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Electronic publishing of peer-reviewed biomedical research: should we ban
paper journals?
Andrew Vickers
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
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Why publish scientific research?
• Dissemination of information
– scientific results need to be used, read, cited, shared, applied, extended, built-upon
• Furthering of careers
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The current process
• The scientific community:
– Funds, conducts, analyzes, writes up and peer reviews research
• Paper journals:
– Sell freely donated information by restricting access to it
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Problem 1: System is unjust
• The scientific community does the work
• Publishing companies profit
• For example:
– Why does an author have to buy back the right to distribute their own research? (e.g. $600 for 200 reprints)
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Problem 2: Access is restricted
• How does the scientific literature help:
– A community doctor seeking information about the care of a patient
– A patient interested in the result of a clinical trial
– A doctor in a developing country (subscriptions typically 25 – 50% of median yearly wage)?
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Problem 3: dissemination is inefficient
• Photocopying of journals stored in a library (or posting of reprints) is time consuming, expensive and inefficient
• Following up citations is time consuming
• No connection with subsequent research, comments, errors etc.
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Problem 4: Paper publishing is extremely expensive
• The scientific community pays for each article published by buying subscriptions
• Cost per article increased 2.6 fold from 1975 – 1995 adjusted for inflation
• How much does the scientific community pay per article?
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Cost to publish an article
• Most estimates are approximately $5000
Journal Circulation SubscriptionArticles /
yrCost / article
Annals of surgery 9250 $190/ $475 210 $16700
Cancer Nursing 3250 $75/ $169 120 $3700
Epidemiology 1850 $204/ $403 225 $2800
Neurosurgery 9000 $345/ $472 370 $10400
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Total cost of publishing biomedical papers
• Each year Medline indexes ~375,000 papers
• Say 15% are letters, lay press etc. = 315,000 research papers @ $5,000
• Total cost: ~ $1,600 m / yr
• Cost per scientist: $8 – 12,000 / yr (including library costs)?
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Problem: Environmentally unsound
• Journal of Clinical Oncology has 26,000 subscribers, 24 times / yr
• 16 stacks of journals each as high as the Empire State Building
• Must be transported and filed
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Problem: Slow
• Journals must wait for an appropriate slot to become available given limited journal space
• Typical turnaround between submission and publication 6 – 12 months
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In sum:
• Paper journals are:
– Inequitable
– Inaccessible
– Inefficient
– Extortionate
– Inexpedient
– Unenvironmental
– Dispensable?
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Do we need paper journals?
• 20 years ago, only a journal could disseminate information.
• Journals provided a necessary service
• Do we need paper journals in the Internet age?
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Electronic Publishing
• Show the BMJ online
– A paper, a PDF, rapid responses, comments, corrections etc.
– http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/322/7302/1574 example of citation
– http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/325/7377/1408 example of correction
• Question: do we need the paper version?
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BioMed Central
• Publication of peer reviewed biomedical research on the Internet only*
*Paper copy on request
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Advantages
• Easy online submission
• Peer reviewed
• Open access
• Copyright retained
• Indexed by Medline
• Rapid publication (4 – 10 weeks)
• Secure archiving
• Track readership
• Include data
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Example of a BMC paper
• http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/3/32
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Pre-publication history(and a post-publication correction)
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11459516&dopt=Abstract
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Electronic publishing means easy and efficient submission
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Has anybody read it?
• Most papers on BioMed Central average >400 hits / month
– In one year, readership likely to be far greater than with conventional publishing
• Not unusual to get 2-4000 hits / month
• http://www.biomedcentral.com/my/
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Purpose of scientific publishing 2: Furthering academic careers
• Career points are gained by publishing in high profile (paper) journals
• Will this limit the impact of electronic publishing?
• If so, for how long?