Prepared by- Er. Dipesh Pandey

December 2014

CONTENTSIntroduction

Activities in Road Construction

Tools, Equipment and Plant

Earthwork

Mass Haul Diagram

Definition

Activities to change existing ground to designed shape, grade and provide necessary facilities for

smooth, safe and efficient traffic operation,

including reconstruction of existing road.

Activities in Road ConstructionEarthworksite clearance, E/W in filling, E/W in excavation,Excavation for borrow pit,Excavation for foundation,Disposal of surplus

Drainage Work

Side drains, Culverts, Sub surface

drain, Causeway Minor bridge

Structural WorkEarth retaining str, Gully control works,Land slide

stabilization,River training works,Bridge protection

worksPavement WorkSub grade

preparation,Sub-base, Base course andWearing course

Miscellaneous Work

Road Ancillaries

Traffic sign/signal, markings

Boi-engineering works

Tools, Equipment and PlantToolsHand shovel, Chisel, Peak, Spade, Hand Rammer, Brushes, Trowel, Wheel Borrow

Compaction Equipmentsmooth wheel roller, vibrating roller, pneumatic roller, sheep foot roller, different capacity rammers

EquipmentEarth Moving

EquipmentDozer, Scraper, Loader, Excavator, Backhoe, Dragline, Clamshell, Trench diggerLeveling Equipment

Motor GraderPaving Equipment

Binder storage tank with heating device, binder spreader, aggregate spreader, cement concrete mixture, bituminous mechanical paver, cement concrete paver

Cont.…

Miscellaneous Equipment

Rock driller, Core Cutter, Edge cutter

Transporting EquipmentDumping trucks, Flat body trucks, mini dumper

Lifting EquipmentLoader, Backhoe, Different capacity

crane Leveling EquipmentMotor Grader

Paving EquipmentBinder storage tank with

heating device, binder spreader, aggregate spreader, cement concrete mixture, bituminous mechanical paver, cement concrete paver

Plants Cement concrete plant, Asphalt concrete plant, cold mix plant, Aggregate crushing plant, Screening plant,

Cont.….

EarthworkProcess to prepare sub grade level bringing it to

design grade and shape

may be in embankment and filling

Quantity based on longitudinal and cross section

Mass haul diagram necessary to decide economic haul

E/W quantities are estimate based on L and X sections

Site ClearanceStarted just after survey works and before any

construction works

Clearing of grass, weeds, bushes, shrubs

Removal of existing trees, stumps and roots along the road alignment

Removal of existing structures along right of way

Earthwork in FillingNecessary when we have to raise the sub-

grade from existing ground level

Reasons:To keep sub-grade high from ground water

table

To prevent damage due to surface and capillary rise

To maintain vertical alignment

Design elements:Height, Fill material, Settlement, Stability of foundation, Stability of slope

Equipment: Grader, Roller, Tripper and water tanker or

manually for small project

Construction steps:Laying layer by layerGrading each layerAttaining desired density before next layer is

placedThe thickness of the layers may vary between

10 to 30 cm depending on various factors such as soil type, equipment, specifications etc.

Quality ControlChecking of suitability of filling materialChecking of field moisture and dry density of each

layer (> 93 % for below and > 95% for above)Proper finishing of formation slope as per design

E/W in Excavation

In the process of cutting or loosening and removing earth including rock from its original position, transporting and dumping it as a fill or spoil bank.

Also includes excavation for side drains

Earth excavation work may be divided as excavation or cutting, grading and compaction.

Design ElementsDepth, Stability of foundation, Stability of slopes, Accommodation of road side drain

•Equipment Grader, roller, tipper and water tanker

Construction StepsExcavation Grading of sub-grade layerCompaction with roller

• Quality Control Fixing reference pegs Checking field moisture and dry density Proper finishing of formation slopes

Field Control of compaction Measurement of moisture content Measurement of max. dry density

corresponding to optimum moisture content

Planning of E/WMass haul DiagramEarthwork for a highway project involves cuts

and fills.

The most balanced design is one which utilizes the cut volumes in the adjacent fills.

This is achieved by a mass haul diagram which is a graphical representation of amount of cut and the fill and the manner in which the earth is to be hauled from cut to fill.

Planning of E/W Mass haul Diagram

The ordinate at any station along the MHD indicates the earthwork quantity accumulated up to that point, and is the summation of the differences between cut and fill.

The maximum (+) ordinate indicates a change from cut to fill (D) and the minimum (-) ordinate indicates from fill to cut (A and G).

Upward sloping curves indicate (rising left to right) indicate a cut

Downward sloping (falling left to right) curves occur in a fill section

peaks indicate a change from cut to fill and valleys occur when the earthwork changes from fill to cut

If the curve has steep slope it indicates heavy cuts or high fills. Flat slopes indicate small earthwork quantities.

The balance point is defined as a point where the volume in excavation balances the volume in embankment.

Any line drawn parallel to the base line and intersecting two points within the same curve indicates a balance of cut and fill between these two points ( C and D). Such a line (HJ) is called a balancing line.

Haul: it has dual meaning. Distance over which material is moved and also the volume distance of material used.

Free haul: The certain amount of haulage is included in the earthwork rate itself and the contractor is expected to carry earth over this haulage within his quoted rate.

Over haul: the haulage over the free haul distance paid for extra rate called over haul.

Economic over haul: the economic over haul distance can be determined by equating the cost of roadway excavation plus overhaul and tipping in embankment with the cost of borrow pit material plus excavation, haul and wasting of roadway material within the free haul distancea= cost of roadway excavation per cu. m.b= cost of overhaul and tipping per cu. m. c = cost of borrow material per cu. M.L= economic overhaul distance in stationsa + b x L = c + a

L= c/b

Thank you