President of the Philippines

The President of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangulo ngPilipinas) is the head of state and head of government ofthe Philippines. The President leads the executive branchof the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. The Pres-ident of the Philippines in Filipino is referred to as AngPangulo, or less formally, Presidente.

1 History

Main article: List of Presidents of the PhilippinesFurther information: List of Unofficial Presidents of thePhilippines

1.1 Early Republics

1.1.1 Bonifacio’s Tagalog Republic

Depending on the definition chosen for these terms,a number of persons could alternatively be consideredthe inaugural holder of the office. Andrés Bonifaciocould be considered the first President of a united Philip-pines since he was the third Supreme President (Span-ish: Presidente Supremo; Tagalog: Kataás-taasang Pan-gulo) of the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society.Its Supreme Council, led by the Supreme President, co-ordinated provincial and district councils. When theKatipunan started an open revolt against the Spanish colo-nial government in August 1896, Bonifacio transformedthe society into a revolutionary government with him asits head. While the term Katipunan remained,Bonifacio’sgovernment was also known as the Tagalog Republic(Spanish: República Tagala). (Although the word Taga-log refers to the Tagalog people, a specific ethno-linguisticgroup, Bonifacio used it to denote all non-Spanish peo-ples of the Philippines in place of Filipino, which hadcolonial origins.)[9][10][11][12][13] Bonifacio’s revolutionarygovernment never controlled much territory for any sig-nificant period. Some historians contend that includingBonifacio as a past president would imply that MacarioSacay and Miguel Malvar should also be included.[14]

1.1.2 Aguinaldo’s government and the First Repub-lic

In March 1897, Emilio Aguinaldo was elected presi-dent of the revolutionary government at the Tejeros Con-vention.[15] The new government was meant to replacethe Katipunan, though the latter was not formally abol-ished until 1899. Aguinaldo was again elected Presi-dent at Biak-na-Bato in November, leading the Republicof Biak-na-Bato. Unfortunately his revolutionary gov-ernment was not winning Philippine Revolution againstSpain. Aquinaldo therefore signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and went into exile in Hong Kong at the end of 1897.In April 1898, the Spanish–AmericanWar broke out, andthe Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy sailedfor the Philippines. At the Battle of Manila Bay onMay 1, 1898 the American Navy decisively defeatedthe Spanish Navy effectively ending Spanish rule in thePhilippines.[16] Aquinaldo subsequently returned to thePhilippines aboard a U.S. Navy vessel and renewed therevolution. He formed a dictatorial government on May24, 1898 and issued the Philippine Declaration of In-dependence on June 12, 1898. On June 23, 1898,Aguinaldo transformed his dictatorial government into arevolutionary government. On January 23, 1899, he wasthen elected President of the First Philippine Republic,a government constituted by the Malolos Congress underthe Malolos Constitution. Thus, this government is alsocalled the Malolos Republic.The First Philippine Republic was short-lived and neverinternationally recognized. The Philippines was trans-ferred from Spanish to American control in the Treaty ofParis of 1898, signed in December of that year.[17] ThePhilippine–American War broke out between the UnitedStates and Aguinaldo’s government. His government ef-fectively ceased to exist onApril 1, 1901, after he pledgedallegiance to the United States following his capture byU.S. forces in March.The current Philippine government, called the Republicof the Philippines, considers Emilio Aguinaldo to be thefirst President of the Philippines and the Malolos Repub-lic as the First Philippine Republic.[18]

1.1.3 Other claimants

Miguel Malvar continued Aguinaldo’s leadership of thePhilippine Republic after the latter’s capture until his owncapture in 1902, while Macario Sakay founded a Taga-

1

2 1 HISTORY

log Republic in 1902 as a continuing state of Bonifacio’sKatipunan. They are both considered by some scholarsas “unofficial presidents”, and along with Bonifacio, arenot recognized as Presidents by the government.[19][20]

1.2 American occupation

Between 1901 and 1935, executive power in the Philip-pines was exercised by a succession of four Americanmilitary Governors-General and eleven civil Governors-General.

1.3 Philippine Commonwealth

In October 1935, Manuel L. Quezon was elected thefirst President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines,which had been established, still under United Statessovereignty, under a constitution ratified on 14 May ofthat year. During its first five years, the President couldserve for an unrenewable six-year term. It was lateramended in 1940 to limit a President to serving no morethan two four-year terms. When President Quezon exiledhimself to the United States after the Philippines fell tothe Empire of Japan in World War II, he appointed ChiefJustice José Abad Santos as Acting President. Abad San-tos was subsequently executed by the Imperial JapaneseArmy on May 2, 1942.

1.4 The Second Republic under theJapanese

On October 14, 1943, José P. Laurel became Presidentunder a constitution imposed by the Japanese occupa-tion. Laurel, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Courtof the Philippines, had been instructed to remain in theCity of Manila by President Quezon, who withdrew toCorregidor and then to the United States to establish agovernment in exile in the United States.After the combined American and Filipino forces liber-ated the islands in 1945, Laurel officially dissolved therepublic on August 17, 1945.

1.5 After World War II

The 1935 Constitution was restored after the Japanesesurrender ended World War II, with Vice-PresidentSergio Osmeña becoming President due to Quezon’sdeath on August 1, 1944. It remained in effect after theUnited States recognized the sovereignty of the Republicof the Philippines as a separate self-governing nation onJuly 4, 1946.

Home provinces of the Presidents.

