Prevalence of Gambling among older persons on Social Grants

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GAMBLING PREVALENCE OF THE RECIPIENTS OF OLD AGE SOCIAL GRANT FROM THE

EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE

31 March 2015

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RESEARCH REPORT ON GAMBLING PREVALENCE OF THE RECIPIENTS OF OLD AGE SOCIAL GRANT FROM THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE

Prepared for:

By

Solid Uloyiso Joint Venture (JV)

This research project was conducted under the leadership and guidance of the Eastern Cape Gambling and

Betting Board (ECGBB) and its partners, i.e. South African Social Security Agency (SASSA) and Eastern Cape

Department of Social Development (ECDSD). ECGBB as the leading entity was represented by:

Mr. Luvuyo Tshoko Head: Strategic Management Services Mrs. Pumeza George Communication, Marketing and Research Specialist

Solid Uloyiso JV team:

Mrs. Nomhle Gwanya Research Project Co-ordinator

Mrs. Zoliswa Benya Research Specialist

Dr. Noncedo Khewu (PhD) Educationist, Ethicist and Researcher

Specialised Services and Acknowledgements Specialised Services:

Prof. Emmanuel Olusola Adu (PhD) Data Analyst

Mrs. Nothemba Ndawo Educationist and Social Facilitator

Mr. Litha Mpiyakhe Graphic Designer

Prof. N Duku (PhD) Validator

Mr. B. Carlson Editor

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Acknowledgements

South African Social Security Agency

Eastern Cape Department of Social Development

Gambling sector Licensees: Casinos, Bingos, Tabs, V slots, Pioneer Slots offices

Older Persons Forums

Youth Groups

Community Leaders

Community Based Organisations (CBO’s)

Faith Based Organisations (FBO’s)

Institutions of Higher Learning

Gambling Participants

Data Collectors

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CONTENTS PAGE Pages

Research report on gambling prevalence of the recipients of Old age Social Grant

from the Eastern Cape Province…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1

List of tables ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7

List of figures ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8

Acronyms ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9

Definition of terms ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10

Executive Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12

Foreword by the CEO …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction and Background ……………………………………………………………………………………… 18

1.2 Problem Statement ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19

1.3 Purpose of the study …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20

1.4 Significance of the study ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 21

1.5 Processes followed to conduct research …………………………………………………………………… 21

1.6. Chapter outline…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 22

CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY

2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24

2.2 Research Methodology ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24

2.3 Population …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24

2.4 Sample and Sampling Technique ………………………………………………………………………………… 25

2.5 Research Instruments ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26

2.6 Piloting of Instruments (Survey and Interview Schedule) ………………………………………… 26

2.7 Data Collection …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27

2.7.1 Recruitment and Appointment of Data Collectors……………………………………………………… 27

2.7.2 Training of Data Collectors ………………………………………………………………………………………… 27

2.7.3 The actual fieldwork …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 28

2.7.4 Highlights of the fieldwork ………………………………………………………………………………………… 29

2.7.5 Challenges and remedial measures …………………………………………………………………………… 29

2.8 Data Quality Control …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 30

2.9 Data Analysis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32

2.10 Delimitations of the study …………………………………………………………………………………………… 32

2.11 Limitations of the study ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 32

2.12 Ethical considerations ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32

2.13 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33

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CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 36

3.1.1 Definition of prevalence ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 36

3.1.2 Legal framework ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 36

3.1.3 Gambling prevalence with regard to elderly people…………………………………………………… 37

3.1.4 Reasons for gambling by elderly people ……………………………………………………………………… 37

3.1.5 Impact of gambling on the elderly people ………………………………………………………………… 38

3.1.6 Problem gambling ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 39

3.1.7 Gambling stigmatisation and secrecy ………………………………………………………………………… 39

3.1.8 Online gambling …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 39

3.1.9 Intervention measures to address problem gambling ………………………………………………… 40

3.2 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 40

CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 42

4.1.1 Distribution of participants by Survey zones ……………………………………………………………… 42

4.2 Biographical data ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 43

4.2.1 Distribution of participants by Gender ……………………………………………………………………… 43

4.2.2 Distribution of participants by Marital Status …………………………………………………………… 44

4.2.3 Distribution of participants by Age Group …………………………………………………………………… 46

4.2.4 Distribution of participants by Nationality ………………………………………………………………… 47

4.2.5 Distribution of participants by Race …………………………………………………………………………… 47

4.2.6 Distribution of participants by Dependants ………………………………………………………………… 48

4.2.7 Distribution of participants by Income ……………………………………………………………………… 49

4.3 Extent and geographic spread of older persons in the Eastern Cape Province

that actively participate in gambling sites that the ECGBB regulates or has

licensed ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 50

4.3.1 Distribution of participants by District ……………………………………………………………………… 51

4.3.2 Distribution of participants by Area of Residence ……………………………………………………… 51

4.3.3 Distribution of participants by Reasons for Gambling ………………………………………………… 52

4.3.4 Distribution of participants by Mode of Transport ……………………………………………………… 53

4.3.5 Distribution of participants by Frequency of Visits to gambling sites ……………………… 54

4.3.6 Distribution of participants by Preferred Gambling Site …………………………………………… 55

4.3.7 Distribution of participants by Reasons for choosing the preferred Gambling Site …… 56

4.3.8 Distribution of participants by Time taken to get to gambling site ………………………… 56

4.3.9 Distribution of participants by Amount of Money spent on gambling activities ……… 57

4.3.10 Distribution of participants by Source of Income Used for Gambling ……………………… 58

4.3.11 Distribution of participants by gambling Activities when visiting a gambling site …… 59

4.3.12 Distribution of participants by Other Activities engaged in whilst in a gambling

site ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 61

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4.4 Exploring and establishing the older person’s attitudes, knowledge and skills

towards legal gambling participation and activities …………………………………………………… 62

4.4.1 Distribution of participants by Attitude ……………………………………………………………………… 62

4.4.2 Distribution of participants by Knowledge about Legal Gambling……………………………… 64

4.4.3 Distribution of participants by Knowledge about how most slot machines operate

and function ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 65

4.4.4 Distribution of participants by Amount of money usually won after a good play……… 66

4.4.5 Distribution of participants by Frequency of Winning ………………………………………………… 66

4.4.6 Distribution of participants by Highest Amount ever lost in a gambling site …………… 67

4.4.7 Distribution of participants by Effect of Excessive gambling on someone who

participates in gambling activities ……………………………………………………………………………… 68

4.4.8 Distribution of participants by Mechanisms available to assist someone who

happens to participate excessively in gambling activities ………………………………………… 69

4.4.9 Distribution of participants by Awareness of ECGBB …………………………………………………… 71

4.5 Determination of Positive or Negative Socio-economic impact of gambling

participation by older persons in the Eastern Cape Province …………………………………… 71

4.5.1 Distribution of participants by Effect of losing on participants’ health …………………… 71

4.5.2 Distribution of participants by Effect of losing on family relations……………………………… 72

4.5.3 Distribution of participants by Need of Support when gambling at the gambling site 74

4.6 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 74

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 76

5.1.1 The extent of gambling by persons who are 60 years of age and above, and are

recipients of Old Age Social Grant……………………………………………………………………………… 76

5.1.2 The skills, level of knowledge and attitude towards gambling

of persons who are 60 years of age and above, and are recipients

of Old Age Social Grant………………………………………………………………………………………………… 78

5.1.3 The positive and/or negative socio-economic impact of gambling participation by

older persons who are 60 years of age and above and are recipients of Old Age

Social Grant ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 80

5.2 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 83

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CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

6.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 86

6.1.1 The extent and the geographic spread of older persons in the Eastern Cape

Province………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 86

6.1.2 Older persons’ attitudes, knowledge and skills towards legal gambling

participation and activities…………………………………………………………………………………………… 87

6.1.3 The positive or negative socio economic impact of gambling participation by older

persons in the Eastern Cape Province…………………………………………………………………………… 87

6.2 Concluding remarks and field of further research……………………………………………………… 87

7 REFERENCES

References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 92

8 ANNEXURES

Annexure A: Survey Questionnaire ……………………………………………………………………………… 99

Annexure B: Interview Schedule ………………………………………………………………………………… 117

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Sampling guide …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24

Table 2: Gambling sites per research site ………………………………………………………………………………… 25

Table 3: Focus group participants per research site ………………………………………………………………… 28

Table 4: Survey Zones of the participants ………………………………………………………………………………… 42

Table 5: No. of participants per Gender …………………………………………………………………………………… 43

Table 6: Marital Status of the participants ……………………………………………………………………………… 45

Table 7: No. of participants per Age Group ……………………………………………………………………………… 46

Table 8: Nationality of participants …………………………………………………………………………………………… 47

Table 9: No. of participants according to Race ………………………………………………………………………… 48

Table 10: Number of Dependants per participant …………………………………………………………………… 49

Table 11: Monthly Source of Income of participants ………………………………………………………………… 50

Table 12: No. of participants per District …………………………………………………………………………………… 51

Table 13: Participants’ Area of Residence ………………………………………………………………………………… 52

Table 14: Reasons for Participating in Gambling Activities ……………………………………………………… 53

Table 15: Mode of transport to Gambling Sites ………………………………………………………………………… 54

Table 16: Frequency of Visits to Gambling Sites ………………………………………………………………………… 55

Table 17: Preference of site for undertaking gambling activities ……………………………………………… 55

Table 18: Reasons for choosing the preferred gambling site …………………………………………………… 56

Table 19: Time taken to get to gambling site …………………………………………………………………………… 57

Table 20: Amount of money spent on gambling activities ………………………………………………………… 58

Table 21: Source of Income Used for Gambling ………………………………………………………………………… 59

Table 22: Gambling Activities undertaken when visiting a gambling site ………………………………… 60

Table 23: Activities engaged in whilst at a gambling site (apart from gambling) …………………… 61

Table 24: Older Persons’ Attitude to Gambling ………………………………………………………………………… 63

Table 25: Older Persons’ Knowledge about Legal Gambling ……………………………………………………… 64

Table 26: Knowledge about how most slot machines operate and function……………………………… 65

Table 27: Amount of money usually won after a good play ……………………………………………………… 66

Table 28: Frequency of Winning ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 67

Table 29: Highest amount ever lost in a gambling site ……………………………………………………………… 68

Table 30: Effect of excessive gambling on gambling participants ……………………………………………… 69

Table 31: Mechanisms to assist participants who gamble excessively ……………………………………… 70

Table 32: Awareness of an organization called ECGBB ……………………………………………………………… 71

Table 33: Effect of losing on participants’ health ……………………………………………………………………… 72

Table 34: Effect of losing on family relations …………………………………………………………………………… 73

Table 35: Need for Support when gambling at the gambling site……………………………………………… 74

Table 36: Summary of Extent and Geographic spread responses ……………………………………………… 76

Table 37: Summary of Skills, level of Knowledge and Attitude towards gambling ……………………… 78

Table 38: Summary of participants’ Attitudes towards gambling ……………………………………………… 79

Table 39: Summary of level of Positive or Negative Socio-economic impact of gambling………… 81

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Survey Zones of the participants ………………………………………………………………………………… 43

Figure 2: No. of participants per Gender …………………………………………………………………………………… 44

Figure 3: Gender by Zones ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 44

Figure 4: Marital Status of the participants ……………………………………………………………………………… 45

Figure 5: No. of participants per Age Group ……………………………………………………………………………… 47

Figure 6: No. of participants according to Race ………………………………………………………………………… 48

Figure 7: Monthly source of Income of participants by Zone …………………………………………………… 50

Figure 8: Reasons for Participating in Gambling Activities ………………………………………………………… 53

Figure 9: Reasons for choosing the preferred gambling site ……………………………………………………… 56

Figure 10: Time taken to get to gambling site …………………………………………………………………………… 57

Figure 11: Amount of money spent on gambling activities ………………………………………………………… 58

Figure 12: Source of Income Used for Gambling ………………………………………………………………………… 59

Figure 13: Gambling activities undertaken when visiting a gambling site ………………………………… 60

Figure 14: Activities engaged in whilst at a gambling site (apart from gambling) …………………… 61

Figure 15: Older Persons’ Attitude to Gambling ………………………………………………………………………… 63

Figure 16: Older Persons’ Knowledge about Legal Gambling ……………………………………………………… 65

Figure 17: Knowledge about how slot machines operate and function ……………………………………… 65

Figure 18: Average Return after a good play ……………………………………………………………………………… 66

Figure 19: Frequency of winning ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 67

Figure 20: Highest amount ever lost in a gambling site ……………………………………………………………… 68

Figure 21: Effect of excessive gambling on gambling participants ……………………………………………… 69

Figure 22: Mechanisms to assist participants who gamble excessively ……………………………………… 70

Figure 23: Awareness of an organization called ECGBB ……………………………………………………………… 71

Figure 24: Effect of losing on participants’ health ……………………………………………………………………… 72

Figure 25: Effect of losing on family relations …………………………………………………………………………… 73

Figure 26: Need for Support when gambling at the gambling site……………………………………………… 74

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ACRONYMS

BCMM: Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality

CBO’s: Community Based Organisations

CEO: Chief Executive Officer

CSI: Corporate Social Investment

COSATU: Congress of South African Trade Unions

ECDSD: Eastern Cape Department of Social Development

DoW: Department of Women in the Presidency

ECSECC: Eastern Cape Socio-Economic Consultative Council

ECGBB: Eastern Cape Gambling & Betting Board

FBO’s: Faith Based Organisations

GEPF: Government Employees’ Pension Fund

JV: Joint Venture

MEC: Member of the Executive Committee

MMR: Mixed Methods Research

NGB: National Gambling Board

NMMM: Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality

NRGP: National Responsible Gambling Programme

SLA: Service Level Agreement

SARGF: South African Responsible Gambling Foundation

SASSA: South African Social Security Agency

Soc Dev EC: Eastern Cape Department of Social Development

ToR: Terms of Reference

USA: United States of America

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DEFINITION OF TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Betting: is to stake any money or thing of value on behalf of any person, or expressly or implied, to undertake,

promise or agree to stake on behalf of any person, any money or thing of value on any event or contingency

other than the contingency involved in a gambling game (ECGBB Research Report, March 2014).

Bingo: means the gambling game known as bingo and any similar gaming game which is played with cards

(including electronic screens) on which appear sets of numbers or symbols and in the course of which each

player attempts to match for money, property, cheques or anything of value, all or a specified set of numbers

or symbols on his or her cards to calls made by the operator and includes any similar gambling game operated

in whole or in part by electronic means (ECGBB Research Report, March 2014).

Casino: means any premises in or on which gambling is conducted under casino licence (ECGBB Research Report,

March 2014).

Fixed-odds bet: means a bet on one or more contingencies in which odds are agreed at the time the bet is

placed ( National Gambling Act No. 7 of 2004).

Gambling: is the betting or staking of something of value, with consciousness of risk and hope of gain, on the

outcome of a game, a contest, or an uncertain event whose result may be determined by chance or accident

or have an unexpected result by reason of the bettor’s miscalculation (Gauteng Gambling Board Research Study,

2010).

Grant recipient: refers to an adult who receives a grant in respect of him or herself or on behalf of a beneficiary.

Non-gamblers: are those who don’t gamble at all on any form of gambling.

Problem/irresponsible gambling: a gambling behaviour that creates negative consequences for those who

gamble and for others in their circle of friends and family, or for the community.

