Presidential Presidential OverviewOverview

1789-19961789-1996

• George Washington (1789-96) No party designation a. “Critical Period” 1781-1789b. French Revolution c. Jay’s Treaty (1794)d. Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)e. Neutrality Proclamationf. Farewell Address (1796)g. Hamiltonian Bank – states’ debth. Precedents

i. Presidential Cabinetii. 2 terms in office

• John Adams (1797-1801) Federalist a. 1796 – first election with political partiesi. Federalists v. Republicans Federalists: Hamilton strong central governmentloose interpretation of Constitutionpro-BritishRepublicans: Jeffersonstates’ rightsstrict Constitutionalistspro-Frenchb. XYZ Affair (1797)c. Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)d. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798)e. Midnight Judges

• Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) Democratic Republicana. Revolution of 1800b. “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”c. Repealed Alien and Sedition Actsd. Louisiana Purchase (1803)

i. Lewis and Clarke. Marbury v. Madison (1803)f. 12th Amendment (1804) – (due to election of 1796)g. Chesapeake Affair (1807)h. Embargo Act (1807) i. Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

• James Madison (1809-1817) Democratic Republicana. Virginia dynasty b. “War Hawks”c. Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) d. War of 1812 (Mr. Madison’s War)e. Tecumseh and Prophetf. Treaty of Ghent (1814)g. Hartford Convention (1814) h. Consequences

i. Nationalismii. New industryiii. Westward expansion

• James Monroe (1817-1825) Democratic Republicana. Political experienceb. “Era of Good Feelings”c. Second Bank of the United States (1816)d. Tariff of 1816e. Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)f. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)g. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

• Election of 1820a. Missouri Compromise (1820) b. Monroe Doctrine (1823)c. Manifest Destiny

i. 1810 Mexico Independenceii. 1816 Argentina Independenceiii. Brazil Independence

• John Q. Adams (1825-1829) Democratic Republican a. Election of 1824 “Corrupt bargain”

i. Adams – Massachusettsii. Crawford – Georgiaiii. Jackson – Tennesseeiv. Clay – Kentucky

- all Republicans b. Ends “Era of Good Feelings”c. Tariff of Abominations

• Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) Democratica. “People’s president”b. Spoils systemc. Republican Party splits

i. Democratic Republicansii. National Republicans

d. Repealed Tariff of Abominationse. Indian Removal Act (1830)f. National Bankg. Ordinance of Nullification h. Cherokee Nation v. The State of Georgia (1831)i. Worcester v. Georgia (1832)j. Force Bill (1833)k. Whig Party (1834) – Henry Clay l. Problems with Texas

i. Alamo (1836)

• Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) Democratica. First president born in the United Statesb. Panic of 1837c. Independent treasuryd. Slaverye. Texas and Florida

• William H. Harrison (1841) Whiga. Whig Party

i. Protective tariffsii. National Bankiii. Internal improvements

b. “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”• John Tyler (1841-1845) Whig

a. Opening trade with Chinab. Texas

• James K. Polk (1845-1849) Democratica. Dark horse candidateb. National Bank and paper money c. Oregon Territory

i. “fifty-four or fight!”d. California

i. Bear Flag Republice. Wilmot Proviso (1846)f. Mexican-American Warg. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

• Zachary Taylor (1849-1850) Whig

• Millard Fillmore (1850-1853) Whiga. Compromise of 1850b. Fugitive Slave Lawc. Perry opens trade with Japan (1853)

• Franklin Pierce (1853-1857) Democratica. Gadsden Purchase (1853)b. Ostend Manifestoc. Republican Party formed (1854)d. Kansas- Nebraska Act (1854)e. “Bleeding Kansas” (1856)f. Lecompton Constitution

• James Buchanan (1857-1861) Democratica. Dred Scott decision (1857)

• Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865) Republicana. Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858)b. Fort Sumter (1861)c. Civil Ward. Homestead Act (1862) e. Emancipation Proclamationf. 10% Plan g. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) h. John Wilkes Booth

• Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) Republicana. Southern Democratb. 13th Amendment (1865) - barred slavery c. Johnson Pland. Wade-Davis Bille. Black Codesf. Civil Rights Act of 1866g. The Grangers (1867)h. 14th Amendment (1868) – awarded citizenshipi. Military Reconstruction Actj. 15th Amendment (1869) – guaranteed votek. Alaska (Seward’s Folly)

• Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877) Republicana. Credit Mobilierb. Ku Klux Klanc. Jim Crow Laws d. Force Acts (1870; 1871)

• Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881) Republicana. Compromise of 1877b. End of Reconstructionc. Knights of Labor (1878)

• James A. Garfield (1881)a. “Half Breeds” v. “Stalwarts”b. Gilded Age

• Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885) Republicana. Spoils systemb. Pendleton Act (1883)c. Railroads

i. Corruptionii. Big business

• Grover Cleveland (1885-1889) Democratica. Dawes Act (1887)b. Interstate Commerce Act (1887)c. Farmer’s Alliance d. Lower tariffs

• Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893) Republicana. Lost popular vote ; won electoral voteb. Dependent Pension Actc. Sherman Anti-Trust Actd. Populist Party formed (1892)e. McKinley Tariff