1.6 1973 Constitution

AnewConstitution ratified on January 17, 1973 under therule of Ferdinand E. Marcos introduced a parliamentary-style government. Marcos instituted himself as PrimeMinister while serving as President in 1978. He later ap-pointed César Virata as Prime Minister in 1981.This Constitution was in effect until the People PowerRevolution of 1986 toppled Marcos’ 21-year authoritar-ian regime and replaced him with Corazon C. Aquino.

1.7 Fifth Republic

Using reserve powers, President Aquino herself promul-gated Presidential Proclamation #3 on March 25, 1986,which was provisional in nature and abrogated many pro-visions of the 1973 Constitution that were associated withthe Marcos Era, including the abolition of the office ofthe Prime Minister. This was superseded on February 2,1987 by the present Constitution.

1.8 Other issues

Both Bonifacio and Aguinaldo might be considered tohave been an inaugural president of an insurgent govern-

2.1 Chief Executive 3

ment. Quezon was the inaugural president of a predeces-sor state to the current one, while Aquino, mère, was theinaugural president of the currently-constituted govern-ment.The government considers Aguinaldo to have been thefirst President of the Philippines, followed by Que-zon and his successors.[18][21] Despite the differences inconstitutions and government, the line of presidents isconsidered to be continuous. For instance, the currentpresident, Benigno S. Aquino III, is considered to be the15th president.While the government may consider Aguinaldo as the firstpresident, the First Republic fell under the United States’jurisdiction due to the 1898 Treaty of Paris which endedthe Spanish–American War; the United States thus doesnot consider his tenure to have been legitimate.[18][22]Manuel L. Quezon is considered to be the first presidentby the United States. He is also the first to win a popularelection and a nationwide election.

1.8.1 Laurel’s position

As with many other Axis-occupied countries in the Sec-ondWorldWar, the Philippines had at one point two pres-idents heading two governments. One was Quezon andthe Commonwealth government-in-exile in Washington,D.C., and the other was Manila-based Laurel heading theJapanese-sponsored Second Republic. Notably, Laurelwas himself instructed to remain in Manila by PresidentQuezon. Laurel was not formally recognized as a Presi-dent until the rule of Diosdado Macapagal. His inclusionin the official list coincided with the transfer of the officialdate of Independence Day from July 4 (the anniversary ofthe Philippines’ independence from the United States) toJune 12 (the anniversary of the 1898 Declaration of In-dependence).The inclusion of Laurel thus causes some problems indetermining the order of presidents. It is inaccurate tocall Laurel the successor of Osmeña or vice-versa, sinceLaurel’s Second Republic was formally repudiated afterWorld War II, its actions not considered legal or bind-ing. Quezon, Osmeña, and Roxas were seen as beingin a contiguous line according to the 1935 Constitution,while Laurel was the only president of the Second Repub-lic, which had a separate charter. Thus, Laurel had nei-ther predecessor nor successor, while Osmeña succeededQuezon after the latter’s death, and was in turn succeededby Roxas as President of the Third Republic.

1.9 Timeline

2 Powers and duties

2.1 Chief Executive

Under Article 7, Section 1 of the 1987 Constitution, thePresident heads the Executive branch of the government,which includes the Cabinet and all executive departments.The executive power, as such, is vested on the Presidentalone.[6]

Section 19 gives the President power to grant reprieves,commutations, and pardons, and remit fines and forfei-tures, after conviction by final judgment, except when thePresident is under impeachment.[6]

Section 20 provides the President to contract or guaranteeforeign loans on behalf of the Republic of the Philippineswith the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board, andsubject to such limitations as may be provided by law.[6]

The President exercises general supervision over localgovernment units.

2.2 Commander-in-Chief

Article 7 Section 18 of the Constitution: “the Presidentis also Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces ofthe Philippines". As Commander-in-Chief, the Presidentcan call out such armed forces to prevent or suppress law-less violence, invasion or rebellion. In case of invasionor rebellion, when the public safety requires it, he or shemay, for a period not exceeding sixty days, suspend theprivilege of the writ of habeas corpus or place the Philip-pines or any part thereof under martial law.[6]

2.3 Power of appointment

The Constitution (Article VII Section 16) empowers thePresident to appoint, with the consent of the Commissionon Appointments, the heads of executive departments,ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, officersof the armed forces above the rank of colonel (Army) andcaptain (Navy), and other officials. The president alsoappoints those required by law that he appoint, or thosewhose appointments are not provided for under any otherlaw. The members of the Supreme Court are also ap-pointed by the President, based on a list prepared by theJudicial and Bar Council. Judicial appointments do notneed the approval of the Commission on Appointments.

2.4 Government agencies

The Office of the President also has attached gov-ernment agencies under it. It includes agencies suchas the Film Development Council of the Philippines,the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority andthe Securities and Exchange Commission (Philippines).These agencies are not under the different cabinet depart-ments and are under the direct supervision of the Presi-dent.

4 3 SELECTION PROCESS

3 Selection process

3.1 Eligibility

Under Article 7, Section 2 of the Constitution of thePhilippines, in order to serve as President, one must be:

• at least 40 years old and above;

• a registered voter, single or married;

• able to read and write;

• a male or female Filipino citizen by birth; and

• a resident of the Philippines for at least ten yearsimmediately preceding election.[6]

A person who meets the above qualifications is still dis-qualified from holding the office of president under anyof the following conditions:Under Article 7, Section 4 of the 1987 Constitution, aperson who has already been elected President is auto-matically ineligible for immediate reelection. No personwho has succeeded as President and has served as suchfor more than four years is likewise forbidden from be-ing re-elected to a second term. Joseph Ejercito Estrada,who has served for two and a half years as president wasallowed to run for president after he was ousted; his casewas never decided by the Supreme Court.