Old Age Social Grant: refers to a social grant paid to an aged person in terms of Section 10 of the Social

Assistance Act of 2004 (Act No 13 of 2004).

Older Person: refers to any person who has, according to the Social Assistance Act of 2004 (Act No 13 of 2004)

attained the prescribed age (60 years) in accordance to Sections 10 (a) or (b).

Pay point: Is a place where SASSA Old Age Social Grant recipients receive their grants.

Recreational gambling: is a harmless recreation where those who gamble do not spend more time or money

on gambling than they can comfortably afford - their gambling activities cause little or no harm to themselves

or their loved ones and their behaviour is associated with minimal guilt.

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Responsible gambling: Responsible gambling is knowing your limits and gambling within your means, as well

as gambling in a way whereby the potential for harm associated with gambling is minimised (Jonkheid & Mango

: 2008).

Site A or Type A site: is a gambling site that has 3 - 5 slot machines. (The Straight Bet: Vol. 1, 2012/13).

Site B or Type site: is a gambling site that has 20 - 40 slot machines. (The Straight Bet: Vol. 1, 2012/13).

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Board (ECGBB), in partnership with South African Social Security Agency

(SASSA) and the Eastern Cape Department of Social Development (ECDSD), undertook an assigment to investigate

the gambling prevalence of the recipients of Old Age Social Grant from the Eastern Cape Province. ECGBB

commissioned Solid Uloyiso Joint Venture to undertake a research study in this regard. The purpose of the

research study was to:

• Investigate the extent and geographic spread of older persons in the Eastern Cape Province that

actively participate in gambling sites that the ECGBB regulates or has licensed.

• Explore and establish their attitudes, knowledge and skills towards legal gambling participation and

activities.

• Determine positive or negative socio-economic impact of gambling participation by older persons in

the Eastern Cape Province.

The research designs used were survey and case studies (focus groups), and this approach allowed for

triangulation. When triangulating, quantitative statistical results were compared and contrasted against the

qualitative findings to validate or expand quantitative results with the qualitative data.

Document analysis was done in order to interrogate related studies, policies and any relevant information in

order to identify trends and patterns; and propose new questions or corroborate qualitative data.

The population of this study, comprised of Old Age Social Grant recipients in the Eastern Cape, a total of 330

000 as per information received from SASSA. Stratified, Convenience and Snowballing sampling methods were

used to sample participants. Due to financial and time constraints, the 5% of 330 000 was a very big sample,

therefore it was agreed that 1000 Old Age Social Grant Recipients comprising of 250 from each of the Zones

where the 4 casinos in the Eastern Cape are located (East London, Mbizana Queenstown and Port Elizabeth) be

sampled.

This sample size (0.3%) was considered not compromising representation of the population as it is acceptable

as per sample guide according to Stoker (1985) quoted by Leboea (2014).

Research instruments (survey questionnaire and focus groups interview schedules) were designed and piloted

in East London (conveniently) and validated for reliability (see Annexure A and B).

A questionnaire was used to collect data in a survey that was conducted in the following municipalities: Buffalo

City Metropolitan Municipality [BCMM] (East London); Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality [NMMM] (Port

Elizabeth); Alfred Nzo District Municipality (Mbizana); Chris Hani (Queenstown); Sara Baartman District

Municipality formally called Cacadu (Jeffrey’s Bay) and OR Tambo District Municipality (Mthatha). Research sites

comprised of Casinos, Bingos, Site A’s, Site B’s, Tabs, house visits and pay points.

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An Interview Schedule was used to collect qualitative data from focus group discussions which were conducted

at Amathole District Municipality (Fort Beaufort); Joe Gqabi District Municipality (Aliwal North); Nelson

Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (Port Elizabeth) and OR Tambo (Mthatha).

The quantitative data was captured and analysed on the Statistical Programme for Social Sciences (SPSS) by

experienced analysts. Content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data.

As far as the key research question is concerned: ‘Gambling prevalence of the recipients of Old Age Social grants

from the Eastern Cape Province’, it is clear from these research findings that gambling is prevalent at 76.1%

amongst older persons who are Old Age Social Grant recipients. The three key research questions also revealed

the following, with regard to:

The extent and the geographic spread of older persons in the Eastern Cape Province

Gambling prevalence is evident in all the Zones with East London showing the highest rate. BCMM as a district

shows most prevalence of gambling compared to other districts. Gambling is actually more prevalent amongst

males than females, and this is true across all Zones except for Port Elizabeth. The major source of income for

gambling seems to be other income (selling, extra jobs, etc.), yet there is also evidence of pension pay funds

and borrowed funds being used. The main source of transport used is taxis and other gambling participants

drive themselves. Most participants spend between R100 and R500 and there is a preference for casino games.

Therefore, the discovery that elderly people on Old Age Social Grant who: borrow money to gamble, gamble

every day and are spending about 37% of their grants necessitates a study to determine if these groups are

gambling irresponsibly or not and if so, what help can they be provided with to address the problem.

Older persons’ attitudes, knowledge and skills towards legal gambling participation and activities

Most gambling participants know how slot machines function and are operated. There is a balancing view

between those who say there is a need to support participants at the gambling sites and those who say there

is no need for such. In terms of knowledge and attitude, firstly, gambling participants are aware that excessive

gambling can have negative impact leading to addiction. Most gambling participants do not know ECGBB and

they however, do know about the legalities in the gambling sector through ECGBB. Most Gambling participants

reported that they have self-control yet they claimed that at times they gambled longer than planned and some

felt they had to come back to win their losses.

The positive or negative socio economic impact of gambling participation by older persons in the Eastern

Cape Province

Most participants indicated that losing money whilst gambling has no negative effect on their health and

family relations. More in-depth research studies would help to determine if Old Age Social Grant recipients of

the Eastern Cape are gambling responsibly/irresponsibly and the impact thereof, and if problems are discovered

they can be addressed by using strategies that would directly talk to the contextual issues in the Eastern Cape

Province.

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There are challenges around the image issue of ECGBB, secrecy and stigma around gambling. Further research

is therefore needed in the area of improving the image of ECGBB, social responsibility projects and their impact.

The issue of secrecy and stigma needs further investigation, to establish/investigate the reasons for the stigma

and secrecy around gambling and the lessons learnt from that study could inform the programmes designed to

address this challenge. The research study processes, data analysis and interpretation as well as findings and

recommendations have been explored in the ensuing chapters.

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FOREWORD BY THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

The Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Board has made significant leaps in going over and above its mandate which is primarily anchored in regulating the gaming industry in the Province. This is no more evident than the efforts it has made in the generation of reliable and valid research that assists executive management and the Board to make informed decisions in an ever evolving gaming industry. This research study strives to gauge the prevalence of gambling among old age social grant recipients in the Province.

Having conducted the Prevalence of Gambling amongstGovernment Employees in the Eastern Cape in the previous financial year, the ECGBB partnered with the Eastern Cape Department of Social Development and the South African Social Security Agency “SASSA” to investigate a different cohort on prevalence of gambling.

The ECGBB aimed to investigate the extent and the geographic spread of older persons on social grant in the Province that actively participate in gambling sites that the ECGBB regulates or has licensed.

Secondly, the ECGBB wanted to explore and establish older person’s attitudes, knowledge and skills towards legal gambling participation and activities.

Lastly, the aim of the regulator was to determine the positive or negative socio-economic impact of gambling participation by older persons in the Eastern Cape Province.

While some of our observations were verified, it is concerning to note that of the sampled respondents, old age people receiving social grants have a high gambling prevalence at (76.1%).

With that said, we did find that some of our observations were less close to the facts, for instance, we had initially adjudged women as higher attendees of gambling establishments, however, males edged the women in the four District Municipalities except for Port Elizabeth.

There were more interesting or more worrisome findings that were not in our initial peripheral. For example, we had close to two-thirds (66%) of participants using money from other financial sources to gamble, in some cases pension pay funds were used and scarier is that money lenders were also sources of funding.

While preference to gambling establishments was primarily (53.3%) due to proximity, it was interesting to also find out that many (78.5%) of the participants insisted they have self-control and some of them (65%) remained the same whether they lose or win.

It was brought to our attention, through this study and previous studies, namely Licensee Satisfaction Survey (2013/14) and the Prevalence of Gambling amongst Government Employees in the Eastern Cape (2013/14), that the ECGBB needs to destigmatize gambling and its negative associations. Moreover, the ECGBB needs to profile its role and mandate and act as an agent that is there to protect and serve its constituencies.

This research report uproots several key issues pertaining to social responsibility on behalf of our licensees as well as key role players in supporting designated and vulnerable groups and more importantly, the gaming regulator.

16

While the latter is of significance, we are all also faced with another force of constitutional accessibility where people are not discriminated on basis of the race, gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual preference, and I dare say their age.

This research report should ignite robust discussions on how we need to work together to promote responsible gambling in the Eastern Cape.

With that I thank everyone that contributed to the outcome of this Gambling Prevalence study.

……………………………….. Mr. Reuben Mabutho Zwane CEO, ECGBB

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

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CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

The National Gambling Act of 1996, repealed and replaced by the National Gambling Act (Act No. 7 of 2004)

emphasises the criticality of co-ordination with regard to concurrent national and provincial legislative

competence on gambling and betting. Consequent to that, uniform norms and standards are established to

safeguard people participating in gambling and their communities against the adverse effects of gambling. More

importantly, the South African National Responsible Gambling Programme (NRGP), supervised by national and

provincial governments through South African Responsible Gambling Trust (SARGT) carries out extensive

campaigns to make people aware of the dangers of gambling and how to avoid those dangers.

In line with the Gambling and Betting Act (Act No. 5 of 1997 as amended), the Eastern Cape Gambling and

Betting Board (ECGBB) was established to oversee all gambling activities in the Eastern Cape Province. ECGBB

is also responsible for advising the Member of the Executive Council (MEC) for Economic Affairs in the Eastern

Cape Province with regard to gambling matters and to exercise certain further powers contemplated in the Act.

In addition, included in its mandate, the ECGBB is responsible for issuing and revocation of gambling licences,

exclusion of problem gamblers, and protection of the public against unscrupulous gambling practices and control

of illegal gambling activities in the province (National Gambling Act (No. 7 of 2004).

A research study by the Eastern Cape Socio-Economic Consultative Council (ECSSEC, 2011) reports that 79.5%

of people 60 years and older, in the Eastern Cape Province receive an Old Age Social Grant compared to 66.2%

country wide. There is an observation that a certain percentage of elderly people (as explained above) are

involved in gambling activities. Research indicates that about 89% of people who participate in other formal

types of gambling earned between R801 to R12 800 per month, with the majority of the same earning group

engaging in sports betting gambling (Van Vuuren, Standish, Boting, Swing, Powell & Larsen, 2009); therefore

Old Age Social Grant recipients may also be part of the latter percentage as their grants fall within the

mentioned earning bracket.

Due to the above mentioned observations and findings, one can justifiably assume that gambling may be

prevalent among the recipients of Old Age Social Grant in the Eastern Cape Province. This is a cause for concern

for ECGBB as it acknowledges that as much as gambling and betting can yield positive results, gambling can

also produce negative results that can impact negatively on families and the broader communities (Van Vuuren

et al., 2009). To respond to the latter problem and other related problems, ECGBB has prioritised research as

one of the tools for intervention. Kothari (2009) defines research as a process of arriving at dependable solutions

to problems through systematic investigation, i.e. planned and systematic collection, analysis and

interpretation of data. ECGBB’s proactive approach is its Research and Development Strategy that is aimed at

conducting evidence-based researches. The research findings are then used to inform gambling policies,

practices and programmes (ECGBB Annual Report, 2013/2014). The realization that gambling may be prevalent

amongst Old Age Social Grant recipients is the reason why ECGBB has commissioned a research study to validate

or reject this opinion/observation.

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1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

ECGBB as a responsible regulator acknowledges that gambling can be an evasive act that requires utmost care

and awareness of the harms of problem gambling. As ECGBB does not have sufficient or appropriate knowledge

about certain issues related to gambling, it also does not have information and data about the extent and

prevalence of gambling among the recipients of Old Age Social Grant in the Eastern Cape Province. Interest in

this study was also triggered by the following observations:

• A number of older persons, particularly women attend and actively participate in gambling across

gambling sites which the ECGBB regulates or has licensed in the Eastern Cape Province.

• Older persons, especially women that gamble do so in groups than as individuals.

• Older persons, especially women are assumed to be in receipt of social grants frequent and

participate in gambling activities throughout the Province.

• Older persons that gamble are retired and some are dependent on social grants as a primary source of

income.

• Older persons and the number of women that gamble are attempting to improve their finances,

perhaps to sustain their livelihood.

• Older persons that gamble appear not to be gambling for entertainment or leisure.

• Older persons that gamble do so more as a monthly attempt to make a fortune.

No research has been conducted in the Eastern Cape to determine gambling prevalence of the recipients of Old

Age Social Grant from the Eastern Cape Province – therefore, there is a need to give this issue the attention it

deserves. It is on this premise that ECGBB, in partnership with SASSA and ECDSD, undertook this assignment to

investigate the gambling prevalence of Old Age Social Grant recipients from the Eastern Cape Province.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the research study was to:

1.3.1 Investigate the extent and geographic spread of older persons in the Eastern Cape Province that

actively participate in gambling sites that the ECGBB regulates or has licensed.

• Whether older persons who gamble are social grant recipients, and if so why do they gamble or

participate in gambling activities.

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• How do they get to gambling sites in order to participate in gambling activities.

• How often do they visit gambling sites and reasons that they prefer to participate and gamble in

those sites and the distance that they travel to those gambling sites.

• How much money do they spend at those gambling sites in terms of rands and cents and the source

of income that they utilise to spend for their gambling activities.

• The kind or types of gambling activities that they prefer or participate at the gambling sites, whether

football pools (Sports Stake), Bingo, Slot Machines, Fixed Odds Betting Terminals, Horse Races, Sports

Betting, Betting on non-sports events, Casino Games, Poker at a pub/club, online slot machine

style; and apart from gambling what other activities do they engage in whilst at those gambling sites.

1.3.2 Explore and establish their attitudes, knowledge and skills towards legal gambling participation

and activities. In other words their understanding of:

• How slot machines operate and function

• Average return per player

• Harm associated with excessive and irresponsible gambling

• Mechanisms available to deal or overcome excessive and irresponsible gambling

• The Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Board as Regulator of Gambling activities in the Eastern Cape

Province.

1.3.3 Determine positive or negative socio-economic impact of gambling participation by older persons

in the Eastern Cape Province.

• How gambling participation affects the health of older persons.

• How the dependents, especially the grand children of the older persons are affected when they go

and participate in gambling activities.

• Interpersonal relations both at household and community level as a result of attending and

participating in gambling sites as older persons.

• Financial management responsibilities of the older persons in the household as a result of gambling

participation.

• Incidence of winning money in gambling participation and how many times and how the money is spent

or utilized. Similarly with losing money, how many times has money been lost.

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• Additional source of income except the Old Age Social Grant or pension fund.

• Any support that is provided to older people when they participate in gambling activities at the

gambling sites.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will provide a theoretical background of what is entailed in gambling, especially in relation to older

persons. It will also enable ECGBB and partners to reflect on their experiences as well as to share advice with

regard to the phenomenon under study. As the findings will also outline issues about or linked to the extent of

gambling prevalence amongst Old Age Social Grant recipients, including their attitudes, understanding and skills

as well as its socio-economic impact, the findings can also be used, as aforementioned, to inform

government policies, practices and programmes.

