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Transcript of Presentation 1 English
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BASICS OF AN LECTRONICAL
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Electron theory the electrical phenomenon is produced
by a flow of electrons from one area to
another.
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The flow of electrons is caused by
having an excess number in one area,shortage in another
surplus negative
short supply positive
Flow of electrons
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Matter
Anything that takes up space and hasmass: solid, liquid or gas
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Molecule
Smallest portion of matter and retain all
original properties of the original matter,
it is made up of atoms
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Atoms
100 + different types
One molecule of water, is made up of
one atom of oxygen, two atoms of
hydrogen H20
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Atom make up
PROTON - positive charge +
ELECTRON - negative charge -
NEUTRON - no charge (neutral)
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Bound
electronsAre in the inner
orbits, Bound
electrons are verydifficult to remove
from their orbit.
Outer orbits only,
one, two or three
electrons, are easily
knocked out of their
orbit
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Conductors Have 1-3 electrons in outer
orbit, (Free electrons)easily
knocked out of orbit.
Materials such as silver,
copper, aluminum, gold
make good conductors.
4 electronsin outer orbit
Not a good conductor
Not a good insulator
Semi-
Conductors
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Non conductors Insulators, 5 or more electrons
in outer orbit, glass, ceramics,
plastics, rubber, fiber, porcelain,
paper and wood are commonInsulators. Hard to knock the
electrons out of orbit if they have
a strong magnetic pull to the
protons in the nucleus of theatom.
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Current
Movement of free electrons through a
conductor current flow is measured in
amperes(Amps). Must have shortage of
electrons at one end, surplus at other oneelectron does not go the whole distance
moves and bumps others.
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Voltage
Pressure differential causes current to
flow, this pressure is known as voltage
Voltage is a measure in volts with
voltmeter.
(electromotive force, EMF)
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Resistance
n Caused by electrons
bumping into other
atoms, a poor conductor
has greater resistance
than a good conductor.
Poor conductors will
heat up (like a heater).
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Circuits
Must have a power source.A load (something to operate such as a light
bulb or motor)
Wiring for path of electron flow (Conductor) Switch
Circuit protection
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Series circuit, only one
path for current to flow
Series Circuit
Parallel circuit, more than one
path for current to flow, current
flows through all units at once.
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Circuit Problems
Open circuit, Wire is broken
Short to ground, Wire is touching ground
Short to voltage, wire is touching a hotwire. Load device is on even though
switch is off.
High resistance, current is being slowedby corrosion or a poor connection
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Car frame
n Acts as a ground wire, some cars like acorvette have to run ground wiresbecause of fiberglass body
n Ground symbol:
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Ohms law
n Amperes = I - Intensity
n Volts = E - Electromotive force
n Ohms = R - Resistance
n to find E = I x R
I = E / RR = E / I
I X R
E
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Ohms laws For Auto Techs
n Some Auto Techs will use the following
n Amperes = A - Amps
n Volts = V - Volts
n Ohms = R - Resistance
n to find V = A x R
A = V / R
R = V / AA X R
V
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Magnetism
Materials that have this are called Magnets
Some are Natural
Some are made
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Lines of Force
Leave north pole, enter south
Unlike poles attract
Like poles repel
Left hand rule, know which way current
flows, fingers point in direction magnetic
field is moving
Magnetic fields surround any conductor
carrying an electrical current
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Lines of Force
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Solenoid
can be used to push or pull iron core if
off set will be drawn into the middle
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Battery Electro Chemical Device
4 functions1. provides electrical energy to start car.
2. provides electrical energy to ignition system
3. provides electrical energy to accessories whendemands exceed alternators output
4. voltage stabilizer absorbs abnormal voltages
created by electrical components
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Top post Side post
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side and
top post
A side and top post is becoming verycommon today because it will fit so
many cars.