3.2 Election

Main article: Philippine presidential election

Under Article 7, Section 4 of the Constitution mandatesthat election of the President be done by direct vote everysix years from 1992 on the secondMonday ofMay, unlessotherwise provided by law.The returns of every election for President and Vice-President, duly certified by the board of canvassers ofeach province or city, shall be transmitted to Congress,directed to the President of the Senate. Upon receiptof the certificates of canvass, the President of the Sen-ate shall open all the certificates in the presence of a jointpublic session of Congress not later than 30 days afterelection day. Congress then canvasses the votes upon de-termining that the polls are authenticity and were done inthe manner provided by law.The person with the highest number of votes is declaredthe winner, but in case two or more have the highest num-ber of votes, the President is elected by a majority of allmembers of both Houses, voting separately on each.

3.3 Inauguration

Main article: Philippine presidential inaugurationFurther information: List of Philippine presidential inau-gurationsThe President of the Philippines usually takes the Oath

Current president Benigno S. Aquino III during his inauguration

of Office at noon of June 30 following the PresidentialelectionTraditionally, the Vice-President takes the Oath first, alittle before noon. This is for two reasons: first, accord-ing to protocol, no one follows the President (who is lastdue to his supremacy), and second, to establish a consti-tutionally valid successor before the President-elect ac-cedes. During the Quezon inauguration, however, theVice-President and the Legislature were sworn in afterthe President, to symbolise a new start.As soon as the President takes the Oath of Office, a 21-gun salute is fired to salute the new Philippine head ofstate, and the Presidential Anthem Mabuhay is played.The President delivers the Inaugural Address, and thenproceeds to Malacañang Palace to climb the Grand Stair-case, a ritual which symbolises the formal possession ofthe Palace. The President then inducts the newly formedCabinet into office in one of the state rooms.Custom has enshrined three places as the traditionalvenue for the Inauguration: Barasoain Church in MalolosCity, Bulacan; in front of the old Legislative Build-ing (now part of the National Museum) in Manila; orat Quirino Grandstand, where most have been held.In 2004, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo delivered her pre-Inaugural address at Quirino Grandstand, took the Oathof Office in Cebu City before Chief Justice Hilario Da-vide Jr., and the next day held the first Cabinet meet-ing in Butuan City. She broke with precedent, reasoningthat she wanted to celebrate her Inauguration in each ofthe three main island groups of the Philippines: Luzon,Visayas, and Mindanao. Her first Inauguration also brokeprecedent as she was sworn in at the EDSA Shrine on Jan-uary 20, 2001, during the EDSA Revolution of 2001 thatremoved Joseph Ejercito Estrada from the Palace.In the past, elections were held in November and the

4.1 Impeachable offenses and officials 5

President’s inauguration was held on December 30 (RizalDay). This ensured that when the Inauguration was usu-ally held at Quirino Grandstand, the new President couldsee the Rizal Monument on the day of his death anniver-sary. Ferdinand E. Marcos transferred the dates of boththe elections and the Inauguration to May and June, re-spectively, and it remains so to this day.The dress code at the modern Inaugural is traditional, for-mal Filipino clothing, which is otherwise loosely termedFilipiniana. Ladies must wear terno, baro't saya (theformal wear of other indigenous groups is permissible),while men don the Barong Tagalog. Non-FIlipinos at theceremony may wear their respective versions of formaldress, but foreign diplomats have often been seen don-ning Filipiniana as a mark of cultural respect.

3.4 Oath of Office

Under Article VII, Section 5 of the Constitution, beforethe President-Elect and Vice-President-Elect enter intothe execution of their offices, the President shall take thefollowing Oath or affirmation:

I, [name], do solemnly swear [or affirm]that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfillmy duties as President [or Vice-President orActing President] of the Philippines, preserveand defend its Constitution, execute its laws,do justice to every man, and consecrate myselfto the service of the Nation. So help me God.

[In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted.][23]

The Filipino text of the Oath was used for the inaugu-rations of Presidents Fidel V. Ramos, Joseph EjercitoEstrada and Benigno S. Aquino III reads:

Matimtim kong pinanunumpaan (opinatotohanan) na tutuparin ko nang buongkatapatan at sigasig ang aking mga tungkulinbilang Pangulo (o Pangalawang Panguloo Nanunungkulang Pangulo) ng Pilipinas,pangangalagaan at ipagtatanggol ang kanyangKonstitusyon, ipatutupad ang mga batas nito,magiging makatarungan sa bawat tao, atitatalaga ang aking sarili sa paglilingkod saBansa. Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos.[24]

(Kapag pagpapatotoo, ang huling pangungusap aykakaltasin.)[24]

4 Impeachment

Impeachment in the Philippines follows procedures sim-ilar to the United States. Under Sections 2 and 3, Article

XI, Constitution of the Philippines, the House of Repre-sentatives of the Philippines has the exclusive power toinitiate all cases of impeachment against the President,Vice President, members of the Supreme Court, mem-bers of the Constitutional Commissions (Commission onElections,Civil Service Commission Commission on Au-dit), and the Ombudsman. When a third of its mem-bership has endorsed the impeachment articles, it is thentransmitted to the Senate of the Philippines which triesand decide, as impeachment tribunal, the impeachmentcase.[25] A main difference from US proceedings how-ever is that only 1/3 of House members are required toapprove the motion to impeach the President (as opposedto 50%+1 members in their US counterpart). In the Sen-ate, selected members of the House of Representativesact as the prosecutors and the Senators act as judges withthe Senate President and Chief Justice of the SupremeCourt jointly presiding over the proceedings. Like theUnited States, to convict the official in question requiresthat a minimum of 2/3 (i.e., 16 of 24 members) of thesenate vote in favour of conviction. If an impeachmentattempt is unsuccessful or the official is acquitted, no newcases can be filed against that impeachable official for atleast one full year.