1.5 PROCESSES FOLLOWED TO CONDUCT RESEARCH

Solid Uloyiso Joint Venture (JV) was appointed by ECGBB to conduct a study on the gambling prevalence of the

recipients of Old Age Social Grant from the Eastern Cape Province. Following this appointment:

1.5.1 An Inception Meeting was held where the Service Provider submitted a Project Implementation Plan

aligned to the study’s Terms of References (ToRs). The research methodology, research instruments

and plans were also presented. Further matters attended also included: the finalisation of the Service

Level Agreement (SLA); payment process; access letters to gambling sites; list of the OlderPersons’

Forums and logistics with regard to field work.

1.5.2 The Service Provider submitted an amended Project Implementation Plan; other research plans

(piloting, communication & popularisation and field work) and revised research tools as per the

recommendations of the Inception Meeting. ECGBB reviewed and approved the plans and tools,

and the SLA was signed.

1.5.3 ECGBB informed the Site Operators about the research study and requested their support and

participation.

1.5.4 The research instruments were piloted. Both instruments (questionnaire and interview schedule) were

piloted in East London. The survey questionnaire was piloted in three different gambling sites and

overall 11 gambling participants contributed. The focus group interview schedule was piloted to

6 people (3 elderly people and 3 youths).

1.5.5 Final revisions were made to the research instruments and they were approved by the ECGBB.

1.5.6 The ECGBB provided letters to Site Operators, details of Older Persons’ Forums and pay points

schedules to the Service Provider.

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1.5.7 The Service Provider recruited, trained and orientated Data Collectors and afterwards fieldwork

commenced.

1.5.8 Gambling sites, pension pay points and houses visits were targeted data collection points. Different

data control measures were administered to ensure that the data collected was the quality expected.

1.5.9 Data was captured, analysed and interpreted by qualified and experienced statistician and analysts.

1.5.10 As the research report was expected to be presented to three committees, for their comments, the

following emanated:

• Firstly, it was presented to the Management (ECGBB and partner departments)

• Secondly, it was presented to the Compliance and Licensing Committee

• Suggested amendments of both committees were addressed

• An external validator and an editor were contracted by the Service Provider to validate the findings of

the report as well as editing it. Recommended changes/recommendations were addressed.

• Lastly, the research report was presented to the entire Board of Directors and likewise

recommendations made were addressed.

• The final report, a graphic designed hard copy document, utilising the brand colours of the ECGBB

and the research partners was submitted to ECGBB Management.

1.6 CHAPTER OUTLINE

This research report has five chapters, including Chapter 1 that outlines the background and introduction of

the research study. Chapter 2 provides the details of the research methodology used to conduct the study.

Chapter 3 presents the analysis and interpretation of collected data. Chapter 4 presents the findings of the

study as well as recommendations to address negative findings. Chapter 5 concludes the study for ease of

understanding, it also compares the findings to the global trends as well as highlighting lessons that can be

learnt from other countries and lastly areas that need further investigation are listed.

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CHAPTER 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter outlines the methodology used in the study and it begins with philosophical foundations (post

positivist or Mixed Methods Research: MMR) that guided the research study and goes on to cover issues of

research design; instruments used to collect data; piloting of the instruments; sampling strategy; methods of

data collection; data quality control; data analysis; delimitations and limitations of the study as well as the

ethical considerations.

2.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The post-positivist or MMR paradigm combines and integrates both quantitative (positivist, i.e. survey) and

qualitative (interpretivist, i.e. focus groups) research approaches. The MMR was deemed the most suitable for

the study. The quantitative approach relies on tangible evidence to validate data and relationships between

these phenomena which are investigated in terms of generalizable causal effects which in turn allows for

prediction; whilst the qualitative approach considers reality as psychologically and socially constructed (Gelo

et al., 2008:268). The research designs used were survey and case studies, and this approach allowed for

triangulation. When triangulating quantitative statistical results were compared and contrasted against the

qualitative findings to validate or expand quantitative results with the qualitative data.

2.3 POPULATION

The population of this study comprised of all the recipients of Old Age Social Grant in the Eastern Cape, a total

of 330 000 as per SASSA advice. Due to financial and time constraints, the 5% sample that was initially targeted

(as per SLA) was not attainable; therefore 1000 participants (0.3%) were sampled. The latter decision did not

compromise sample representation as per the research guide below.

Table 1: Sampling guide

Population Percentage suggested Number of participants

20 100% 20 30 80% 24 50 64% 32 100 45% 45 200 32% 64 500 20% 100 1 000 14% 140 10 000 4.5% 450100 000 2% 2 000200 000 1% 2 000

(Stoker, 1985 cited by Leboea, 2014)

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The quantitative sample of 1000 was supplemented by four focus group participants that were 64 in number,

therefore the overall sample was 1064.

2.4 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

A combination of sampling methods was used, i.e. stratified (districts, different gambling sites, age, pension

recipients, gender, etc.); convenience (East London was chosen as a pilot site) and snowballing (referrals).

The survey was conducted in the following municipalities: Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality [BCMM] (East

London); Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality [NMMM] (Port Elizabeth); Alfred Nzo District Municipality

(Mbizana); Chris Hani District Municipality (Queenstown); Sara Baartman District Municipality formally called

Cacadu District Municipality (Jeffrey’s Bay) and OR Tambo District Municipality (Mthatha).

Table 2: Gambling sites per research sites

Research site Gambling site

BCMM (East London) Casino, Bingo, Site A, Tabs, house visits and pay points

NMMM (Port Elizabeth) Casino, Bingo, Site A, Site B, house visits and Tabs

Sara Bartman DM (Jeffrey’s Bay) Site B and Tab

Alfred Nzo DM (Mbizana) Casino, house visits and pay points

OR Tambo DM (Mthatha) Bingo, Tabs and house visits

Chris Hani DM (Queenstown) Casino, Site A, Site B, house visits and Tab

Above: One of ECGBB’s Betting sites.

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The focus group discussions were undertaken at Amathole District Municipality (Fort Beaufort); Joe Gqabi

District Municipality (Aliwal North); Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (Port Elizabeth) and OR Tambo

District Municipality (Mthatha).

The sampling of the above mentioned research sites was influenced by the following factors: the SLA

Terms of Reference (ToR) (recommended number of municipalities and gambling sites to be targeted, i.e.

7 municipalities and 4 casinos, 5 Site A’s (3-5 machines) and 2 Site B’s (20-40 machines); incorporation of

municipalities with casinos and contextual issues, e.g. Mbizana and Jeffery’s Bay case.

2.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

A questionnaire with dichotomous and open format questions was used as a data collection instrument for the

survey (see Appendix A). The questionnaire enabled the researcher to get quantifiable and comparable data.

Dichotomous and open format questions enabled the participants to choose from a number of options and

provided space to mention “other” things that were relevant to the phenomenon under study but not featured

in the questionnaire (Research Services, 2009).

For the qualitative phase, focus group interviews were used as a data collection instrument. The focus groups

interviews were aimed at understanding feelings, thoughts, intentions, past experiences as well as the

meanings participants attach to the topic under investigation. The interview would also enable researchers

to pick up nonverbal cues, through frowns, nervous tapping and other body language that participants would

unconsciously exhibit. Focus group interviews also enabled the researchers to access a good number of people

who could be engaged in one interview.

An interview schedule with standardised and open ended questions was designed (see Appendix B). Open

-ended questions allowed researchers to probe: adapt questions, clarify doubt, ensure responses are properly

understood and repeat or rephrase questions so that the interviews could produce a high response rate. Open-

ended questions also develop trust, are perceived as less threatening, allow an unrestrained or free response,

and may be more useful with articulate participants (Welman & Kruger, 2006:174). Document analysis was done

in order to interrogate related studies, policies and any relevant information in order to identify trends and

patterns, propose new questions or corroborate qualitative data.

2.6 PILOTING OF INSTRUMENTS (SURVEY AND INTERVIEW SCHEDULE)

A pilot study meant to confirm the simplicity, clarity or comprehensiveness of the questionnaire was

conducted in East London. Welman et al (2005:148) note that a pilot assists with detecting possible flaws in the

measurement, identifies unclear or ambiguously formulated items and also affords researchers an

opportunity to notice non-verbal behaviour. Ten people from different gambling sites (casino, bingo, Tab and Site

A) were targeted to participate; however, due to a positive response, eleven people were seen. Issues linked

to the structure, writing style, use of relevant concepts and language appropriateness were picked up. After

engagements with participants, necessary changes were effected on the questionnaire and it was then deemed

to be a reliable instrument to be used to investigate the phenomenon under study.

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The following observations were made during the pilot: elderly people took time to respond to questions and

were easily side-tracked from issues under discussion; participants tended to be tense whenconversations

were initiated but would loosen up as the conversations were progressing and some participants were very

passionate about gambling. Participants also shared a lot of pertinent issues related to the study, e.g. myths

and socio-economic impact etc.

The above mentioned observations as well as the information shared were used to inform the training document

that was used when Data Collectors were trained and some were kept to be used in the data analysis chapter.

To ensure validity, the interview schedule was also piloted in East London. Six participants were conveniently

sampled, i.e. three elderly persons and three youths. The involvement of youth in the piloting of the interview

schedule was deliberate and meant to resemble the actual focus groups interviews (elderly people and their

significant others: triangulation) which are to take place during data collection. It is also envisaged that as

part of unfolding socio economic impact of gambling, the views of those affected by excessive gambling would

cut across all ages and include those of the youth. All the questions were deemed comprehensive and not

much changes were made to the schedule because although the exact wording and sequence of questions were

predetermined, when probing, researchers were allowed to rephrase the questions to ensure their

comprehensiveness.

2.7 DATA COLLECTION

2.7.1 Recruitment and appointment of Data Collectors

In preparation for fieldwork, Data Collectors who were to administer the questionnaire (survey) were

recruited. Recruitment was done through local institutions of higher learning, community and faith based

eaders and through word of mouth and preference was given to local people. One of the most critical selection

requirements was language competency in both English and Xhosa as it was expected for the incumbent

to be able to translate from English to Xhosa and vice versa. Prospective Data Collectors were interviewed

and the following skills were tested: self-management, interpersonal, communication, team/group work

principles, conflict management, translation and interpretation as pertaining to the questionnaire itself. Five Data

Collectors were appointed to work on each research site, except in the case of Mbizana -Mthatha where two

additional Data Collectors were appointed to administer the questionnaire in Mthatha. Because of distance,

it would have not been practical neither would it be cost effective to use the five Data Collectors from the

Mbizana team, hence the extra two Data Collectors for the Mthatha OR Tambo site. The overall number of Data

Collectors was therefore twenty-two.

2.7.2 Training of Data Collectors

Appointed Data Collectors were trained. As much as it was a one day training, Data Collectors were trained

on the background and purpose of the workshop; research concepts; questionnaire administration; research

ethics; interpersonal skills; different gambling activities and relevant acts. Because some Data Collectors were

graduates and some at tertiary institutions, they were trainable and showed a lot of enthusiasm for the study

and they also understood it’s sensitivity and the challenges it could pose.

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2.7.3 The actual fieldwork

• Survey

The data collection processes ran concurrently, i.e. whilst the Data Collectors were busy with the survey

phase, research coordinators were busy with focus group interviews. Fuller, Rawlinson and Bevan (2000) note

that the strength of fieldwork is that it provides opportunities to learn through direct, concrete experiences,

enhancing the understanding that comes from observing ‘real world’ manifestations and it develops skills like

observation, synthesis, evaluation, reasoning, instrumentation skills, practical problem solving and adaptability

to new demands that call for creative solutions.

250 questionnaires were supposed to be administered in each research site and each Data Collector had to

administer 50 questionnaires each over a period of five days. In the case of Mbizana-Mthatha and Port Elizabeth-

Jeffrey’s Bay, the 250 was shared between those towns. Both solo and group approaches were undertaken as

the Data Collectors sometimes worked alone or in groups. As mentioned in sub section 2.7.1, Data Collectors

translated the questionnaire whenever it was necessary. Initially, the duration of the fieldwork was planned

for five days but due to the nature of the study and the dynamics involved (i.e. its sensitivity that led to

reluctance of people to participate and the Mbizana -Mthatha case where the coordinator had to move to Mthatha

and continue with data collection), the data collection process took eight days to complete. At the end of the

fieldwork 1000 questionnaires were returned to research coordinators (see paragraph 2 of the Data Quality

Control section [2.8] for specifics).

• Focus groups

Focus groups were conducted by research coordinators and the participants were mainly elderly people and the

youth. Platforms used to invite participants were community leaders; forums for the elderly people and people

living with disabilities; youth groups and faith based organisations. Initially, the maximum number targeted for

focus group participants was ten; however, when people came in large numbers they were not turned away as

that was seen as an opportunity to enhance the quality of the engagements.

The following table outlines participants per research site:

Table 3: Focus group participants per research site

Research site Number of participants

Amathole District Municipality (Fort Beaufort) 12

Joe Gqabi District Municipality (Aliwal North) 19

Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (Port Elizabeth) 28

OR Tambo (Mthatha) 23

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The coordinators were also able to mediate the issue of language during the interviews, e.g. in the case of Joe

Gqabi (Aliwal North) where some participants were Sotho speaking, the researcher was also able to speak both

Xhosa and South Sotho. The interviews were captured through audio-taping and notes were also taken by the

Coordinator/researchers’ assistants. In most groups, participants were enthusiastic and some noted that they

were gambling whilst others used to gamble.

2.7.4 Highlights of the fieldwork

• Reception, support and co-operation from the gambling site officials were favourable in most

research sites.

• Officials from Route Operators Licensees were also very supportive and helpful.

• After the purpose of the study was explained, most participants showed appreciation for the study as

they believed that it would bring value to the gambling participants, the gambling authorities and

the community at large.

2.7.5 Challenges and remedial measures

• Fear, suspicion and mistrust

There was fear, suspicion and mistrust around the purpose of the study as a result of which:

• some people would promise to organise elderly people who do gamble but on follow up they would

ignore calls or the phones would be switched off

• at pay points, elderly people were reluctant to speak about the issue under study due to fear of

losing their Old Age Social Grant.

Remedial measure: The purpose of the study was explained; however, research ethics were also honoured -

people not willing to participate were not forced to do so.

• Pay dates in conflict with the research time

Some dates for the payment of the Old Age Social Grant were either before or after fieldwork, therefore in

other research sites pay points could not be visited.

Remedial measure: Pay points that presented no clashes were visited by Data Collectors and researchers.

Snowballing was also used as some Data Collectors knew some Old Age Social Grant recipients who were gam-

bling participants and in such cases house visits would be conducted.

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• Non-use of certain gambling sites by elderly people

It was shared by site managers that elderly people do not use certain gambling sites, especially Site A’s because

of the nature of their operations, i.e. most are taverns so elderly people do not feel safe in them.

Remedial measure: Gambling sites that were frequented by elderly people were targeted.

• Racism

In one research site a coordinator and Data Collectors experienced racism as they were told to use a certain

door and a sitting area that was reserved for black people. In some research sites gambling participants

complained that they received racist treatment as they were expected to use reserved lounges. Gambling

participants also noted that in some gambling sites it was obvious that equity prescripts were ignored as in

some sites staff members were mainly white especially in management positions.

Remedial measure: The coordinator had to assert herself and on mentioning that the team was from/linked

to ECGBB, the manager involved became very apologetic.

