SUBTOPICS

Functional Elements

Fire Protection

Water/ Damp Proofing

Thermal Insulation

Skylights

Solar Design

Assemblies

Roofing and Flooring

Staircases

Doors and Entrances

Exterior wall, Bearing wall, Curtain wall

FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS

FIRE PROTECTION

• According to National building code of India- Fire

protection is the study and practice of mitigating the

unwanted effects of fires.

• Basic Fire safe design, various smoke control practices

and fire proofing has been taken into consideration in

further slides

FIRE SAFE DESIGN•Fire resistive

construction

•Compartmentation

•Provision for fire

fighting

SMOKE CONTROL

Passive Smoke Control

Smoke Shafts

WallVents

Active Smoke Control

Exhaust Systems

PressurizationProcess

FIRE PROOFING

• Sprayed-on applications of mineral fiber or

cementitious materials

• Encapsulation of structural steel members with

concrete

• Floor or roof, ceiling and Wall assemblies

• Wood products can be treated or coated to

improve behavior in fire

WATER PROOFING/ DAMP PROOFING

• Water Proofing- It is used to prevent water penetration

under hydrostatic pressure to the surfaces of components,

such as structural steel and through assemblies such as

exterior masonry walls, foundation walls, roofs.

• Damp Proofing- It means protection against the passage

of water in small quantities and not under pressure;

commonly against penetration through capillary attraction

only.

WATER PROOFING

The Method used is Brick Bat Coba Location

Terrace

Toilets

Expansion Joints

Tanks

Basements

DAMP PROOFING

• A damp-proof course is a

horizontal barrier in a wall

designed to resist

moisture rising through

the structure by capillary

action - a phenomenon

known as rising damp

THERMAL INSULATION

• Insulation is defined as a material or combination of

materials, which retard the flow of heat. The materials

can be adapted to any size, shape or surface. A variety

of finishes are used to protect the insulation from

mechanical and environmental damage, and to enhance

appearance.

• Its helps in energy savings, fire protection, Sound

attenuation, greenhouse gas reduction.

Functions

Reduce heat loss or heat gain

greenhouse gases reduction

Control surface temperatures

or reduce condensation

Reduce noise

Increase operating efficiency

Materials

•cork board, mineral wood, saw dust, asbestos cement

•fixed to walls or roofs

Slab/ Block

•flexible fibrous rolls made of mineral wood, processed wood fibers

•spread on wall or ceiling surfaces

Blanket Insulation

•pulp of wood, cane or other materials + suitable adhesives

•used for interior lining of walls/partition walls

Insulating Boards

Methods

•Orientation of a building with respect to Sun

•Height of Ceiling [1 to 1.3 m]

General Methods

•Increase wall thickness and Cavity wall construction

•Fixing of heat insulating materials on the inside or outside of walls

Insulation Of Walls

•Reduce incidence of solar heat- Chajjas(external), curtains (internal)

•Insulating glass or double glass with air space

Insulation Of Doors/Windows

SKYLIGHTS

• Skylights add natural lighting to dull, dark rooms by

adding a skylight. Skylights provide the simplest means

of introducing the daylight into a space under a flat or

pitched roof assembly

• FEATURES

 1.Allows diffused light to enter.

 2. Add to the aesthetic appeal of the viewer

 3.Any of the shapes can be fabricated

SOLAR DESIGN

• It means the use of solar energy in various

forms to decrease the use of electrical energy

and increase human thermal comfort. It has two

components:-

• Passive solar design

• Active solar design

Passive Solar Design Techniques

• Orient the house with the long axis running east/west.

• Select, orient, and size glass to optimize winter heat gain and minimize

summer heat gain for the specific climate. Consider selecting different

glazing for different sides of the house (exposures).

• Size south-facing overhangs to shade windows in summer and allow solar

gain in winter.

• Add thermal mass in walls or floors for heat storage.

• Use natural ventilation to reduce or eliminate cooling needs.

• Use daylight to provide natural lighting.

BUILDING ASSEMBLIESFLOORING AND ROOFING

Flooring-Flooring today

offers a considerably

wider choice in

materials, properties.

and appearance to

meet changing

performance criteria. 

Types

Stone Flooring

Cementitious Flooring

Burned Clay Flooring

Resilient Flooring

Wood Flooring

Carpet Flooring

Seamless Chemical Flooring

COMMERCIAL ROOFING

• COMMERCIAL ROOFING is a building material used to protect and seal the top of commercial structures. It covers structural framing and prevents rain and other precipitation from entering the building. Commercial roofing generally has a relatively flat slope.

STAIRCASES

• Stairway, staircase, stairwell, flight of stairs, or simply stairs are names for a construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical distances, called steps.

• The following features were studied:-• Stairway lighting• Staircase design Considerations

Reinforced Concrete Stairs

• Categories depending on span of the stair slab– Stair with slab spanning horizontally

• Stair is supported on one side by side-wall/stringer beam and on the other side by a stringer beam

• Each step is designed as spanning horizontally with B.M as WL²/8

• Main reinforcement – 12mm diameter bars at 150 mm c/c

• Distributed reinforcement - 6mm diameter bars at 150 mm c/c

• Waist of 8 cm is provided– Stair with slab spanning longitudinally

• Slab is supported at bottom and top of the flight

• Main reinforcement is parallel to flight

• Distribution reinforcement is along the width of flight

EXTERIOR WALL

• Bearing wall: wall that carries the load of floors and

roof above in addition to its own weight

• Curtain Wall: it is an outer covering of a building in

which the outer walls are non-structural, but merely

keep out the weather.

• Non-bearing Wall: non load bearing walls carry only

their own weight.

Examples