4.1 Impeachable offenses and officials

The 1987 Philippine Constitution says the grounds forimpeachment include culpable violation of the Constitu-tion, bribery, graft and corruption, and betrayal of pub-lic trust. These offenses are considered “high crimes andmisdemeanors” under the Philippine Constitution.The President, Vice President, Supreme Court justices,and members of the Constitutional Commission and Om-budsman are all considered impeachable officials underthe Constitution.

4.2 Impeachment proceedings and at-tempts

Joseph Ejercito Estrada was the first Philippine presidentimpeached by the House in 2000, but the trial ended pre-maturely due to outrage over a vote to open an envelopewhere that motion was narrowly defeated by his allies.In 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008, impeachment complaintswere filed against President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo,but none of the cases reached the required endorsementof 1/3 of the members for transmittal to, and trial by, theSenate.

5 Official title

The official title of the president is “President of thePhilippines.”[6] The title in Filipino is “Pangulo” (cognate

6 7 TENURE AND TERM LIMITS

with Malay penghulu “leader”, “chieftain”). The hon-orific for the President of the Philippines is “Your Ex-cellency” or “His/Her Excellency”, adopted from the titleof the Governor-General of the Philippines during Span-ish and American occupation. The term “President ofthe Republic of the Philippines”, used under Japaneseoccupation of the Philippines distinguished the govern-ment of then-President José P. Laurel from the Com-monwealth government in exile under President ManuelL. Quezon.[26] The restoration of the Commonwealth in1945 and the subsequent independence of the Philippinestitle “President of the Philippines” sanctioned in the 1935constitution.[27] The 1973 constitution, though generallyreferring to the president as “President of the Philippines”did, in Article XVII, Section 12, once used the term,“President of the Republic.”[28] President Ferdinand E.Marcos proclaimed martial law in his Proclamation No.1081 and consistently used the term “President of thePhilippines.”[29]

6 State of the nation address

President Benigno S. Aquino III delivers his 2nd State of the Na-tion Address at the Batasang Pambansa

Main article: State of the Nation Address (Philippines)

The State of the Nation Address (abbreviated SONA)is an annual event in the Philippines, in which the Presi-dent of the Philippines reports on the status of the nation,normally to the resumption of a joint session of theCongress (the House of Representatives and the Senate).This is a duty of the President as stated in Article VII,Section 23 of the 1987 Constitution:[6]

7 Tenure and term limits

The 1935 Constitution originally provided for a singlesix-year term for a president without re-election.[30] In1940, however, the 1935 Constitution was amended and

Ferdinand E. Marcos was the only three-term Philippine Presi-dent (1965–1969, 1969–1981, 1981–1986).

the term of the President (and Vice-President) was short-ened to four years but allowed one re-election. Sincethe amendment was done, only Presidents Manuel L.Quezon (1941) and Ferdinand E. Marcos (1969) werere-elected. Presidents Sergio Osmeña (1946), ElpidioQuirino (1953), Carlos P. Garcia (1961) and DiosdadoMacapagal (1965) all failed in seeking a new term.However, in 1973, a new Constitution was promulgatedand allowed then-incumbent President Ferdinand E.Mar-cos to seek a new term. In 1981, Marcos was againelected as President against Alejo Santos – making himthe only President to be elected to a third term.[31]

Today, under Article 7, Section 4 of the 1987Constitution of the Philippines, the term of the Presidentshall begin at noon on the thirtieth day of June next fol-lowing the day of the election and shall end at noon ofthe same date, six years thereafter. The incumbent Pres-ident shall not be eligible for any re-election. No personwho has succeeded as President and has served as suchfor more than four years shall be qualified for election tothe same office at any time.[32]

7

8 Vacancy

8.1 At the start of the term

Under Article 7, Section 7 of the Constitution of thePhilippines, In case the president-elect fails to qualify,the Vice President-elect shall act as President until thePresident-elect shall have qualified.[6]

If at the beginning of the term of the President, thePresident-elect shall have died or shall have become per-manently disabled, the Vice President-elect shall becomePresident.[6]

Where no President and Vice President shall have beenchosen or shall have qualified, or where both shall havedied or become permanently disabled, the President ofthe Senate or, in case of his inability, the Speaker of theHouse of Representatives, shall act as President until aPresident or a Vice President shall have been chosen andqualified.[6]

8.2 During the term

Article 7, Sections 8 and 11 of the Constitution of thePhilippines provide rules of succession to the presidency.In case of death, permanent disability, removal from of-fice, or resignation of the President, the Vice Presidentwill become the President to serve the unexpired term. Incase of death, permanent disability, removal from office,or resignation of both the President and Vice President;the President of the Senate or, in case of his inability, theSpeaker of the House of Representatives, shall then act asPresident until the President or Vice-President shall havebeen elected and qualified.The Congress shall, by law, provide who shall serve asPresident in case of death, permanent disability, or res-ignation of the Acting President. He shall serve until thePresident or the Vice President shall have been electedand qualified, and be subject to the same restrictions ofpowers and disqualifications as the Acting President.The line of presidential succession as specified by Article7, Section 10 of the Constitution of the Philippines arethe Vice President, Senate President and the Speaker ofthe House of Representatives.The current Presidential line of succession is:Notes:

• Contrary to popular belief, the Constitution does notname the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of thePhilippines in the line of succession.