• Time constraints

Because of time constraints Data Collectors worked long hours and the planned period (5 days) was exceeded.

Remedial measure: Data Collectors worked on weekends and coordinators risked their lives by transporting

Data Collectors to their places of residence very late in the evening.

• Negotiation of participation with gambling participants

Gambling sites were one of the targeted places for data collection, however it was not always easy to approach

a gambling participant that had just finished playing or had just taken a break as other gambling participants

looked agitated whenever they were approached. The agitation could be linked to a feeling of being disturbed

at one’s leisure time or a person has just lost and therefore still wants to contain him/herself.

Remedial measure: Floor managers in various sites volunteered to be the ones approaching the gambling

participants to introduce the Data Collectors. Because the site staff was familiar with the gambling participants,

some of them showed willingness to participate.

2.8. DATA QUALITY CONTROL

Before fieldwork was undertaken a research proposal and process was presented to ECGBB and all other relevant

partners. It was interrogated to ensure that the envisaged aim was realised. Research instruments were also

piloted and Data Collectors were trained.

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Prior to the actual fieldwork the coordinator and Data Collectors visited the gambling sites in order to

familiarise themselves with their new work environment and to give them an understanding of what the sites

are about, e.g. the machines used and any other information that could be useful during their stay on the site.

During fieldwork research coordinators were continuously monitoring Data Collectors by being there in the field

with them, paying unannounced visits and at times they would even transport (drop and collect) the Data

Collectors. Being there with the Data Collectors also afforded coordinators a chance to give support and advice

whenever they deemed it necessary. For the purpose of control, all questionnaires were numbered. At the end

of each day the coordinators would check if the submitted questionnaires were thoroughly completed. At the

end of fieldwork 1000 questionnaires were returned, and on capturing the data the following emanated: 22

questionnaires from the self-completed batches were declared spoilt due to the following reasons:

• other participants gave conflicting responses, e.g. they would note that they were

gamblers but would respond to some questions on the non-gamblers section

• other participants only completed the biographical part and would refuse to continue

• others gave multiple responses in many questions that required only one answer

At the end of the capturing stage, 987 questionnaires were entered on SPSS, i.e. 767 gamblers and 211

non-gamblers. It should be noted that 22 spoilt questionnaires constitute a 2.2% margin of error for the sample

and it is therefore within the 5% margin of error with a 97.8% confidence level, which is acceptable as per the

SLA requirements.

For the focus group the interviews were recorded and transcribed; the recorded data and transcripts are

available. In terms of validity, researchers checked if the findings could be substantiated by evidence that does

not waiver (Niemann et al, 2002:283).

Therefore, the researchers are confident that the results of the study are dependable because if the research

study can be repeated, in the same context, with the same methods and with the same participants, similar

results would be obtained. To ensure validity, data capturing was performed by qualified and experienced data

analysts, in addition an independent validator was contracted to validate the findings of the research report.

The research was also edited to ensure that it meets the standard of a professional report, however, statements

taken from the Terms of Reference were quoted verbatim and thus not edited. To confirm trustworthiness and

reliability, i.e. that the study results are a product of an enquiry and are not tainted by the biases of the

researchers, records of focus group interviews, filled survey questionnaires, drafts, field notes, pilots material,

preliminary schedules, observation sheets, recorded data and data analysis products will be forwarded to the

ECGBB as advised.

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2.9 DATA ANALYSIS

This study had two sets of data, quantitative and qualitative. In MMR, the data is interpreted after it has been

collected and analysed and it involves a cyclical combination between quantitative deductive inference (theory

driven hypothesis testing, verification oriented) and qualitative inductive inference (data driven hypothesis and

theory development, exploratory orientated) (Gelo et al, 2008:286). Therefore, even though this study had two

sets of data, the quantitative data was captured and analysed on the Statistical Programme for Social Sciences

(SPSS) by experienced analysts. Tables and charts were used to present the results and using the SPSS programme

the data collected was cross tabulated and correlation exercises were also undertaken.

The qualitative data was analysed by a team of researchers using Content Analysis where data was coded and

categorised. Observed similarities and differences between the labelled text units were grouped into themes.

Emergent themes were relabelled using the language closer to the researcher and to the theory of reference

and, finally, the themes were interrelated into each other and abstracted into a set of themes which received

new labels and the obtained data was then presented and this involved a discussion of the evidence for the

emerged themes and perspectives.

At the end of the second analysis the data was merged by comparing the data with the results of the

quantitative and qualitative datasets through a discussion.

The quantitative results were displayed and then discussed with reference to the obtained qualitative results

and literature.

2.10 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

For the survey part the study is limited only to pension recipients, i.e. elderly people over the age of 60 from

the Eastern Cape Province and is meant to investigate gambling prevalence of Old Age Social Grant recipients.

2.11 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

As aforementioned on the fieldwork challenges (Section 2.6.5), the reluctance of elderly people to participate

due to fear that their Old Age Social Grant may be taken away, time constraints, pension pay dates that clashed

with the fieldwork schedule, non-preference of certain sites by elderly people, racism and the emotional state

of the gambling participants were limitations.

2.12 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The overall approach of the study was guided by the recognition of the following ethical principles: respect,

beneficence and justice. The researchers respected the dignity and autonomy of all participants.

Before fieldwork was undertaken coordinators visited the gambling sites with Data Collectors and the purpose

was to formally introduce the Data Collectors to Site Managers and staff and to discuss the mode of operation

to be adopted.

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It was clearly articulated to participants that they were under no obligation to participate and their identities

were to be kept confidential.

2.13 CONCLUSION

This chapter outlined the methodology of the study, starting with the post positivist paradigm, the chosen

mixed methods, the sampling process, piloting and fieldwork. Data collection instruments outlined include

questionnaires, an interview schedule and documents analysis. The study also outlined the steps undertaken

to ensure validity and reliability. The next chapter proceeds with reviewed literature.

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CHAPTER 3

LITERATURE REVIEW

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CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.1.1 Definition of prevalence

The Oxford Advance Dictionary (2014) notes that the word prevalence comes from the Latin word “praevalere”,

meaning a “condition of being widespread or general”. It further expounds that the word is often used to

describe a phenomenon that is widespread in a community and it is another word for commonness. For the

purpose of this study, the area of focus is gambling prevalence amongst elderly people.

3.1.2 Legal Framework

The advent of democratic dispensation and the incorporation of the homelands into the provinces necessitated

regulation of gambling in South Africa. The National Gambling Act passed in 1996 repealed and replaced by the

National Gambling Act (Act No. 7 of 2004) among other things addressed the following:

• legal provisions for regulation of gambling activities;

• promotion of uniform norms and standards in relation to gambling throughout the country;

• definition of different gambling notions, i.e. how many gambling licenses were to be distributed

among the provinces;

• provision of information on liability;

• introduction of a National Lottery etc.

These legal processes also resulted in the establishment of the National Responsible Gambling Programme

(NRGP) which began operating in 1999 (Rule, and Sibanyoni, 2000 & Seggie, 2011).

The principle of responsible gambling as defined by Jonkheid and Mango (2008) emphasises knowing your limits,

gambling within your means as well as gambling in a way which minimises the potential for harm. ECGBB pro-

motes responsible gambling through a number of initiatives e.g. campaigns and information sharing sessions.

It is however, noted that a research report (undated) by ECGBB showed that some elderly people displayed

little or no understanding of responsible gambling initiatives.

This assertion is confirmed in a study by Ligthelm and Jonkheid (2009) which revealed that in South Africa

pensioners reported the lowest incidence of budgeting for gambling which shows lack of understanding

responsible gambling principles.

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3.1.3 Gambling prevalence with regard to elderly people

Ensor and Esterhuizen (2013) note that in comparison to other African countries, e.g. Nigeria and Kenya, South

Africa has by far the largest overall gambling market, as well as the largest land-based casino gambling market.

When compared to western countries, gambling in the United States of America (USA) is one of the fastest

growing industries and it is estimated that in the USA, 125 million people are gamblers (Vig, 2014). Countries

like Canada, Australia, North America, Britain and Austria are also reporting high gambling prevalence (Eades,

2003 & Griffiths, 2003).

With specific reference to the elderly, Community Links (2010) shares that globally there is general agreement

in research and popular media that elderly people are one of the fastest growing groups of gamblers. Vig (2014)

notes that gambling addiction is also on the rise among older adults in Canada and the United States as a result

of this growth in the number of gamblers. The United States individuals over the age of 65 represent about 7.2%

of gamblers.

In South Africa, the National Gambling Board Research Study (2013) reveals that with regard to licensed casino

use, the 55+ year age group showed high incidence of gambling. The National Gambling Board Research Study

(2013) also states that regulators often raise concerns that pensions and social grants are misspent, and that

recipients allocate disproportionate amounts of their available income to gambling. There was also a concern

that pensioners or grant recipients were systematically targeted by unscrupulous (illegal) gambling operators,

however, no evidence was encountered that pensioners or grant recipients were targeted (Department of Trade

and Industry Gambling Review, 2013). Furthermore, the National Gambling Board Research Study (2013) reveals

that that there is likelihood that grant recipients gamble on the day that they receive their grant than they

were during the rest of the month.

With regard to elderly people who are Old Age Social Grant recipients, Ligthelm and Jonkheid (2009) reveal

that some elderly people gamble the little money they get from the social grant. However, a research study

conducted in Soweto reveals that, as much as there was a question meant to establish if the Old Age Social

Grant was used to gamble, no participant shared stories of grant recipients spending too much money or

diverting grant money from household necessities in order to gamble (National Gambling Board Research Study,

2013).

3.1.4 Reasons for gambling by elderly people

Community Link (2010) and Vig (2014) mention different reasons why elderly people gamble and when compared

to the South African context, a number of similarities are recognized and these are;

• Elderly people socialise due to social isolation and seek to be entertained or have fun

Van der Vilt (2004) notes that elderly people are attracted to the comfortable safe atmosphere of the bingo

hall/casino as well as the exciting atmosphere and ‘glitter’ of the casino.

38

• They seek to relieve boredom and to escape loneliness and loss

National Gambling Board Research Study conducted in 2013 found that in rural KwaZulu-Natal pensioners face

a tedious situation, a mixture of boredom and frustration which produces hordes of men and women who

gamble as a natural facet of daily existence.

• They want to make money or hope to make money

The National Gambling Board Research Study (2010) established that in Gauteng the high incidence of poverty

in the province motivates a significant number of pensioners to see gambling as a route to better

circumstances thus almost two-thirds of pension-age gamblers, gamble in a desperate bid to boost their income.

• They seek to support charitable causes

It is reported that gambling operators aggressively advertise their charities and elderly people are constantly

invited by being offered a meal, promised cinema visits, etc. that entice them to go to the casino floor

(Gambling Review Commission Report, 2013).

However, the report highlights that the gambling Act prohibits advertising of a gambling activity as being

available for free.

It must however be noted that as much as certain causes of gambling are shared by different countries, it was

evident that in countries like Australia, elderly people mainly gamble because they are bored or lonely because

they have lost family members through death, marriages, relocation, etc.; whilst in South Africa elderly people

mainly gamble for extra income (Rule and Sibanyoni, 2000 & National Gambling Board Research Study, 2010).

3.1.5 Impact of gambling on the elderly people

According to the National Gambling Board Research Study (2010) the Positive Impact of gambling for low-income

older gamblers, includes among others:

• means of being able to afford food and basic necessities

• cultivates friendships with other gamblers and

• a relaxing and enjoyable hobby

Negative Impact includes:

• gambling might constitute irresponsible spending and can lead to dishonesty between family members

• emotional stress and family tensions

39

• violence due to excessive gambling

• financial devastation

• selling of assets such as vehicles and houses

• as well as suicide

3.1.6 Problem gambling

Ferris (2015) notes that the following are signs indicative of problem gambling by elderly people: not having

enough money for groceries, medication or other bills; defensiveness about the way they spend money on

gambling; preoccupation about gambling; juggling bills to have more money for gambling; health problems;

borrowing money; increased isolation from friends, family and community gatherings; growing agitation; change

in appearance (sloppier); loss of a house or car; spending all their money before their pension cheque arrives,

etc. To confirm the negative impact of addiction/problem gambling on family relations, an article published in

Daily Dispatch (March, 10 2015) shares a story of a family feud that was a result of a family member who lost

her salary in gambling then stole money from a family business which she also gambled with the hope of winning

more money.

In explaining the situation an attorney said, “Intending to pay back the money with gambling winnings her

situation became uncontrolled and she was trapped in a vicious cycle as she lost more and more money”

3.1.7 Gambling stigmatisation and secrecy

In comparison to other countries, Azmier and Roach (2000) report that in Canada gambling is a ‘hidden problem’

for elderly people. A research study conducted in the Eastern Cape Province in 2009 reveals that gambling

becomes less acceptable as people get older and 38% of participants who were 50 years or older supported that

notion (Van Vuuren et al, 2009), therefore, that could be a reason why older people hide that they are involved

in gambling. Nonetheless, De Vries (2014) believes that gambling is becoming normalised and few people are

raising serious moral concerns about it in South Africa.

3.1.8 Online gambling

It should be noted that, although there are people involved in online gambling in South Africa, it is still illegal

(Price Waterhouse Coopers, 2013). The National Responsible Gambling Programme (2013) reveals that with

relation to the elderly people (65 + year olds), in both 2012 and 2013 an average of 7% was using online gambling

in South Africa. The Gambling Review conducted by DTI in 2013 warned that, even if online gambling can be

regulated in South Africa the activity will not necessarily inhibit the use of unlicensed foreign sites that could

still be accessed by the very individuals that the legislation seeks to protect, such as minors and problem

gamblers. In comparison to the African continent, online gambling is permitted in Kenya but prohibited in

Nigeria, except for lotteries.

40

3.1.9. Intervention measures to address problem gambling

Seggie (2011) notes that NRGP has three main divisions that work closely together to address problem gambling

challenges and these are:

• Treatment

Treatment begins with the provision of a free 24/7 confidential help and counselling (helpline 0800 006 008)

funded by NRGP through which problem gamblers and those close to them can get expert assistance.

• Prevention

Prevention consists mainly of educating actual and potential problem gamblers about the dangers of gambling

and how to avoid them through awareness campaigns targeted both at the population at large and at

vulnerable communities including the young, the poor and grant recipients. These are conducted by print,

television and radio advertising; distribution of promotional and informational leaflets, brochures and

newsletters; participation in community outreach initiatives and integration of gambling educational programmes

in schools and in special events.

• Research

The NRGP Research Division makes use of academics from local universities as well as collaborators from other

countries to undertake research aimed at understanding the nature, causes and prevalence of problem gambling,

to facilitate the development of good public policy, and to enhance the effectiveness of prevention and

treatment strategies.

MacIntyre (2008) explains that the University of Windsor’s prevention and treatment programme for elderly

people entails peer support (seniors helping other seniors) and the active involvement of gambling operators

as they are expected to address the unique nature and impact of problem gambling within the elderly by

recognizing their needs, views and concerns and receive input from them for the development of support

programs.

3.2 CONCLUSION

The latter literature discussion reveals that gambling and its associated problems is not a unique South African

problem, many countries in the world are experiencing similar problems – therefore that presents an

opportunity for an exchange of ideas. Nonetheless, it is also important to note that each country has its unique

dynamics, therefore in exchanging of ideas, contextual issues need to be given serious consideration.