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Battery Construction
Elements consist of two groups of
plates
one more negative than positive plateswith insulated separators in between
usually 9, 11, or 13 plates. 54, 66, or 78
total.case is made of hard rubber (rough
service) or plastic (light service)
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one element in each cell, connected tothe adjoining element, connected in
series, each cell produces about 2.1
volts
case is divided into 6 cells (12.6 volts)
case is divided into 3 cells (6.3 volts)
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Electrolyte
64% water 36% Sulfuric acid
H20-water 64% specific gravity 1.00H2S04-sulfuric acid 36% specific gravity
1.835 - caution
electrolyte 100% specific gravity 1.270
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Charged
positive plate negative plateelectrolyte
H2S04
pb02 pblead peroxide lead
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Discharge
oxygen and hydrogen form water, lead
and sulfate form lead sulfate
pbso4 H20 pbSo4
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Charging send electrons through
opposite way reversing the cycle
Sulfated plates refer to plates hardenwith lead sulfate
Slow long charge to correct sulfated
plates sometimes can't
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Little brown particles floating around
can short out battery (flakes off of the
sulfated plates )
Batteries can freeze if discharged H2O
is water
Charging battery emits oxygen and
hydrogen gas - can explode
To replace add distilled water
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Battery types
WET CHARGE shipped with electrolyte
must charged during storage
DRY CHARGE shipped empty
manufacture gives forming charge dries
the cell elements and seals it. If you
keep moisture out it will remain fully
charged for long time. When neededjust add electrolyte
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Group size
Batteries come in many different groupsizes. A battery's group size simply
determines it's length, width, height, and
terminal configurationWill have a number like group 75,78 or
24 or 24F, 26, 34
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Battery capacity
1) Plate size, the case same size, plates
are different size Larger plates more
amps
2) Number of plates
3) Amount of acid in electrolyte and
battery additives increase the sulfuricacid content of battery
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Battery capacity rating
Cold Cranking Amperes CCA most commonNumber of amperes load of battery will
maintain at 0 degrees Fahrenheit for 30
seconds without battery voltage falling below7.2 volts (1.2 volts per cell)
Size of engine should be smaller than cold
cranking ampere
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Do not be misled by CA thats just
cranking amps. It will give you a higher
reading but it misleads you because it istested at a higher temperature.
Cranking amps are the numbers ofamperes a lead-acid battery at 32
degrees F (0 degrees C) can deliver for
30 seconds and maintain at least 1.2volts per cell (7.2 volts for a 12 volt
battery).
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Recommended Minimum
battery size
4-cylinder 400 CCA
6-cylinder 500 CCA
8-cylinder 575 CCA
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Battery checking visual
Inspection
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Battery checking visual
Inspection
Cracked or leaking case
liquid level, add water use distilled water
preferred (No minerals) or ice meltedout of a freezer
Voltage can discharge across top from
post to postClean battery top and post and cables,
battery hold downs
visual Inspection
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visual Inspection
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Mix baking soda and water to clean
batteries
Clean post and cable with a terminalbrush or post cutter
Coat all connections with grease or use
a spray like NOCO NCP-2 Batterycorrosion spray
Cleaning The Battery
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Battery leakage test
Voltmeter lead at negative post
Voltmeter + lead drag across battery
No voltage should be present anywhere if it
is clean the battery.
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Battery Open Circuit Voltage TestMeasure what the voltage is with the key off
Find out its state of charge. It is a good
starting point, should be at least 12.66 volts
12.66 = fully charged
12.4 = 3/4 charged
12.2 = 1/2 charged
12.0 = 1/4 charged
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Battery Terminals & Bolts
Post or top terminalSide terminal
L terminal used on import
Marine
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Terminal Test
This is the first step.Take a voltmeter
DVOM (Digital volt ohm
meter)Turn to DC Volts
Hook up like picture on
next page.
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Terminal Test
This is just a voltage drop test done onthe battery terminals. You must disable
the ignition and crank over the engine.