• If the offices of both the President and the VicePresident become vacant at the same time, Congressshall enact a law calling for special election. How-ever, if the presidential election is 18 months away,no special election shall be called.

Sergio Osmeña was the first Vice President to succeed to the pres-idency upon the death of a chief executive who was Manuel Que-zon in 1944.

9 Privileges of office

9.1 Official residence

Main article: Malacañang PalaceBefore the Macalanan Palace was designated as the of-

Malacañang Palace, the official residence of the President of thePhilippines.

ficial residence of the President, various establishmentsserved as residence of the chief executive. The Span-ish Governor-General, the highest ranking official in thePhilippines during the Spanish Era, resided in the Pala-cio del Gobernador inside the walled city of Intramuros.

8 9 PRIVILEGES OF OFFICE

However, after an earthquake in 1863, the Palacio delGobernador was destroyed, and the residence and of-fice of the Governor-General transferred to MalacañangPalace. During the Philippine Revolution, PresidentAguinaldo resided in his own home in Kawit, Cavite. Af-ter his defeat in the Philippine–AmericanWar, Aguinaldotransferred the Capital of the Philippines to different ar-eas while he struggled in the pursuit of American Forces.When the Americans occupied the Philippines, they alsoused the Palace as an official residence. During theJapanese Occupation of the Philippines, the governmen-tal offices and the presidential residence transferred toBaguio, and the Mansion House was used as the officialresidence. Meanwhile, President Quezon of the Philip-pine Commonwealth resided in the Omni Shoreham Ho-tel in Washington D.C. After the restoration of indepen-dence, plans were made for the construction of a newcapital city. However, the plans did not push throughand Manila remained as the capital city, and MalacañangPalace as the President’s official residence.[33][34]

Malacañang Palace serves as the official residenceof the President of the Philippines, a privilege enti-tled to him/her under Article VII, Section 6 of theConstitution.[6] The Palace is located along the northbank of the Pasig River, along JP Laurel Street in the dis-trict of San Miguel, Manila.The Filipino name is derived from the Tagalog phrase"may lakán diyán", (“there is a nobleman there”), and thiswas eventually shortened toMalakanyáng. There are twovariant of the name in official use: "Malacañang" refersto the structure of the Palace, while "Malacañangg"identifies the office of the President. The latter, alongwith the term “the Palace” ("ang Palasyo") are inter-changeable, metonyms for the President and his house-hold in colloquial speech and in the media.Malacañangg Palace is depicted on the reverse side of the20-Peso bill in both the New Design and the present NewGeneration series.

9.1.1 Other residences

Bahay Pangarap The actual residence of PresidentBenigno S. Aquino III is Bahay Pangarap (English:House of Dreams),[2] a smaller structure located acrossthe Pasig River from Malacañang Palace in MalacañanggPark,[35] which is itself part of the Presidential SecurityGroup Complex.[1][2] Aquino is the first President to livein Bahay Pangarap his official residence.[36][37]

Malacañangg Park was originally built by former Pres-ident Manuel L. Quezon as a rest house and venuefor informal activities and social functions for the FirstFamily.[2][37] The house was built and designed by archi-tect Juan Arellano in the 1930s,[2][37] and underwent anumber of renovations.[2] In 2008, the house was demol-ished and rebuilt in contemporary style by architect Con-rad Onglao,[2][37] and a new swimming pool was built,

replacing the Commonwealth Era one.[36][37] The houseoriginally had one bedroom,[2] however, it was renovatedfor Aquino to have four bedrooms,[36] a guest room, aroom for his household staff, and a room for his close-insecurity.[35] Malacañangg Park was refurbished throughthe efforts of First Lady Eva Macapagal, the second wifeof President Diosdado Macapagal, in the early 1960s.[37]Mrs. Macapagal renamed the rest house as Bahay Pan-garap.[37]

Under Fidel V. Ramos, Bahay Pangarapwas transformedinto a clubhouse for the Malacañangg Golf Club.[2]The house was subsequently used by President GloriaMacapagal-Arroyo to welcome special guests.[2] Aquinofil made it clear before he assumed office that he re-fused to live in the main Palace, or in the nearby Ar-legui Mansion (where he once lived during his mother’srule and where Ramos later stayed), stating that both aretoo big.[2] He lived in the Aquino family residence alongTimes Street, Quezon City in the first few days of his rule,though he transferred to Bahay Panagarap because it wasdeemed a security concern for his neighbours if he stayedin their small, 1970s home.[1]

Other homes The President also has other complexesnationwide for official use:

• Malacañang sa Sugbo – Cebu City

• The Mansion – Baguio City

9.2 Air transport

Main article: Air transports of heads of state and govern-ment § PhilippinesThe 250th (Presidential) Airlift Wing of the Philippine

An Aérospatiale SA-330 Puma carrying President Corazon C.Aquino at Subic Bay Naval Base.

Air Force has the mandate of providing safe and efficientair transport for the President of the Philippines and theFirst Family. On occasion, the wing has also been taskedto provide transportation for other members of govern-ment, visiting heads of state, and other state guests.