41

CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

42

CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the analysis and the interpretation of the data collected by way of questionnaires, focus

group schedules and document analysis. For ease of reference, the towns where the survey was undertaken

are referred to as survey zones, namely, East London Zone: representing Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality

(BCMM); Port Elizabeth Zone: representing Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (NMMM) and Cacadu

(Jeffrey’s Bay), Queenstown Zone: representing Chris Hani; and Mbizana-Mthatha Zone: representing Alfred Nzo

and OR Tambo. Table 4 shows different survey zones and the number of instruments administered at each zone

(see below: Figure 1).

4.1.1 Distribution of participants by Survey Zones

Each Survey Zone was expected to administer 250 questionnaires and the table presents the outcome of the

survey.

The following table shows that in all the Zones the prevalence of gambling is evident as depicted by Gambler

percentages, East London (21.5%); Port Elizabeth (21%); Queenstown (18.2%); and Mthatha/Mbizana (17.7%).

Gambling prevalence is evident, with East London showing the highest rate. The overall gambling prevalence

rate is 78.4 %.

Table 4: Survey Zones of the participants

Survey Zones Gamblers Non-Gamblers Total

East London

Port Elizabeth

Queenstown

Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent

210 245 25.1

208 21 36 3.7 244 24.9

176 246 25.2

Total

173 243 24.8

767 78.4 211 21.6 978 100

21.5

18.2

17.7

35

70

70

3.6

7.2

7.1Mthatha/Mbizana

43

Figure 1: Survey Zones of the participants

4.2 BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

4.2.1 Distribution of participants by Gender

Gambling is more prevalent amongst males (55.4%) whilst females are at 44.6%; and this is true across all zones

except for Port Elizabeth (see Figures 2 & 3 below). This contradicts ECGBB’s observation that a number of

older persons, particularly women attend and actively participate in gambling.

From focus group interviews the most prominent view was that both men and women are involved in gambling,

because both groups have the same intention, i.e. to make more money.

Table 5: No. of participants per Gender

Gender Gambler Non-Gambler Total (Observed)

Male

Female

Total


423 39.7 506 52.0

341 44.6 126 60.3 467 48.0

764 100 209 100 973 100

8355.4

44

Figure 2: No. of participants per Gender

Figure 3: Gender by Zones

4.2.2 Distribution of participants by Marital Status

The following table shows that Gambling and non-gambling participants’ distribution seem to be evenly spread

across all categories of status. However, it does show that the ‘married’ category has the highest percentage

of gambling participants.

45

Table 6: Marital Status of the participants

Figure 4: Marital Status of the participants

Marital Status Gambler Non-Gambler Total (Observed)

Married

Single

Divorced


438 57.6 117 56.0 555 57.2

127 17.7 164 16.9

41 52 5.4

Cohabitating

Widowed

25

130 18.1 168 17.3

Total 761 100 209 100 970 100

16.7

5.4

3.3

17.0

37

11

6

38

5.3

31 3.22.9

46

4.2.3 Distribution of participants by Age Group

As it is known that the qualifying age for the Old Age Social Grant is 60, a provision of 55 was made to

accommodate participants that were on “other pensions” and had taken early pension, e.g. GEPF, Provident

Fund, etc. The overall number of participants that were receiving “other pensioners” was 26, i.e. 23 gambling

participants and 3 non gambling participants, which only reflects 3% participation. Therefore, it should be noted

that most respondents were Old Age Social Grant recipients (60 and above). This issue was also covered in

Section A Question 2 of the questionnaire where data collectors had to establish the participants’ source of

income and the finding was that: of the 962 that responded to the question 743 (77.2%) noted that they were

Old Age Social Grant recipients; and out of the overall 77.2%, 60.5% were gambling participants (see Table 8).

The following table shows that for the old age grant recipients in the 61 to 69 and the 70 and above age group

brackets, the gambling participants are 37% + 16.2% = 53.2%. Thus, indicating an above 50% gambling prevalence

rate. The stated fact argued, thus suggests that the 53.2% prevalence rate is actually higher considering the

fact that the 55-60 age group bracket includes pension/grant recipients (the 60 year olds), this refers to the

25.9%, out of which only 3% is not Old Age Social Grant recipients, the Old Age Social Grant recipients who

gamble in that bracket is therefore 22.9% (25.9% – 3%). Therefore, the study at 97.8% confidence level indicates

an overall 76.1% (37% + 16.2% + 22.9%) gambling prevalence amongst Old Age Social Grant recipients.

The latter findings also confirm ECGBB’s observation that older persons that gamble are retired (3%) and some

are dependent on social grants as a primary source of income (53.2%).

Table 7: No. of participants per Age Group

Age Gambler Non-Gambler Total (Observed)

55-60

61-69

70 and above

Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency

249 298

37.0 102 10.6 458

156 21.5 207

Total 761 202 963

Percent

47.6

21.5

100

356

25.9

16.2

49

51

5.1 30.9

79.1 37.2

47

Figure 5: No. of participants per Age Group

4.2.4 Distribution of participants by Nationality

Out of the total respondents as indicated below, 12 did not state their nationality. It is however, obvious that virtually all the participants are citizens of South Africa at 99.1% whilst others are 0.9%.

Table 8: Nationality of participants

4.2.5 Distribution of participants by Race

The table below shows that the majority of the respondents were black (72.7%) followed by Whites (14.5%).

The Coloureds and Indians were 11.3% and 1.4% respectively. However, 7 participants did not state their racial

status.

Nationality Gamblers Non-Gamblers Total (Observed)

South African

Others

Total


750 207

209 100

7 0.7 2 0.2 9

77.6 95721.4 99.1

0.9

757 78.3 21.6 966

48

Table 9: No. of participants according to Race

Figure 6: No. of participants according to Race

4.2.6 Distribution of participants by Dependants

The following table reveals that the percentage of those who gamble and have dependants is 80% (8.7% + 18.6%

+ 16.5% + 14.0% + 22.2%). Most of the gambling participants (22.2%), have five dependants and above. The latter

confirms what was noted by most focus group participants that most elderly people who take care of their

grandchildren, gamble because they need to supplement their old age grant income.

Race Gamblers Non-Gamblers Total (Observed)

Black

Coloured

Indian


523 53.9 183

93 110 11.3

14

Others

Total

133 0.8 141 14.5

764 78.7 208 971 100

White

1

9.6

1.4

13.7

0.1

17

0

8

0

0

0

14

1

1.4

0.1

18.8 706 72.7

1.7

21.3

49

Table 10: No. of Dependants per participants

4.2.7 Distribution of participants by Income

The following table shows that the source of income of most gambling participants is the Old Age Social Grant

(77.2%). There are a few (11.9%) who seem to have other sources of income, therefore, it is evident that the

grant money might not be sufficient to meet all the grant recipients’ needs. The focus group discussions also

confirmed that the grant money is not sufficient and need to be augmented by selling vegetables, cleaning

homes, etc.

Dependants Gamblers Non-Gamblers Total (Observed)

One

Two

Three


66

142 19.8 183 18.9

126 20.8 169 17.4

Four 107 126 13.0

Five and Above

None

Total

169 22.7 216 22.3

152 15.9 185 19.1

762 100 207 100 969 100

18.6

16.5

14.0

24

41

43

19

47

33

11.6

9.2

90 9.38.7

22.2

20

50

Table 11: Monthly Source of Income of participants

Figure 7: Monthly Source of Income of participants

4.3. EXTENT AND GEOGRAPHIC SPREAD OF OLDER PERSONS IN EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE THAT

ACTIVELY PARTICIPATE IN GAMBLING SITES THAT THE ECGBB REGULATES OR HAS LICENSE AND FURTHER

ESTABLISHED

This section explains the location in terms of geographical spread of the participants in the Eastern Cape

Province according to district municipality, area of residence of the participants, the mode of transport to the

site, the frequency of their visit to the gambling sites, reasons for participating in gambling activities, and

reasons for using the preferred gambling site. The time taken to get to the gambling sites, the amount of money

spent and sources of income of the participants were also explained.

Source Gamblers Non-Gamblers Total (Observed)


582 77.4 743 77.2

11 1.5

90 11.9 26

48 60 6.2

23 1.4 26 2.7

754 100 208 100 962 100

77.2

6.4

3.0

Older PersonsGrant

From own Childrenand Relatives

Own business

Other (GEPF,Provident Fund ect.)

Total

Salary

161

6

12

3

2.9

12.5

5.8

17

116

1.8

12.1

51

District Gambler Non-Gambler Total (Observed)

OR Tambo

BCMM


105

Amathole

Nelson MandelaMetro

Cacadu/Sara Baartman

Joe Gqabi

Alfred Nzo

Chris Hani

Total

190

16

178

30

0

68

176

763

13.8

24.9

2.1

23.3

3.9

0

8.9

23.1

100

14.2

23.3

1.6

21.5

3.8

0

10.1

4.3.1. Distribution of participants by District

The following table shows gambling prevalence per district: BCMM (19.7%), NMMM (18.4%), Chris Hani (18.2%),

OR Tambo (10.9%), Alfred Nzo (7%), Cacadu (3.1%) and Amathole (1.7%). Joe Gqabi conducted a focus group.

BCMM shows most prevalence of gambling among old age social grant recipients compared to other districts.

Table 12: No. of participants per District

4.3.2. Distribution of participants by Area of Residence

The following table shows that 47.0% of the respondents reside in township, 28.8% reside in suburb/town while

23.6% of the respondents stay in rural area and 0.6% reside in the farm. The table also shows that 18

respondents did not state their area of residence and that gambling activities are spread across three major

areas (township, suburb and rural).

25.5

100

15.8

17.2

0

14.3

3.4

0

14.8

34.5

100

32

35

0

29

7

0

30

70

203

137

225

16

207

37

0

98

246

966

52

Table 13: Participants’ Area of Residence

4.3.3 Distribution of participants by Reasons for Gambling

The following table shows that most participants (74.1%) cited need for extra income as the reason for

participating in gambling activities.

Most focus group participants reiterated the same reason as they noted that the key reason for gambling is

related to addressing a financial need, the following reasons were mentioned: increase income, financial

problems, need for money to support dreams, need for quick money and high rate of unemployment. This finding

also confirmed ECGBB’s observation that older persons that gamble appear not to be gambling solely for

entertainment or leisure but they gamble to improve their finances, perhaps to sustain their livelihood.

In support of this finding, the NGB Research Bulletin (2014) also notes that the lure of potentially winning large

sums of money is the economic motivation and the main reason why most gamblers participate in gambling

activities.

Residence Gamblers Non-Gamblers Total (Observed)

Suburb/Town

Township

Rural


220 12.8 245 25.5

359 47.0 114 58.2 473 49.3

180 26.5 232 24.2

Farm

52

10 1.0

Total 764 100 196 100 960 100

5

28.8

23.6

0.6

25

5 2.5

53

Table 14: Reasons for Participating in Gambling Activities

Figure 8: Reasons for participating in Gambling Activities

4.3.4 Distribution of participants by Mode of Transport

The following table shows that most participants use taxis (35.1%) and others drive themselves (34.7%) and this

contradicts ECGBB view that older persons travel in busloads to gambling sites or gamble in groups.

Reason Yes No Total

For Pleasure

For extra Income

To De-stress

334 51.7 312 48.3 646

520 74.2 181 25.8

210 34.8 393 65.2 603

Cannot stop gambling 75 12.8 510 87.1 585

Frequency Percent Frequency Percent

701

54

Table 15: Mode of transport to Gambling Sites

4.3.5 Distribution of participants by Frequency of Visits to gambling sites

The following table shows that most respondents (24%) visit gambling sites once a month, followed by those

who visit every day (21.1%) and three times a week (21%). Weekend gambling sites visitors were recorded at

19.8% and 14.1% visit the sites on any other day like paydays, holidays, etc. 14 respondents were observed

not to have stated the frequency of their visit to gambling sites. It is clear from the table that most gambling

participants visit the gambling sites once a month. Some of the gambling participants that have indicated to

be visiting a gambling site once a month could be Old Age Social Grant recipients as they get their grants once

a month. This finding confirms ECGBB’s observation that older persons that gamble do so more as a monthly

attempt to make a fortune.

I walk to gambling site

266

69

I hire a car

39

7

Bus

36

78

Not stated

269

767

I drive myself

I hitch-hike

We travel as a group with friends/ as elders

Taxi

Total

9.0

5.1

0.9

4.7

10.2

100

Mode of transport Frequency Percent

34.7

35.1

3 0.3

55

Table 16: Frequency of Visits to Gambling Sites

4.3.6 Distribution of participants by Preferred Gambling Site

It can be seen from the following table and figure that the majority of the respondents have a high

preference of participating in gambling activities at the casino (58.4%), tab/tote (22.1%) and bingo (13.8%)

sites in that order respectively. This confirms a view shared by focus group participants as they noted that

chances to win in a casino are high compared to other gambling activities.

Table 17: Preference of site for undertaking gambling activities

3 times a week

159

158

Once a month

149

181

Total

106

753

Everyday

Every weekend

Any other time (paydays, holidays etc.)

21.0

19.8

24.0

14.1

100

Visits Frequency Percent

Bingo

433

102

Tab/Tote

19

164

23

Casino

Bar/Tavern/Pub and Braai

Bookmarker

58.4

13.8

2.6

22.1

3.1

Total 741 100

Prefered Site Frequency Percent

21.1

56

4.3.7 Distribution of participants by Reasons for choosing the preferred Gambling Site

In relation to the following table (as well as figure 9), 53.3% chose gambling sites that are closer to their homes,

31.6% chose gambling sites where they know how to play gambling activities that are there, 11.5% chose

gambling sites they can afford to go to. The dominating reason for choosing a gambling site seems to be

proximity to their homes. The reason, “closer to home”, may also be influenced by safety issues because

focus group participants noted that some people get mugged on their way home.

Table 18: Reasons for choosing the preferred gambling site

Figure 9: Reasons for choosing the preferred gambling site

4.3.8 Distribution of participants by Time taken to get to gambling site

Most gambling participants (52.3%) take less than 30 minutes to get to gambling sites. The finding below confirms

what is in Table 16 that gambling participants prefer gambling sites closer to their homes.

I know how to play it

381

226

I don’t know about others

82

26

It’s closer to my home 53.3

31.6

11.5

3.6

715Total 100

Reasons Frequency Percent

57

Table 19: Time taken to get to gambling site

Figure 10: Time taken to get to gambling site

4.3.9 Distribution of participants by Amount of Money spent on gambling activities

Most gambling participants (45%) spend R100-R500. The finding reveals that there is a possibility that some

grant recipients spend half of their grant money on gambling, this is a cause for concern when taking into

account that grant recipients get R1 350.00 (revised to R1 410.00 in the latest National Budget Speech-March

2015). This may be indicative of problem gambling.

398

263

100

761

52.3

34.6

13.1

100

Frequency Percent

30 - 60 minutes

More than one hour

Total

Travel time

Less than 30 minutes

58

Table 20: Amount of money spent on gambling activities

Figure 11: Amount of money spent on gambling activities

4.3.10 Distribution of participants by Source of Income Used for Gambling

Although most participants (66%) are reporting to be using money from other financial sources to gamble, the

fact that a considerable number of participants claimed to be using their pension (61.6%) and borrow (57.6%)

is a cause for concern. To confirm the latter, focus group participants mentioned that debt and dependence on

money lenders or ‘loan sharks’ is one of the negative consequences of gambling.

