - http://www.knmi.nl/omi
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•ozone O3 – very unstable, pale blue, stinks, toxic
– Dioxygen + UV light + electrical athmospheric discharges
OZONE
•ozone in stratosphere (approx. in 27 km, 2 – 8 ppb, protects the Earth against the UV radiation
in troposphere (ground) health risks, in summer (dry sunny conditions + traffic, concentration up to 100 ppb)
•UV radiation is trapped in the ozone layer (UV causes skin cancer) (10% reduction of the ozone layer = increase skin cancer risk of o 30÷40 % ! )
•O3 concentration differs according to solar activity and Earth position
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•ozone hole = decreasing O3 concentration above particular places due to human activities
OZONE HOLE
•are created primarily at poles (less thickness due to rotation of the Earth) (1998 → 2,5x > larger than Europe!)
•Freon – CFCs, very stable (hundreds of year)
•Metylbromid – fertilizers,
is 60x more effective
than Freon !
Main cause:
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