9.4 Land transport 9

The fleet includes: 1 Fokker F28, which is primarilyused for the President’s domestic trips and it is alsocalled “Kalayaan One” when the President is on board,4 Bell 412 helicopters, 3 Sikorsky S-76 helicopters, 1Sikorsky S-70−5 Black Hawk, a number of Bell UH-1N Twin Hueys, as well as Fokker F-27 Friendships.For trips outside of the Philippines, the Air Force em-ploys a Bombardier Global Express or charters appropri-ate aircraft from the country’s flag carrier, Philippine Air-lines. In 1962, the Air Force chartered aircraft from PanAmerican World Airways as the international servicesof Philippine Airlines were suspended. Pan Am laterwent defunct in 1991. For short-haul flights, PAL usesAirbus A320 or Airbus A321 aircraft. For medium tolong-haul flights, the airline’s Airbus A340-300, AirbusA330-300 or Boeing 777-300ER are used. Any PAL air-craft with the callsign PR 001 is a special plane operatedby Philippine Airlines to transport the President of thePhilippines.A Presidential Helicopter Bell 412 crashed on April7, 2009, in the mountainous Ifugao Province north ofManila. On board were eight people, including two Cab-inet undersecretaries and several servicemen. The flightwas en route to Ifugao from Baguio City as an advanceparty of President Macapagal-Arroyo, when the controltower at the now-defunct Loakan Airport lost communi-cation with the craft several minutes after takeoff.The Arroyo administration planned to buy another air-craft worth of about 1.2 Billion pesos before her termended in June 2010,[38] but cancelled the purchase due toother issues.[39]

9.3 Water transport

Main article: BRP Ang Pangulo (AT-25)

BRP Ang Pangulo (BRP stands for Barkó ng Repúblikang Pilipinas, “Ship of the Republic of the Philippines";"Ang Pangulo" is Filipino for “The President”) was com-missioned by the Philippine Navy on March 7, 1959. Itwas built in and by Japan during the administration ofPresident García as part of Japanese reparations to thePhilippines for World War II.[40] It is primarily used inentertaining guests of the incumbent President.

9.4 Land transport

Main article: Official state car § PhilippinesThe President of the Philippines uses two black and heav-ily armored Mercedes-Benz W221 S600 Guard, whereasone is a decoy vehicle. In convoys, the President is es-corted by the Presidential Security Group using primarilyNissan Patrol SUVs with the combination of the follow-ing vehicles: Audi A6, BMW 7 Series, Chevrolet Sub-urban, Hyundai Equus, Hyundai Starex, Toyota Camry,

Presidential car with plate number 1 and Presidential Standard

The Presidential car used by Manuel L. Quezon during his term

Toyota Fortuner, Toyota Land Cruiser, Philippine Na-tional Police 400cc motorcycles, Philippine National Po-lice Toyota Altis (Police car variant), other government-owned vehicles, and ambulances at the tail of the convoy;the number depends on the destination. The presidentialcars are designated and registered a plate number of 1 orthe word PANGULO (President). The limousine bearsthe Flag of the Philippines and, occasionally, the Presi-dential Standard.[41]

For regional trips, the President boards a Toyota Coasteror Mitsubishi Fuso Rosa or other vehicles owned bygovernment-owned and controlled corporations or gov-ernment agencies. In this case, the PSG escorts the Pres-ident using local police cars with an ambulance at the tailof the convoy.The incumbent President, Benigno S. Aquino III, prefersto use his personal vehicle, a Toyota Land Cruiser 200 orhis relative’s Lexus LX-570 over the black Presidentiallimousines after their electronic mechanisms were dam-aged by floodwater. The Palace has announced its interestto acquire a new Presidential limousine.[42]

The Office of the President has also owned various carsover the decades, including a 1937 Chrysler Airflow thatserved as the country’s very first Presidential limousinefor Manuel L. Quezon.

10 10 POST-PRESIDENCIES

9.5 Security

Main article: Presidential Security Group

The Presidential Security Group (abbreviated PSG), isthe lead agency tasked with providing security for thePresident, Vice-President, and their immediate families.They also provide protective service for visiting heads ofstate and diplomats.Unlike similar groups around the world who protect otherpolitical figures, the PSG is not required to handle presi-dential candidates. However, former Presidents and theirimmediate families are entitled to a small security de-tail from the PSG. Currently, the PSG uses Nissan PatrolSUVs as its primary security vehicles.

10 Post-presidencies

Presidents Emilio Aguinaldo and Manuel L. Quezón during the1935 campaign.

A number of presidents held various positions in the lime-light after leaving office, almost all of whom making aneffort to remain in the public eye. Among other honors,former Presidents and their immediate families are enti-tled to three soldiers as security detail.[43]

• José P. Laurel, who was the only President of theSecond Philippine Republic, was elected to the Sen-ate in 1951 and would serve in the upper house until1957, making him the country’s first head of state toseek lower office following his presidency. Duringhis tenure, the Nacionalista Party urged him to runfor president in 1953. He declined, working insteadfor the successful election of Ramon Magsaysay,who subsequently appointed Laurel to head of adiplomatic mission that was tasked with negotiatingtrade and other issues with United States officials,resulting in the Laurel-Langley Agreement. Laurelwas also the chairman of the Economic Mission tothe United States (1954) and the founder of Lyceumof the Philippines University.[44]

• Sergio Osmeña became a member of the Council ofState under Roxas, Quirino, Magsaysay, and Gar-cía. He was also a member of the National SecurityCouncil in the García administration.[45]

• Elpidio Quirino also became a Councillor of Stateunder President Magsaysay.[46]

• Carlos P. Garcia was a delegate, later elected, pres-ident of the Constitutional Convention on July 11,1971.[47]

• Diosdado Macapagal was also a delegate and thensucceeded Carlos P. García as president of the 1971Constitutional Convention. He also lectured in uni-versities and later a Councillor of State under Pres-idents Aquino mère and Ramos.