R100-R500

167

329

99

136

731

Less than R100

R500-R1000

Total

45.0

13.5

18.6

100

More than R1000

Amount of money spent Frequency Percent

22.9

59

Table 21: Source of Income Used for Gambling

Figure 12: Source of Income Used for Gambling

4.3.11 Distribution of participants by Gambling Activities when visiting a gambling site

The most popular gambling activities undertaken are gambling games at the casinos (49.2%) followed by fixed

odd betting terminals (24%) and slot machines gambling games at the Bingos (19.3). There are some who engage

in Sports betting (6.3%) with very minimal numbers engaged in other gambling activities like Horse races (0.6%),

Betting (non-sports events) at (0.3) and Online slot machines (0.3).

It is a cause for concern to note that there are people involved in online gambling, since it is illegal in South

Africa (Price Waterhouse Coopers, 2013).

1. I do use money from pension pay

3. I do borrow money to gamble

5. I sometimes use money meant for other

responsibilities to gamble

4. I do sell anything to get money to gamble

458 (61.6)

490 (66.0)

430 (57.6)

140 (18.8)

57 (7.6)

250 (33.7) 767

244 (32.9) 767

767

767

767

20

21

18

308 (41.2) 9(1.2)

605 (81.1)

691 (92.3) 1(0.1)

NoYes Unsure Not stated TotalStatement

35 (4.7)

8 (1.1)

1(0.1)

25

24

60

Table 22: Gambling Activities undertaken when visiting a gambling site

Figure 13: Gambling activities undertaken when visiting a gambling site

48

147

375

183

5

2

19.3

49.2

24.0

0.3

Bingo (electronic)

Fixed odds betting terminals (operated bytellers e.g. coupons)

Betting (non-sports events)

Sports betting

Casino games (slot machines, tables, pokerroulette wheels, etc)

Horse races

Total

Online slot machines 2 0.3

762 100

6.3

0.6

Activities Frequency Percent

61

4.3.12 Distribution of participants by Other Activities engaged in, apart from gambling, whilst at a

gambling site

The following table shows that most gambling participants (43.6%) engage in drinking non- alcoholic beverages

at gambling site, followed by those who drink alcoholic beverages (28.4%). The percentage of those who eat

at the gambling site stands at 26% while 1.4% visit the nearest movie place and 0.3% participate in dancing and

sleeping over.

Though few of the respondents mentioned that they only go to gambling sites to gamble and not engage in

other activities, however, about 120 respondents did not indicate what other activities they engage in while at

the gambling sites

Table 23: Activities engaged in whilst at a gambling site (apart from gambling)

Figure 14: Activities engaged in whilst at a gambling site (apart from gambling)

I drink alcoholic beverages

282

184

168

2

9

I drink non-alcoholic beverages

I eat

I go to the nearest movie place

43.6

28.4

26.0

0.3

1.4

I dance

2 0.3I sleep over (Hotel services)

647Total 100

Frequency PercentOther Activities

62

4.4 EXPLORING AND ESTABLISHING THE OLDER PERSONS’ ATTITUDES, KNOWLEDGE, AND SKILLS TOWARDS LEGAL GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND ACTIVITIES.

This section deals with the attitudes, knowledge and skills of the older persons towards gambling participation.

It explains the knowledge of the participants about the slot machines and function, the amount of money they

have won (incidence of winning), the effect of excessive gambling activities on the participants, the mechanism

to cushion the effect of excessive gambling activities and their awareness about the ECGBB.

4.4.1 Distribution of participants by Attitude

The following table reveals that:

• the majority of the respondents (86.3%) love the excitement that comes with gambling,

• 78.5% have self-control,

• 65% remain the same whether they lose or win

However, significant percentages reveal that:

• some participants feel they must continue after a good win so as to win more (56.3%)

• some gamble longer than planned (55%),

• some feel they have to come back to win their losses (54.4%) and 47.9% says most of the gambling is

what preoccupies their minds.

A contradiction was established between what the participants said and what they did, the majority of

participants reported to be having self-control and a significant number claiming that they remained the same

whether they lost or won, however, significant percentages also reported behaviours that were indicative of

irresponsible gambling where they noted that they felt they must continue after a good win so as to win more,

some gambled longer than planned, some felt they had to come back to win their losses and some said gambling

is what preoccupied their minds.

The latter realisation confirms what the NGB Research Report (2012/2013) found, that initially gambling starts

as a hobby/fun and progresses to be more financially driven and ultimately becomes an escapade from different

stressors.

63

Table 24: Older Persons Attitude to Gambling.

Figure 15: Older Persons Attitude to Gambling

Gambling brings value to my life

I love excitement that comes with gambling

Most of the time, gambling is what preoccupies my mind

I have self-control in gambling

Whether I lose or win I am still the same

After a good win I must conitinues so as to win

When I loose I feel I have to come backso as to more

317 (41.8)368 (48.5) 74 (9.7) 8 767

86 (11.3)654 (86.3) 18 (2.4) 9 767

338 (44.6)363 (47.9) 57 (7.5) 9 767

135 (17.8)595 (78.5) 28 (3.7) 9 767

241 (32.2)487 (65.0) 21 (2.8) 18 767

411 (54.4) 24 (3.2)

9

767

Gambling allows me to pay me creditors

Gambling removes my worries

I feel that I gamble longer than I planned

334 (44.0) 400 (52.7) 25 (3.3)

12

767

360 (50.7)299 (42.1) 50 (7.0)

8

767

310 (41.7)384 (51.6) 50 (6.7) 23 767

767

767

57

16

26 (3.4)

53 (7.1)285 (38)

305 (40.2)427 (56.3)

413 (55.0)

StatementUnsure(%)

TotalAgreeFrequency(%)

DisgareeFrequency(%)

Not Stated

320 (42.4)

64

4.4.2 Distribution of participants by Knowledge about legal regulation of gambling

Regarding knowledge about legal regulation of the gambling industry, the following was revealed:

• 95. 9% of the participants said that they are well informed about gambling from ECGBB,

• 76. 6% are aware that there are illegal gambling sites,

• 74. 4% are aware that gambling can be addictive,

• 72.7% are aware about the laws regulating gambling in South Africa.

As much as most gambling participants noted that they were well informed about gambling through ECGBB

campaigns, radio, newspapers, TV, etc., the latter contradicts the previous finding on knowledge/awareness

about ECGBB where 78.2% noted that they did not know anything about ECGBB. In the focus group

discussions participants also reported not to know about ECGBB.

Table 25: Older Persons’ Knowledge about Legal Gambling

Statement

1. I am aware about the laws regulating gambling in South Africa

2. I am aware that there are legal gambling sites

3. I am aware that there are illegal gambling sites

4. I am aware that illegal gambling is not acceptable in this country

5. I am aware that gambling can be addictive?

6. I am well informed about gambling (e.g. from ECGBB campaigns, radio, newspaers, TV, etc.)

7. I need more information about gambling and its implications

184 (24.7)542 (72.7) 20 (2.7) 21 767

259 (34.3)470 (62.2) 11 767

157 (20.7)580 (76.6) 19 (2.5) 10 767

219 (29.1)512 (68.0) 22 (2.9) 14 767

148 (19.5)564 (74.4) )46 (6.1

19 (2.5)727 (95.9) )12 (1.6)

425 (56.3)294 (38.9) 36 (4.8) 12 767

28 (3.7)

Unsure (%) TotalYes (%) No (%) Not Stated

767

9 767

9

65

Figure 16: Older Persons’ Knowledge about Legal Gambling

4.4.3 Distribution of participants by Knowledge about how most slot machines operate and function

The majority of the respondents (75.8%) indicated that they understand how most slot machines operate and

function (operational know-how/skill) whilst 24.2% do not understand. 25 respondents did not indicate if they

have good knowledge of how to operate most slot machines or not.

Table 26: Knowledge about how most slot machines operate and function

FIgure 17: Knowledge about how slot machines operate and function

562

179

741

75.8

24.2

100

Yes

No

Total

Frequency Percent

66

4.4.4 Distribution of participants by Amount of money usually won after a good play

There were 25 respondents who did not state how much they usually win. Most gambling participants (40.1%)

reported to have won more than R1000, followed by the R100-R500 bracket (28.2%), between R500-R1000

bracket (22.9%) and lastly less than R100 (8.8%).

Table 27: Amount of money usually won after a good play (Average Return)

Figure 18: Average Return after a good play

4.4.5 Distribution of participants by Frequency of Winning

Most participants (58.6%) indicated that they win once in a month and this could be linked to the fact that

most participants indicated that they visit gambling sites once a month (Sub- section E), whilst 19.2% win once

a week and 15.8% win once a year. There were 63 participants who did not state how often they win.

65

209

170

8.8

28.2

22.9

298

742

40.1

100

Frequency Percent

Less than R100

Between R100-R500

Between R500-R1000

More than R1000

Total

67

Table 28: Frequency of Winning

Figure 19: Frequency of winning

4.4.6 Distribution of participants by Highest amount ever lost in a gambling site

Most participants (48.5%) indicated that the highest amount of money they ever lost at the gambling site was

more than R1000. Those who lost between R100-R500 were 22.5% whilst 20.3% lost between R500-R1000. This

indicates that Old Age Social Grant Recipients might be losing more money than they can afford, which may

lead to borrowing (money lenders), which may be indicative of problem gambling. Some focus group members

who also gamble or were once involved in gambling noted that they would sometimes be stuck in gambling sites

because they would not have money (fare) to go home. Others would sell possessions to get money to gamble

or go home, some would be chased away from the gambling sites because they are caught loitering with no

money to gamble and others would change clothes in the bathroom so that the site officials would not be able

to recognise that they are not playing due to not having money.

30

15

135

4.3

2.1

19.2

413

111

58.6

15.8

704 100

Frequency Percent

I always win

I win every day

I win once a week

I win once a month

I win once a year

Total

68

Table 29: Highest amount ever lost in a gambling site

Figure 20: Highest amount ever lost in a gambling site

4.4.7 Distribution of participants by Effect of Excessive gambling on someone who participates in

gambling activities

Most participants believe that excessive gambling can lead to addiction (74%), 14.6% say one can lose

possessions and 8.6% say it can strain family relationships – leading to negative socio- economic problems. This

confirms what focus group participants also shared that gambling can be addictive and the following were

mentioned as other results that had a detrimental effect on a gambling participant’s life:

• selling and loss of possessions to recover money lost or to gamble again,

• money meant to provide for family wellbeing used in gambling,

65

168

151

8.7

22.5

20.3

Less than R100

Between R100-R500

Between R500-R1000

More than R1000

Total

362

746

48.5

100

Frequency Percent

69

• being declared insolvent,

• irresponsible financial spending, e.g. when a person even spends a bus fare; and fraud.

The ECGBB Research Report (2009) also notes that, “gambling can be addictive, thus the term irresponsible

gambling”.

Table 30: Effect of Excessive Gambling on gambling participants

Figure 21: Effect of Excessive Gambling on gambling participants

4.4.8 Distribution of participants by Mechanism available to assist someone who happens to participate

excessively in gambling activities

The most preferred mechanism available to assist someone who happens to participate excessively in gambling

activities was counselling (55.4%). To be excluded from gambling (21.1%) whilst 11.5% respondents are of the

opinion that such participants should be referred to professionals for treatment.

541

107

20

74.0

14.7

2.7

One can be addicted

One can lose possessions

One can be banned from gambling site

One can have strained family relations

Total

63

731

8.6

100

Frequency Percent

70

However, respondents gave suggestion on barring of excessive participants from gambling sites and placing a

limit on amount spent on gambling activities per month.

Table 31: Mechanisms to assist participants who gamble excessively

Figure 22: Mechanisms to assist participants who gamble excessively

139

365

76

21.1

55.4

11.5

36

33

5.5

5.0

10 1.5

659 100

Frequency % of Total

To be excluded from gambling

Get counselling from anonymous gambling hotlines

Be referred to a professional for treatment

Community education campaigns

Pamphlet, brochures, and nesletters

School based programmes

Total

71

4.4.9 Distribution of participants by Awareness of an organization called Eastern Cape Gambling and

Betting Board (ECGBB)

Most participants (78.4%) are not aware of an organisation called ECGBB and only 21.6% know about it.

This was also very evident during the focus group interviews where most participants did not know about ECGBB

Table 32: Awareness of an organization called ECGBB

Figure 23: Awareness of an organization called ECGBB

4.5. DETERMINATION OF POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF GAMBLING PARTICIPATION

BY OLDER PERSONS IN THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE

4.5.1 Distribution of participants by Effect of losing on gamblers’ health

Most participants (54.2%) indicated that losing has no negative effect on their health, 25.1% said they suffer

from stress as a result of losing, 12% suffer from headaches and 6% have high blood pressure. The above men-

tioned finding contradicts what the focus group participants shared, i.e. gambling has serious negative effects

on health.

The following points were mentioned as health related effects: exposure to harm (mugging) that may even lead

to death, suicide, stress, eating disorders and irrational reasoning.

158

575

733

21.6

78.4

100

Yes

No

Total

% of TotalFrequency

72

Table 33: Effect of losing on gamblers’ health

Figure 24: Effect of losing on gamblers’ health

4.5.2 Distribution of participants by Effect of losing on family relations

Most participants indicated that losing has no effect on their family relations (77.4%), 9.7% said they experience

problems with their children whilst 8.4% said they experience problems with their spouses and 3.4% said they

experience problems with their extended family.

399

88

20

54.2

12.0

2.7

44

185

6.0

25.1

Total 736 100

Frequency Percentage

My diabetes becomesuncontrollable

73

The latter finding contradicts what was shared by focus group participants who noted that losing can lead to

irresponsible gambling and other family related problems like parents not spending time with their families;

harm to marriages, frustrations that may lead to family neglect including child neglect due to the fact that

other participants linger in gambling sites for days begging for money and food from fellow patrons. This links

up with how the ECGBB Research Report (2009) describes irresponsible gambling as neglect of responsibilities

(such as work or family) and/or gambling with money needed to pay for important necessities.

Whilst COSATU (2003) did not speak to excessive gambling, they raised a concern that gambling contributes

negatively to the socio-economic wellbeing of the country in that it increases poverty by encouraging poor

people to, “sink their hard-earned money into gambling operations and gambling machines in the hope that

they will win”

Table 34: Effect of losing on family relations

Figure 25: Effect of losing on family relations

Statement

587

73

9

Frequency Percent

77.4

9.6

1.2

I experience problems with my children

I experience problems with my grand children

I experience problems with my extended family

I experience problems with my spouse

26

64

3.4

8.4

Total 759 100

74

4.5.3 Distribution of participants by Need of Support when gambling at the gambling site

Most participants indicated that there is a need to support older persons when gambling at the gambling site

(47.9%) whilst 42.6% said there is no need for support. 9.5% of the participants did not indicate whether they

need support or not.

Table 35: Need for Support when gambling at the gambling site

Figure 26: Need for Support when gambling at the gambling site

4.6. CONCLUSION

The analysis and interpretation of data in this study revealed that:

• Gambling is prevalent amongst the Old Age Social Grant recipients in the Eastern Cape Province.

• Older Persons in the Eastern Cape Province who actively participate in gambling sites that the ECGBB

regulates are spread out more or less evenly in all the District Municipalities.

• Gambling participants have operational know-how/skill of how the gambling machines function.

• Gambling participants are aware about gambling through ECGBB awareness campaigns. They are also

aware about illegal gambling and the fact that it is not acceptable in South Africa.