Should be under .2 volts.Make sure you do both
terminals Positive &
Negative
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Battery Drain test
Battery Drain Key off
Hook up a ammeter in series reading
should not exceed the following77 older cars .01 amps, 10 ma (milliamps)
78-85 .02 amps-.025 amps, 20-25 ma
1986 & newer .05 amps, 50 ma
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Testing specific gravity
Hydrometer check before adding water
fully charged battery should read 1.270
should not vary more than 50 pointsbetween cells if it does recharge and
check again
Maintenance free batteries are sealed,cannot get into some. No way to add
water or check specific gravity.
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Charging batteries
Clean up first
Unhook cables - check liquid level
Don't charge over 16 volts if plates aresulfated or if battery has been
discharged for some time
Slow charge for a long period 24 hoursdon't allow temperature to exceed 100
Never fast charge batteries
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Most batteries in cars are 12 volt with
negative ground.
6 volt older cars and 18 wheelers may
have positive ground
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SAFETY: do not allowbattery acid to contact eyes
skin or fabrics if you do flushwith lots of water, and get
teacher or medical help flush
eyes for 15 minutes
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Jump starting cars
positive to positive
negative to negative
Hook up negative cable last on car withdead battery on a good ground. Not on
the battery. If sparks occur no
Hydrogen to blow up
b tt d t t
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battery date tags
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Did You Know Batteries Lose Power
While Sitting on the Shelf?
A battery can permanently lose some of its capacity when it's
stored in a partly or fully discharged state. Periodic charging
during storage can minimize the deterioration, but not all
battery distributors and dealers do the necessary charging.That's why you may want to know how to read the date codes,
which show when the product was manufactured, on a new
product, to help you make sure you're really buying a fresh
battery.
So, how do you read a date code?
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Most Brands of Batteries
JOHNSON CONTROLS, INC. - INTERSTATE BATTERIES,
Motorcraft, East penn - Deka, GNB -Champion, Stowaway:
The letters and numbers are on a sticker affixed to the battery or hot-stamped
into the case cover along the top edges of the battery. The ship date codes
begin with a letter: A stands for January, B for February and so on (some
shipping codes skip the letter I, so it cannot be confused with the number 1.
In those cases, J would represent September, K - October, L - November and
M - December). The next digit is a number which represents the year the
battery was shipped. Therefore, an A6 would mean the battery was shipped in
January of 1996.
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Exceptions DELCO - Freedom, Voyager, and some Sears brands:
The code dates are stamped on the cover, usually near the posts.
The first character represents the year (0-9) and the second shows
the month (A-M, skipping I). For example, 4CN1 would stand for
1994, March.
EXIDE - Napa Legend, Edge, Power-Tron and Titan:
The fourth or fifth character may be a letter code for the
month and the following character a number code for
the year (i.e. RO8F3B stands for June 1993)
Last 3 pages 2000 Interstate Battery System of America, Inc.
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Always Disconnect the ground cable
first. (Negative Cable on cars)
Always hook up the ground cable last
If you disconnect the positive first
and touch ground you will havesparks.
Removing Batteries
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Hooking batteries in series
Voltage goes up
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Hooking batteries in parallel
Voltage stays the sameamperage goes up
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Generator
Electromagnetic device, produces
electricity to run accessories and charge
battery
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If wire is passed through magnetic field
voltage is generated
If passed in the opposite directioncurrent flow reversed
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To increase volts and amps
1. increase strength of magnetic field
2. increase the speed wire moves
through the magnetic field
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Basic AC operation current
flows positive, negative
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Basic DC operation
Current flows one way,
accomplished by split ring
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Charging Indicators
ammeter
indicator light
VoltageMonitor
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Alternator
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Alternators
More efficient at lower speeds
Lighter - aluminum construction
Requires only 2 or 3 amps passingthrough slip rings compared to high
amperage in D.C. generator
Governs its own maximum currentoutput
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Alternator
Generators - moving conductor throughstationary field to induce voltage
Alternator - a permanent magnet is rotatedinside a stationary conductor
maximum voltage occurs when conductor
cuts heaviest lines of force
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Parts of a Alternator
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The End