• Corazon C. Aquino was a member of the NationalSecurity Council under Ramos, Estrada and Arroyo.She was also a member of the Council of State underPresident Arroyo.

• Fidel V. Ramos founded the Ramos Peace and De-velopment Foundation. He was a senior advisorand member of the National Security Council un-der President Estrada. Ramos was a member of theCouncil of State and an Ambassador-at-Large underPresident Arroyo.

• Joseph Ejercito Estrada returned to film in Novem-ber 2009, starring inAng Tanging Pamilya: AMarryGo Round as part of a promotional attempt to runfor a second term as president in 2010 amid muchcontroversy on the legality of his intent (he wasallowed to run anyway by COMELEC since theSupreme Court never weighed in on the matter) withmany questioning why such a constitutional viola-tion was ever allowed. His release from prison in2007 by his successor, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo,questionably restored his political privileges and al-lowed him to run again. Estrada eventually becamea member of the National Security Council un-der Arroyo.[48][49][50] Following his loss to NoynoyAquino in 2010, he geared up for a run againstAlfredo Lim for control of the City of Manila in2013, which he won and as a result, Estrada is nowthe incumbent Mayor of the of Manila, thus makinghim the third head of state to run for lower officefollowing his presidency.

• Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo ran for and won as seat inthe House of Representatives of the Philippines asthe Representative for the 2nd District of Pampangain the 2010 elections, making her the second head ofstate after Laurel to seek lower office following herpresidency.[51]

As of June 30, 2010, there are three living former Presi-dents:

11

• Living former presidents

• Fidel V. Ramos(Lakas-NUCD)1992–1998

• Joseph Ejercito Estrada(LAMP),1998–2001

• Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo(Lakas-Kampi-CMD)2001–2010

11 See also

• First Spouse of the Philippines

• List of Presidents of the Philippines

• Philippine Presidential Inauguration

• Prime Minister of the Philippines

• Seal of the President of the Philippines

• Unofficial Philippine Presidents

• Vice President of the Philippines

• List of Vice Presidents of the Philippines

12 Notes

[1] Article XVIII Section 17 of the 1987 Constitution pro-vides that until the Congress provides otherwise the Pres-ident shall receive an annual salary of three hundred thou-sand pesos. On August 21, 1989, Republic Act No.6758 directed the Department of Budget and Manage-ment (DBM) to establish and administer a unified Com-pensation and Position Classification System along linesspecified in that Act.[5] On March 14, 2007, PresidentGloria Macapagal Arroyo issued Executive Order No.611 Department of Budget and Management (DBM) ishereby directed to implement a ten percent (10%) in-crease over the basic monthly salaries of civilian govern-ment personnel whose positions are covered by the Com-pensation and Position Classification System as of June30, 2007, including the salaries of the President, Vice-President, Senators and members of the House of Rep-resentatives, but to take effect only after the expirationof the respective terms of office of the incumbent offi-cials pursuant to Section 10 of Article VI and Section 6of Article VII of the 1987 Constitution.[6][7] In August2010, after President Benigno S. Aquino III received hisfirst paycheques, Philippine newspapers reported that hissalary was ₱95,000 per month and by 2011, the Presi-dent’s salary will reach ₱107,000 a month, and ₱120,000by 2012.[8]

13 References[1] “Noynoy’s new home is Bahay Pangarap”.

[2] “Bahay Pangarap: Aquino’s future home?".

[3] “Emilio Aguinaldo”. Official Gazette of the PhilippineGovernment. March 22, 2011.

[4] Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (2005). The laws of the first Philip-pine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899. AnnArbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (pub-lished 1972). Retrieved January 10, 2011.

[5] Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989(August 21, 1989), Chan Robles Virtual Law Library.

[6] “1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines”.Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. Retrieved January 7,2008.

[7] EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 611, AUTHORIZINGCOMPENSATION ADJUSTMENTS TO GOVERN-MENT PERSONNEL (July 1, 2007), Lawphil.net.

[8] “Aquino to spend part of first salary in paying his bills”.The Mindanao Daily Mirror. August 6, 2010. Archivedfrom the original on September 29, 2010. Retrieved Au-gust 6, 2010. Aquino’s salary is pegged at ₱95,000 butdue to automatic deductions, President Aquino received anet income of ₱63,002.17. His pay check was releasedJuly 30 and the President received it last Monday (Aug.2)By 2011, Aquino’s pay would reach ₱107,000 a monthand ₱120,000 by 2012.

[9] Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998, p. 25 (Item 3 inthe list, referring to Note 41 at p.61, citing Sulyap Kultura(National Commission of Culture and the Arts, Philip-pines) 1 (2). 1996. This article underscores the existenceof a de facto revolutionary government (with Bonifacio asits president) that antedated the revolutionary governmentin Cavite based upon the controversial Tejeros Conven-tion. An attempt to change the official date of the Cry[see Cry of Pugad Lawin] from 23 to 24 Aug, 1896 dur-ing a committee hearing on Senate Bill No. 336, held on17 Aug. 1993, apparently failed. Missing or empty |title=(help));^ Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998, p. 26, “Forma-tion of a revolutionary government";^ Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998, p. 135 (in “Doc-ument G”, Account of Mr. Bricco Brigado Pantos).