• Most gambling participants’ health and family relations are not negatively affected by losing.

Frequency

367

327

767

73

% of Total

Yes

No

Total

Unanswered

47.9

42.6

100

9.5

75

CHAPTER 5

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

76

CHAPTER 5: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter gives a summary of the whole study by highlighting the main ideas, main findings and

recommendations to assist ECGBB to address issues of concern as well as areas that need further research.

5.1.1 The extent and geographic spread of older persons in the Eastern Cape Province that actively

participate in gambling sites that the ECGBB regulates or has licence.

The following table summarises the findings regarding the key research area stated above. The questions dealing

with each of the sub areas are listed and findings are presented as follows for each sub area: highest percent-

ages to highlight majority findings; multiple percentages where there is remarkable closeness between findings

and the extent to which the response to the issue under study is significant.

Table 36: Summary of the Extent and Geographic spread responses

Statement/Question

Whether Older Persons who gambleare Old Age Social Grant rcipients

Why do they gamble or participate in gambling activities?

How do they get to the gambling sites?

How often do they visit gambling sites?

Reasons for choosing Preferred gambling sites

How long does it take to get to the gmabling site?

How much money do they spent athe gambling sites?

Source of income utilised for gamblingactivities

Types of gambling activities preferred

Response Response Response%

Gambling participation according toSurvey Zones (geographical spread)

gOverall gamblinparticipation

For extra income

Taxi

Once a month

Closer to home

Less than 30 minutes

R 100-500

Money from otherincome

s,

Casino games(slot machinetables, poker,roulette wheels,etc.)

76.1

74.1

35.1

24.0

53.3

52.3

45.0

66.0

49.2

East London Zone 21.5

Drive themselves

Daily

I know how to play it

Use moneyfrom pension

34.7

21.1

31.6

61.6 57.6Borrow money

78.4

How much money do they spend at the gambling sites?

% %

77

FINDINGS: The study shows that:

• Prevalence of gambling amongst Old Age Social Grant recipients in the Eastern Cape Province is evident

at 76.1%.

• The overall gambling participation rate according to Survey Zones (geographical spread) is 78.4% with

East London leading at 21.5%.

• Most participants (74.1%) gamble with the main aim of making extra income.

• Most participants either use taxis (35.1%) or drive (34.7%)

• Most participants often visit once a month (24.0%) and others visit daily (21.1%).

• Most participants prefer gambling sites that are closer home (53.3%) or those that the participants know

how to play (31.6%).

• Most participants (52.3%) take less than 30 minutes to get to the gambling site.

• Most participants (45.0%) spend between R100-R500.

• The major source of income utilised for gambling by most participants is income from other sources

(66.6%) e.g. money generated from selling vegetables; pension money (61.6%) and borrowed money

(57.6%). This is a cause for concern because Brewer, Grant and Potenza (2008) caution that borrowing

money and financial misuse are symptoms of problem gambling.

• Most participants prefer engaging in casino games (49.2%).

RECOMMENDATIONS

In light of the above, the researchers are making the following recommendations:

• To address the problem of participants borrowing money to gamble and those that may be excessively

using their pension money to gamble (e.g. those earning R1350.00 but using R500.00, i.e. about

37% to gamble), there is a need for ECGBB and its partners to strengthen awareness and educational

programmes on responsible gambling to equip the older persons. There is also a need to train

older persons on financial management, with a strong emphasis on budgeting.

• As the Department of Social Development is already having a programme meant to organise and

support elderly people to initiate and implement income generating projects, to address the problem

of older persons gambling mainly to make extra income, ECGBB and its partners should popularise this

service through platforms like service centres, elderly people’s forums, SASSA pay points and other

community based organisations.

78

• As much as the latter findings have unearthed some elements of problem gambling (borrowing and

possible excessive use of pension money), there is a need for ECGBB to conduct an in-depth study

to investigate if older persons are gambling responsibly or not and if there are traces of problem

gambling, what assistance can they be provided with to address the problem.

5.1.2 The skills, level of knowledge and attitude towards gambling of persons who are 60 years of age

and above, and are recipients of Old Age Social Grant

The following table summarises findings regarding the key research area stated above. The questions dealing

with each of the sub areas are listed and findings are presented according to highest percentages for each sub

area, to highlight majority findings.

Table 37: Summary of the skills, level of knowledge and attitude towards gambling

FINDINGS: The study shows that:

• Most participants have operational knowledge of how slot machines work (75.8%)

• Most participants (40.1%) win more than R1000 after a good play (average return per player)

• Most participants (74.0%) know that excessive gambling can lead to addiction

• Most participants (55.4%) know about counselling from anonymous gambling hotline as one of the

mechanisms to deal or overcome excessive and irresponsible gambling

• Most participants (78.4%) are not aware of an organisation called ECGBB as a regulator of gambling

activities in the Eastern Cape Province

The following table presents findings on questions which were meant to investigate the participants’ attitudes

Statement/Question

How slot machines operate and function

Average return per player(Amount won after a good play)

Harm associated with excessive and irresponsible gambling

Awareness of an organisation called ECGBB as a regulator of gambling activities in the

Eastern Cape Province

Operational know how/skill

More than R1000

Get counselling from anonymous gambling hotline

One can be addicted

Not aware

75.8

40.1

74.0

55.4

78.4

Response Percentage

Mechanisms to deal/overcome excessive and irresponsible gambling

79

towards gambling.

Table 38: Summary of participants’ Attitudes towards gambling

FINDINGS: The study also shows that:

• Most participants agreed that gambling was what preoccupied their minds (47.9%)

• Most participants agreed that they have self-control (78.5%)

• Most participants agreed that after a good win they feel they wanted to continue so as to win

more (56.3%).

• Most participants agreed that they return to play so as to win their losses (54.4%).

• Most participants claimed to gamble longer than planned (55.0%)

In addition, with regard to the level of knowledge and attitudes towards gambling of both gambling participants

and non-gamblers, it was also established from the survey and focus group discussions that:

• Projects implemented by the gambling sector are not known - study participants mentioned

organisations like Lotto and the Liquor Board as organisations that are visible and contributing

positively to community upliftment.

• The “gambling sector”, meaning the casinos and other gambling sites were perceived as

institutions that are only taking people’s money and are not giving/ploughing back, therefore, it

became evident that there might be a possibility that the gambling sector is having an image problem

in the communities it is supposed to serve.

DisagreeFrequency(%)

Unsure(%)

I have self control in gambling

When I lose I feel I have to come back to win my loss

47.9

78.5

56.3

54.4

55.0

44.6

17.8

40.2

42.4

38

7.5

3.7

3.4

3.2

7.1

Statement AgreeFrequency(%)

Most of the time, gambling is what preoccupies my mind

After a good win I feel I must continue so as to win more

I feel that I gamble longer than I planned

80

• Some people would not want to be associated with gambling, for fear that they would be deemed as

reckless people who waste money.

RECOMMENDATIONS

As it is clear from the above findings that with regard to their attitudes, gambling participants are presenting

symptoms of problem gambling, i.e. gambling forever preoccupying one’s mind, continuing to play to win more

or to win back losses and gambling longer than planned, researchers feel that there is a need to address the

issue of problem gambling. Makarchuk, Hodgins and Peden (2002) also confirm that spending more time in the

gambling site and chasing losses is indicative of problem gambling. Therefore, the researchers are making the

following recommendations:

• EGBB and its partners need to enhance and increase awareness and educational programmes on

responsible gambling and the different mechanisms that can be used to address problem gambling.

The impact of the latter programmes also need to be evaluated.

• ECGBB need to expand the support offered to gambling participants with gambling problem symptoms;

and monitor the effectiveness of these support programmes.

As much as it is acknowledged that ECGBB achievements in the area of social responsibility are documented in

literature, e.g. winning of the Ubuntu award which was in recognition of good work in the area of social re-

sponsibility (ECGBB Annual Report, 2013/2014), however, it is recommended that ECGBB should popularise the

organisation and address the image related issues by:

• Creating awareness about the social responsibility projects that the gambling sector is involved in and

package these programmes/projects in such a manner that their beneficiaries get the messages

intended for them.

• Monitoring if licensees are complying with social responsibility requirements as this will promote

visibility of the gambling sector at the community level.

• Establishing why the social responsibility projects are not known by communities.

• Tracking the effectiveness and impact of the social responsibility projects.

5.1.3 Positive or negative socio-economic impact of gambling participation by older persons in the


The following table summarises findings regarding the key research area stated above. The questions dealing

with each of the sub areas are listed and findings are presented as follows for each sub area: highest percent-

ages to highlight majority findings and multiple percentages to present the extent of variation with regard to

each question.

81

Table 39: Summary of level of Positive or Negative Socio-economic impact of gambling participation

FINDINGS: The study shows that for most participants:

• Losing has no effect in their health (54.2%).

• Only 9.6% experience problems with their children, 1.2% experience problems with grandchildren.

• Losing has no effect on family relations (77.4%), 8.4% experience problems with their spouses and

3.4% experience problems with their extended family.

• They do use money from pension to gamble (61.6%).

• They use between R100-R500 for gambling whenever they visit a gambling site (45.0%).

• They use money meant for other responsibilities to gamble (7.6%).

Statement/Question Response Response Response %

54.2

9.6I experienceproblems withmy children

1.2I experienceproblems withmy grand children

77.4 8.4I experienceproblems withmy spouse

3.4

xt

I experienceproblems withmy e ended family

Financial Management responsibiltiesof older persons in the householdas a result of gambling participation

61.6I do use moneyfrom pension togamble

45.0

r

I use between R100-R500 togamble wheneveI visit a gambling site

7.6

Incidents of winning money in

gambling activities and how many

times

58.6I win once a month 19.2I win once a week 15.8I win once a year

Highest amount won 40.1More than R1000

How are the wins spent? 56.3I spend my

winnings to gamble for morewinnings

52.7Gambling allowsme to pay mycreditors

48.5More than R1000

Additional source of income except

the Old Age Social Grant or pensionfund

11.9Income/wagesfrom odd jobs

6.4 1.5From own childrenand relatives

47.9Support neededat the gamblingsite when gambling

42.6Support not

needed at the gambling sitewhen gambling

%%

persons’ participation in gambling activities

interpersonal relations both at household and community level

family relations

Incidence of losing:Highest amount lost

Support provided to older people when they participate in gambling activities

Own business (e.g. selling food, clothes, etc.)

I sometimes use money meant for other responsibilities to gamble

Losing has no the health of older persons

82

• They win once a month (58.6%), once a week (19.2%) and once a year (15.8%).

• The highest amount won was more than R1 000 (40.1%).

• They spend money from winnings to gamble for more winnings (56.3%) and to pay their creditors (52.7%).

• Incidence of losing: lost more than R1 000 (48.5%).

• Some participants have additional source of income from odd jobs (11.9%), from own business e.g.

selling food, clothes etc. (6.4%) and from own children and relatives (1.5%).

• Support is needed at the gambling site when gambling (47.9%), whilst 42.6% say support is not needed.

• With regard to the latter finding, i.e. “support is needed at the gambling site”, during focus group

discussions it came out clearly that there is a need to educate gambling participants on how the slot

machines operate and function to avoid being ‘robbed’ by other gambling participants who know how

the slot machines operate. During the survey, it was observed by the researchers and also reported by

Site A operators that elderly people seldom visited their sites because they struggled to play slot

machines.

Contrary to the above survey finding that losing has no negative effect on the participants’ health and families,

the following was established:

• Focus group discussions revealed that losing has a negative effect on the gambling participants’ health

and families, and they noted gambling addiction, divorce; child neglect; debt and criminal acts like

robbery as some of the ills linked to the negative effects of losing when gambling.

• Literature also notes that losing has the following negative effects on the participant, his/her children

as well as the extended family: isolation; physical, mental and emotional problems; burnout; neglect;

abuse and financial problems (Rickwood et al., 2010 & Neal, Delfabbro and O’Neil, 2005).

• Conflicting responses may be indicative of a contrast between responsible and problem gambling as

well as a manifestation of secrecy and uneasiness about disclosing if one is gambling responsibly or has

problem gambling. This could possibly be linked to stigma associated with gambling as Makarchuk,

Hodgins and Peden (2002) also confirms that there is a stigma associated with gambling.

83

RECOMMENDATIONS

In light of the above findings, the researchers are making the following recommendations:

• Since there are elderly people who use their pension money to gamble, ECGBB and SASSA need to

conduct an in-depth study and establish if the elderly people who use their pension money are gambling

responsibly, i.e. how much do they take from their pension to gamble. Since there are elderly people

who use about R500 and some even more to gamble, where is the money coming from.

• Regarding the need for support when gambling at the gambling site, EGBB needs to liaise with

gambling site operators to identify the support needs of the gambling participants so that appropriate

support can be given.

• ECGBB should also consult gambling participants so that they can identify areas where they need

support, as well as how and when can they be provided with this support.

• As it was noted that there is an element of stigma around gambling, ECGBB needs to establish/

investigate the reasons for the stigma and secrecy around gambling and the lessons learnt from

the studies could inform programmes designed to address stigmatisation of the gambling sector. The

following key topics can be investigated: origin of stigma/reasons for the stigma and secrecy

around gambling; the processes of stigma creation; the dimensions of stigma in regard to problem

gambling; the characteristics of public and felt stigma; effects of stigma on people experiencing

gambling problems and coping strategies used to manage stigma.

5.2 CONCLUSION

The researchers are 97.8% confident that the majority of Old Age Social Grant Recipients are involved in gam-

bling activities. With 2.2% margin of error applied to the total population (330 000 less 2.2%), this leaves us

with the prevalence of about 200 000 recipients of Old Age Social Grant who are involved in gambling. However,

prevalence of gambling is not necessarily indicative of problem gambling.

As it already has been noted, one of the limitations of this study is the sensitivity and the complexity of the

phenomenon under study. The nature of the study resulted in participants presenting and communicating a

number of reactions towards the invitation to participate in the study, i.e. reluctance to participate due to

fear, mistrust and suspicion. The contradicting responses could/may also be a result of that, as it was also

observed that as much as other participants were in the gambling sites they were not comfortable to disclose

that they actively participated in gambling, some even hid the fact that they were gambling.

Korn, Gibbons and Azmier (2003) note that people who have gambling problems generally try to hide it from

the people around them. The complexity of the study and its sensitivity may trigger secrecy and it may also

have contributed to people giving conflicting answers.

84

Hing, Holdsworth, Tiyce and Breen (2014) share that stigma has been identified as a major barrier to help-

seeking, treatment and recovery from gambling problems and very little research has attempted to conduct an

in-depth study of the causes, characteristics and consequences of stigma in relation to people experiencing

gambling problems. Therefore, issues related to secrecy around gambling or its stigmatisation need to be given

priority because it can be assumed that if people are not open about their gambling activities, all the programmes

meant to support them will be futile as people will be reluctant to come forward to seek any support relevant

to their challenges.

85

CHAPTER 6

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

86

CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

6.1 INTRODUCTION

As far as the key research question is concerned: ‘Gambling prevalence of the recipients of Old Age Social grants

from the Eastern Cape Province’, it is clear from the research findings of this study that there is gambling

prevalence amongst Older Persons who are recipients of the old age social grant in the Eastern Cape Province.