• Grover Cleveland (1893-1897) Democratica. Silver Democratsb. Hawaiic. Unionsd. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

• William McKinley (1897-1901) Republicana. Imperialismb. Manifest Destinyc. Spanish-American War (1898)d. Annexation

i. Puerto Rico - Foraker Act (1900)ii. Guamiii. Philippines

e. Cuba - Platt Amendmentf. Hawaii (1898)g. Open Door Policy – China (1899)

• Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) Republican a. Square Deal – 3 c’sb. Panama Canalc. Big Stick Diplomacyd. Roosevelt Corollary (1904)e. Muckrakers

i. Meat Inspection Act (1906)ii. Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

f. Hepburn Actg. J. P. Morgan and the Knickerbocker Bankh. Nobel Peace Prizei. Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1908)j. Election of 1908

• William H. Taft (1909-1913)a. “Dollar Diplomacy”b. Interstate Commerce Actc. Publicity Act (1910)d. Election of 1912 e. Supreme Court justice

• Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) Democratica. “New Freedom”b. Underwood Tariff (1913)c. 16th Amendmentd. 17th Amendmente. Federal Trade Commission (1914)f. Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)g. Lusitania (1915) h. Child Labor Act (1916)i. 18th Amendment (1919)

i. Volstead Actj. 19th Amendment

• Woodrow Wilsona. Zimmerman Telegram b. World War One (1917)c. Fourteen Pointsd. Schenck v. United States (1919)e. Treaty of Versaillesf. League of Nationsg. Red Scareh. Sacco and Vanzetti

• Warren G. Harding (1921-1923) Republicana. Ohio Gangb. Palmer raidsc. Teapot Dome Scandald. Isolationism

• Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929) Republicana. Boston Police strike (1919)b. Immigrationc. Big businessd. Kellogg-Briand Act (1928)

• Herbert C. Hoover (1929-1933) Republicana. The Crash (1929)b. Presidential inactivity c. Agricultural Marketing Actd. Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930e. Great Depression

I. Reconstruction Finance Corporationii. Glass-Steagall Act (1933)iii. Federal Home Loan Bank Act (1932)

f. Bonus Army (1932)

• Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945) Democratica. Holiday for banks – New Dealb. Federal Deposit Corporationc. Emergency Banking Act (1933)d. Economy Acte. Federal Emergency Relief Administrationf. Civilian Conservation Corp (1933)g. National Industrial Recovery Acth. Tennessee Valley Authorityi. Agricultural Adjustment Actj. Securities Exchange Actk. Works Progress Administrationl. Social Security Act (1935)

• Franklin D. Roosevelta. Second New Deal (1935)a. Court packingb. Neutrality Billsc. World War II

i. Arsenal of democracyii. Atlantic Charter (1941)

d. Pearl Harbor (1941)“day that will live in infamy”e. Lend-Lease Actf. Servicemen’s Readjustment Act – G.I. Billg. Yalta Conferenceh. United Nations

• Harry S. Truman (1945-1953) Democratica. Potsdam Conferenceb. Atomic bombc. Fair Deald. Fair Employment Practice Commissione. Executive Order #9981 (desegregation of military)f. Taft-Hartley Act (1947)g. Truman Doctrinek. Marshall Planh. NATO (1949)i. McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)j. McCarthyism

• Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961) Republicana. Dynamic Conservativismb. Public works projectsc. Korean War d. Domino theorye. Massive retaliationf. Vietnamg. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)h. Flexible responsei. Fidel Castro

• John F. Kennedy (1961-1963) Democratica. Background

i. Youngii. Catholiciii. Irish-American

b. New Frontierc. Camelotd. Cuba

i. Bay of Pigs (1961)ii. Missile Crisis (1963)

e. Vietnamf. Social agenda

i. Civil Rightsii. Peace Corpiii. Space raceiv. Voting Rights Act of 1965

g. Vietnam

• Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969) Democratica. Great Society b. Civil Rights Actsc. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)d. Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

• Richard M. Nixon (1969-1974) Republicana. New Federalismb. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)c. The moon (1969) d. China and Russiae. 26th Amendmentf. Watergate (1972)g. Roe v. Wade (1973)

• Gerald R. Ford (1974-1977) Republicana. Nixon pardonedb. End of the Vietnam War

• James E. Carter (1977-1981) Democratica. Southern Liberalismb. Carter Doctrinec. SALT IId. Bakke v. Board of Regents of California (1977)e. Camp David Accords (1978)f. Cold war

i. Afghanistan (1979)ii. Olympic boycott (1980)

• Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) republicana. Economy Recovery Actb. Reaganomicsc. Sandra Day O’Connord. Reagan Doctrinee. Iran-Contra

• George H. W. Bush (1989-1993) Republicana. Berlin Wall

i. End of the Cold War b. Soviet Union dissolvedc. Operation Desert Storm (1991)d. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty

• William J. Clinton (1993-2001) Democratica. Election of 1992

i. Bushii. Perot

b. Crime Billc. Family and Medical Leave Actd. NAFTA legislation (1994)e. Impeachment

• George W. Busha. Election of 2000b. World Trade Center bombing (2001)c. War on Terrorismd. Afghanistan/Iraq