[10] Halili & Halili 2004, pp. 138–139.

[11] Severino, Howie (November 27, 2007). “Bonifacio for(first) president”. GMA News..

[12] • Guerrero, Milagros; Schumacher, S.J., John(1998). Reform and Revolution. Kasaysayan: TheHistory of the Filipino People 5. Asia PublishingCompany Limited. ISBN 962-258-228-1..

[13] • Guerrero, Milagros; Encarnación, Emmanuel; Vil-legas, Ramón (1996). “Andrés Bonifacio and the1896 Revolution”. Sulyap Kultura (National Com-mission for Culture and the Arts) 1 (2): 3–12..

12 14 EXTERNAL LINKS

[14] Ambeth Ocampo (May 11, 2010). “Bonifacio, First Pres-ident of the Philippines?". Philippine Daily Inquirer.

[15] Ambeth Ocampo (May 11, 2007). “Looking Back: Elec-tion fraud at the Tejeros Convention”..

[16] Regalado, Felix B., andQuintin B. Franco (1973). Historyof Panay. Jaro, Iloilo City: Central Philippine University.

[17] “The U.S. Occupation of the Philippines”. Universityof Colorado American Studies. Retrieved February 13,2015.

[18] Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). The encyclopedia of theSpanish-American and Philippine-American wars: a polit-ical, social, and military history. ABC-CLIO. p. 8. ISBN978-1-85109-951-1.

[19] “The Manila Times Online – Trusted Since 1898”. Re-trieved February 13, 2015.

[20] Flores, Paul (August 12, 1995). “Macario Sakay: Tulisánor Patriot?". Philippine History Group of Los Ángeles.Retrieved April 8, 2007.

[21] “Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines”. Re-trieved February 13, 2015.

[22] Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, U.S. Library of Congress.

[23] 1987 Constitution

[24] “ANG 1987 KONSTITUSYON NG REPUBLIKA NGPILIPINAS”. seasite.niu.edu.

[25] Chan-Robles Virtual Law Library. “The 1987 Constitu-tion of the Republic of the Philippines – Article XI”. Re-trieved July 25, 2008.

[26] The 1943 Constitution

[27] The 1935 Constitution

[28] The 1973 Constitution

[29] PROCLAMATION No. 1081 (September 21, 1972),PROCLAIMING A STATE OF MARTIAL LAW INTHE PHILIPPINES, Lawphil.net.

[30] 1935 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THEPHILIPPINES – CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LI-BRARY

[31] 1973 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THEPHILIPPINES – CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LI-BRARY

[32] 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THEPHILIPPINES – CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LI-BRARY

[33] A century of alternative Malacañangs | Modern Living,Lifestyle Features, The Philippine Star | philstar.com

[34] Grandstands and grand public spaces | Modern Living,Lifestyle Features, The Philippine Star | philstar.com

[35] “How was PNoy’s first night at Bahay Pangarap?".

[36] “Bahay Pangarap for P-Noy ready”.

[37] “Briefer on Bahay Pangarap and Malacañangg Park”.

[38] Palace shops for P1.2-B jet 10 months before Arroyo exit– Nation – GMANews.TV – Official Website of GMANews and Public Affairs – Latest Philippine News

[39] Malacañangg cancels plan to purchase P1.2-B jet – Nation– GMANews.TV – Official Website of GMA News andPublic Affairs – Latest Philippine News

[40] The Presidential Yachts, Official Gazette, Office of thePresident.

[41] President Aquino arrives at the Palace – YouTube

[42] Palace: Presidential Car Necessary Expense – YahooNews Philippines

[43] The Manila Times Internet Edition | TOP STORIES >Pullout of Erap security a ‘mistake’ (archived from theoriginal on 2007-03-07)

[44] Jose P. Laurel, The Philippine Presidency Project.

[45] Sergio Osmeña, The Philippine Presidency Project.

[46] Elpidio Quirino, The Philippine Presidency Project.

[47] Carlos P. García , The Philippine Presidency Project.

[48] Amita O. Legaspi, Estrada to return to Malacañangg, Jan-uary 11, 2007, GMANews.TV

[49] 9 years after ouster, Erap back in Malacañangg, January12, 2010, GMANews.TV

[50] QTV: Erap back in Malacañangg for NSC meeting, De-cember 1, 2010, GMANews.TV

[51] Tonette Orejas, Charlene Cayabyab, Arroyo proclaimedcongresswoman of Pampanga’s 2nd district, May 13,2010, Philippine Daily Inquirer

13.1 Bibliography

• Borromeo, Soledad Masangkay; Borromeo-Buehler, Soledad (1998). The Cry of Balintawak:A contrived Controversy: A Textual Analysis withAppended Documents. Ateneo de Manila UniversityPress. ISBN 978-971-550-278-8.

• Halili, Christine N; Halili, Maria Christine (2004).Philippine History. Rex Bookstore, Inc. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.

14 External links• Office of the President of the Philippines

• The Presidential Museum and Library

• 1987 Constitution of the Philippines

• 'We Say Mabuhay' – The Anthem of the Presidentof the Philippines

13

• 'March of the President of the Philippines’ (unoffi-cial title) – song played when the President is givenmilitary honors by the AFP

14 15 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

15 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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