The three key research questions also revealed the following, with regard to:

6.1.1 The extent and the geographic spread of older persons in the Eastern Cape Province

It is clear that gambling prevalence is evident in all the Zones with East London showing the highest rate. BCMM

as a district shows most prevalence of gambling compared to other districts. Contrary to ECGBB observation

that gambling is more prevalent amongst females than males, it was found that in fact gambling is actually

more prevalent among males than females, and this is true across all Zones except for Port Elizabeth. With

regard to age (60-70 and above), the researchers are 97.8% confident with an overall 76.1% gambling prevalence

amongst Old Age Social Grant recipients.

Most of the gambling participants have five dependants and above and this could justify the reason given by

most gambling participants that they gamble to make extra income. It was also revealed that the major source

of income for gambling seems to be other income (selling, extra jobs, etc.), yet there is also evidence of sig-

nificant number of participants who use pension pay funds and borrowed funds. Contrary to ECGBB observation

that gambling participants travel in busloads to the gambling sites, the study revealed that most gambling

participants visit the gambling sites once a month and their main mode of transport used is taxis and others

drive themselves. Preference for gambling is mainly influenced by how close gambling sites are from participants’

homes; and to some extent knowledge of how to play the gambling games has an influence as well. Lastly, most

participants spend between R100 and R500 and there is a preference for casino games.

As much as the main focus of the study was to investigate gambling prevalence amongst Old Age Social Grant

recipients of the Eastern Cape Province, a number of issues that were indicative of problem gambling also

emerged, i.e.

• Some gambling participants borrow money to gamble

• Some gambling participants visit gambling sites daily

• Some gambling participants spend about R500 to gamble

Therefore, the finding that some older persons on Old Age Social Grant: borrow money to gamble, gamble every

day and are spending about 37% of their grants, necessitates a study to determine if these groups are gambling

irresponsibly or not and if so, what help can they be provided with to address the problem.

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6.1.2 Older persons’ attitudes, knowledge and skills towards legal gambling participation and activities

With regard to gambling skill the study reveals that most gambling participants know how slot machines func-

tion and are operated. However, support is needed at the gambling sites when participants are gambling. In

terms of knowledge and attitude, firstly, gambling participants are aware that excessive gambling can have

negative impact leading to addiction. Secondly, most gambling participants do not know about ECGBB and they

however, know about the legalities in the gambling sector through ECGBB. Not knowing about ECGBB but knowing

about its services through the organisation (ECGBB) is a knowledge gap, and raises questions whether the re-

sponses given by participants are dependable or not. With relation to attitude, gambling participants also gave

contradicting answers. Gambling participants reported that they have self-control yet they claimed that at

times they gambled longer than planned and some felt they had to come back to win their losses.

It is therefore recommended that ECGBB should enhance and increase awareness and educational programmes

and counselling services to promote responsible gambling; and evaluate the impact of these programmes. It is

also necessary to expand the support offered to gambling participants with gambling problem symptoms; and

monitor the effectiveness of these support programmes.

6.1.3 The positive or negative socio economic impact of gambling participation by older persons in the


Most participants indicated that losing money whilst gambling has no negative effect on their health and family

relations. Their inconsistencies in answering questions which may reveal responsible/irresponsible gambling

behaviour and its impact (having self-control vs. coming back to regain losses etc.), is a worrying factor. Further

research study is needed to investigate reasons for the stigma and secrecy around gambling.

The study also established that there is a need to give support to gambling participants, in terms of training

them on how gambling machines work, therefore there is a need to have a consultative process where training

needs will be identified. The consultation of gambling participants will ensure that whatever is recommended

as a support measure is accepted by the gambling participants.

6.2 Concluding remarks and Field of further research

It is important to note that that the research findings as outlined above managed to confirm or question some

of the observations shared by ECGBB (as listed in the SLA). The study confirmed that the following could be

true:

• Older persons that gamble are retired and some are dependent on social grants as a primary source of

income.

• Older persons that gamble appear not to be gambling for entertainment or leisure but to improve their

finances, perhaps to sustain their livelihood. The study unearthed that the majority of participants

reported that they gambled to make extra income, and lastly;

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• Older persons that gamble do so more as a monthly attempt to make a fortune.

Contrary to observations, the study findings gave different results with regard to the following: a number of

older persons, particularly women attend and actively participate in gambling across gambling sites which the

ECGBB regulates or has licensed in the Eastern Cape Province. The study revealed that gambling is more

prevalent amongst males (55.4%) whilst females are at 44.6%; and this is true across all zones except for Port

Elizabeth, where females are the most prevalent. In comparison to other countries, as much as the Eastern

Cape is reporting high prevalence of gambling amongst Old Age Social Grant recipients, prevalence of gambling

amongst elderly persons is not a unique South African problem as it is also evident in countries like North America

and Australia (Agnew, 2013).

However, it needs to be noted that in both countries (North America and Australia) Agnew (2013) notes that the

high prevalence of gambling by elderly people is not necessarily by social/welfare grant beneficiaries – age is

the only shared trait - as a result some differences were noted. Contrary to the Eastern Cape finding that the

main cause of gambling by Old Age Social Grant recipients is a need for extra income, a study conducted in

Australia revealed that the main cause of gambling by elderly persons in that country is loss and boredom.

Although the need for extra income was identified as the primary cause for gambling prevalence among Old

Age Social Grant recipients in the Eastern Cape, causes related to loss and boredom were also shared in the

Eastern Cape Province, i.e. in Jeffrey’s Bay and Gonubie in East London. What was distinct about these areas

(Jeffrey’s Bay and Gonubie) is that most of the gambling participants that mentioned loss and boredom as the

main cause were mainly white.

Therefore, as much as the Australian case can provide a learning platform for the Eastern Cape Province

however, it can only partially assist to address the gambling prevalence in this Province. Thus, there is a need

to intensify strategies that will talk to the Eastern Cape Province and its contextual dynamics.

Therefore, all things being equal, this study is dependable, if it can be repeated, it can yield the same results.

The researchers are 97.8% confident that gambling is prevalent amongst Old Age Social Grant recipients in the

Eastern Cape Province, and therefore, the sample results can thus be generalised to the population of the

Eastern Cape Old Age Social Grant recipients.

In summary, as suggested above, more in-depth research studies would help to determine if Old Age Social Grant

recipients from the Eastern Cape are gambling responsibly/irresponsibly and the impact thereof; and if problems

are discovered they can be addressed by using strategies that would directly talk to the contextual issues in

the Eastern Cape Province. In the light of the above, the following issues emerged from the study, and they

need to be investigated/researched:

• Extent of awareness about the concept ‘responsible gambling’ and its meaning by recipients of Old Age

Social Grant and other social groups.

• Extent of awareness about ECGBB and its services in the Eastern Cape Province.

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• Extent to which older persons or any other groups of persons are actually gambling extensively or

irresponsibly.

• Reasons for the stigma and secrecy around gambling.

• Effects of stigma on people experiencing gambling problems.

• Origin of stigma.

• Processes of stigma creation.

• Dimensions of stigma in regard to problem gambling.

• Characteristics of public and felt stigma.

• Coping strategies used to manage stigma.

• Whether licensees are complying with the licensing conditions with relation to social responsibility.

(delete the after whether)

• Extent to which licensees are complying with the licensing conditions with relation to their social

responsibility.

• Why are social responsibility programmes not known by community members.

As much as other participants emphasised that gambling can have negative consequences, it also became clear

during the research study engagements with survey and focus group participants that the gambling sector is

needed both as a job creator and for leisure activities, therefore it cannot be done away with, as one

participant said, “gambling is a problem that we need”.

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ANNEXURESAnnexure A: Survey Questionnaire

Annexure B: Interview Schedule

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Annexure A: Survey Questionnaire

GAMBLING PREVALENCE OF THE RECIPIENTS OF OLD AGE SOCIAL GRANTS FROM THE


YEAR: 2015

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

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STUDY OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF WORK

The mandate of the Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Board (ECGBB) is to regulate and control all gambling

activities in the province. As a responsible regulator the ECGBB has a key responsibility to promote responsible

gambling and thereby preventing harms of problem gambling. In pursuit of the latter objective it has been

noted that currently the ECGBB doesn’t have appropriate knowledge, information and data about the extent

and prevalence of gambling among the recipients of Old Age Social Grant. In partnership with other state

agencies like the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA), Eastern Cape Department of Social Development

and the National Department of Women in the Presidency, the ECGBB has undertaken to:

1. Contract Solid Uloyiso Joint Venture to undertake a research study in 7 district municipalities of the


2. The survey is supposed to investigate gambling prevalence of the recipients of Old Age Social Grant

in the Eastern Cape Province and the study must focus on the following:

2.1.1. Investigate the extent and geographical spread of older persons in the Eastern Cape Province that

actively participate in gambling sites that the ECGBB regulates or has

licensed

2.1.2. Explore and establish the older persons attitudes, knowledge and skills towards legal gambling

participation and activities, and,

2.1.3. Determine the positive and negative socio economic impact of gambling participation by older persons

in the Eastern Cape Province.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Dear participant, please note the following:

• This activity will take 30 minutes of your time therefore I am requesting permission to interview you

• If you agree to be interviewed, I am also requesting your patience and undivided attention

• This survey instrument consists of 5 sections (A, B, C, D and E) and has 10 pages including the

cover page)

• I request that you respond clearly and honestly to all questions that will be posed to you I will

also appreciate if you will duly share any information that you deem relevant and is not necessary

covered in the questionnaire

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• Your participation is voluntary and you may choose not to respond to some questions. Your

responses with be treated with confidentiality and your name or any information related to you will

not be disclosed

• Your participation is highly appreciated and I will ensure that the dignity and respect you deserve

is honoured

• Therefore, do you agree to be interviewed?

INSTRUCTIONS

• Please read each question carefully

• Use a black pen to mark your responses – a black pen will be provided

• Write neatly and legibly

SECTION A: BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

This section covers the basic biographic information of the participant.

(Tick the appropriate box)

1. Gender

2. Monthly source of income

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3. Marital Status

4. Your age group in years

5. Your nationality

6. Your race (This question is asked solely for statistical purposes)

7. Number of dependants (not necessarily own children)

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SECTION B: GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD OF OLDER PERSONS THAT ACTIVELY PARTICIPATE IN GAMBLING SITES

THAT THE ECGBB REGULATES OR HAS LICENSED

This section investigates the extent and geographical spread of older persons that actively participate in

gambling sites that the ECGBB regulates or has licensed in the Eastern Cape Province.

1. Your district (Tick the appropriate box)

2. Your area of residence (Tick appropriate box)

1 Suburb/Town

2 Township

3 Rural

4 Farm

NB: If the participant is not a gambler go to Section D and E, otherwise, continue.

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3. How do you get to a gambling site? like a Casino, Bingo Hall, Horse Betting, etc. (Tick the

appropriate box)

4. How long does it take to travel to the gambling site? like a Casino, Bingo Hall, Horse Betting, etc.


5. Why do you participate in gambling activities? (Please circle Yes or No on the option below which

corresponds with your situation)

Any other reason:

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6. How long have you been participating in gambling activities? (Tick the appropriate box)

7. Please tell me, if you still remember, when did you start gambling? Was it before or after receiving

your pension?

8. How often do you visit a gambling site in a month? like a Casino, Bingo Hall, Horse Betting, etc. (Tick

the appropriate box)

9. How much time do you spend in a gambling site? like a Casino, Bingo Hall, Horse Betting, etc. (Tick


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10. Where do you prefer to undertake gambling activities? like a Casino, Bingo Hall, Horse Betting, etc.


11. What are your reasons for choosing your preferred gambling site? (Tick the appropriate box)

Any other reason:

12. Which gambling activities do you undertake whenever you visit a gambling site? (Tick the

appropriate box)

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13. Do you know how most slot machines operate and function? (Tick the appropriate box)

14. Do you think there is a need to educate gambling participants on how slot machines operate and

function? (Tick the appropriate box )

15. Apart from gambling which other activities do you engage in whilst you are in a gambling site? Tick


Any other activity:

16. How much money do you spend in gambling activities whenever you visit a gambling site? (Tick the

appropriate box)

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17. How much do you usually win after a good play? (Tick the appropriate box)

18. How often do you win?

19. What is the highest amount you have ever lost in a gambling site? (Tick the appropriate box)

20. Does losing negatively affect your health? (Tick the appropriate box)

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21. How does losing affect your health? (Tick the appropriate box)

Any other health risk:

22. How does losing affect family relations? (Tick the appropriate box)

23. How can excessive gambling negatively affect someone who participates in gambling activities?


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Any other negative effect:

24. What mechanisms are you aware of, which are available to assist someone who happens to

participate excessively in gambling activities? (Tick the appropriate)

Any other mechanisms:

25. Are you aware of an organisation called Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Board?

(Tick appropriate)

What does it do?

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SECTION C: OLDER PERSON’S ATTITUDES, UNDERSTANDING (KNOWLEDGE) AND SOURCE OF INCOME FOR

GAMBLING PARTICIPATION AND ACTIVITIES

This section aims to explore and establish the older person’s attitudes, understanding (knowledge) and source

of income for gambling participation and activities. C1: Please indicate whether you agree (A) or disagree

(D) with the statements below (Circle the one that is applicable to you)

C2: Please indicate yes or no in the statements below (Circle the one that is applicable to you)

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C3: Please indicate Yes (Y) or No (N) in the statement below (Circle the one that is applicable to you)

Please tick an appropriate option and give further comments when needed.

1. Are you aware of an organisation called the Eastern Cape Gambling and Betting Board?

What does it do?

2. Do you know any elderly person that participates in gambling activities?

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3. In your observation, what impact does gambling have on an elderly person’s life?

Any other observed impact:

4. When last did you visit a gambling site? like a Casino, Bingo Hall, Horse Betting, etc.

5. When you were there, which gambling activity did you attempt to play?

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6. Did you win or lose?

7. After your win/loss did you play again to get more money or to win back your money?

8. Generally, what do you think are the positive benefits of gambling?

Any other positive benefit:

9. What are your greatest fears with regard to gambling?

Any other fears:

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10. In your observation, of the elderly persons, who are the most participants in gambling activities

between men and women?

11. What are your reasons for the answer given in Number 10?

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SECTION E: GENERAL COMMENTS

This section enables the participant to make comments, share suggestions, criticisms or compliments with

regards to the issue under investigation.

1. What can ECGBB do to improve regulating the gambling industry?

2. What can ECGBB do to encourage responsible gambling?

3. How can ECGBB assist excessive gamblers?

Any other comments/suggestions/criticisms and/or compliments

THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION

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Annexure B: Interview Questions

GAMBLING PREVALENCE OF THE RECIPIENTS OF OLD AGE SOCIAL GRANTS FROM THE


YEAR: 2015

FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION SCHEDULE

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QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

1. According to your understanding, who is a gambler?

2. What causes people to gamble?

3. Considering the elderly people especially pensioners, between men and women, who are the most

gamblers?

4. What is the impact of gambling on people’s livelihoods and relationships?

5. What does one do to enhance ones chances of winning when gambling?

6. What can be the effects if gambling can be abolished?

7. How much do you understand about Responsible Gambling?

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8. Do you know of any mechanisms available to deal or to overcome excessive and irresponsible gambling?

9. What kind of assistance do you think gambling authorities need to give to gambling participants?

10. Are there any benefits in well-regulated gambling?

THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION

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For any comments, suggestions, please do not hesitate to engagethe Research and Communications Specialists of the ECGBB

Tel: +27 (0) 43 702 8300Fax: +27 (0) 43 748 2218

email: [email protected]

Prevalence of Gambling among older persons on Social Grants

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