00- Earthwork Notes.ppt

8/10/2019 00- Earthwork Notes.ppt

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Earthwork


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Earthwork

weight/bank volume

weight/loose volume 100-1Swell (%) = x

weight/bank volumeweight/compacte volumeShrinkage (%) = 1 - x 100


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Earthwork

weight/loose volume

weight/bank volume!oa "actor =

11 # swell

!oa "actor =


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Earthwork

weight/bank unit volume

weight/compacte unit volumeShrinkage "actor =

1 - shrinkageShrinkage "actor =


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Earthwork $olumes

Sitework& 'suall lump sum contract work

& raitional *etho = averaging cut/+illepths x plan area (using a gri)

& *oern *etho = an number o+ so+twarepackages such as ,.2

& 3omputer programs compare the existingsur+aces against various proposesur+aces i4e45 subgrae6 base grae6 +inishgrae


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Earthwork $olumes

7ighwa 8 rench Excavation

& 'suall unit-price line item

& raitional *etho = average en area

measure +rom cross sections b planimeter6cross multiplication6 strip an tic = all ver

laborious

& *oern *etho = igiti9e cross sections +orcomputation b electronic spreasheet6 or an

number o+ so+tware packages such as

E*:E!2


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Earthwork $olumes

;447ighwa 8 rench Excavation

& Some computer programs convert sections to

sur+aces an vice versa

& ,rograms can prepare mass haul iagramsan other reports


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Soil


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3ompaction

ncrease bearing capacit

euce compressibilit

euce permeabilit

mprove stabilit

7eav/highwa vs4 builing+ounation compaction

operations


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3ompaction

"ive +actors a++ecting compaction

14 ,hsical 8 chemical properties4 *oisture content

>4 *etho o+ compaction

?4 mount o+ compactive e++ort@4 hickness o+ laer or Ali+tB being

compacte


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3ompaction

*ethos o+ 3ompaction

14 Static weight

4 mpact

>4 $ibration

?4 *anipulation or kneaing

@4 ,ercolation


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3onsoliation

,rimar consoliation results +rom the

expulsion or extrusion o+ water +rom the vois

in +ine-graine soil

3auses settlement in structures an

embankments over a perio o+ time

& *ethos o+ accelerating consoliation

inclue placing a surcharge an/or installingsan columns or wick rains

Seconar consoliation is the rearrangement

o+ cohesive soil grains


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Construction Methods & Management

CIEG 486-010

*ass 7aul iagrams

iagrammatic representation o+ earthworkvolumes along a linear pro+ile

hori9ontal stationing is plotte along the C-

axis

net earthwork values are plotte along the .-

axis


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CIEG 486-010

*ass 7aul iagrams

n Earthwork Profileis a plot o+ the net

earthwork along a roawa or airstrip Det cut values are plotte above the C-axis

(positive . value)

Det +ill values are plotte below the C-axis

(negative . value)

,resents a picture o+ the earthwork

reuirements


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CIEG 486-010

*ass 7aul iagrams

Mass Haul Diagram is a continuous curverepresenting the cumulative volume o+

earthwork along the linear pro+ile o+ a

roawa or air+iel

the vertical coorinate is a plot o+ thecumulative earthwork +rom the origin to that

point


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CIEG 486-010

*ass 7aul iagrams

upwar sloping curves inicate (rising le+t to

right) inicate a cut

ownwar sloping (+alling le+t to right) curves

occur in a +ill section

peaks inicate a change +rom cut to +ill anvalles occur when the earthwork changes

+rom +ill to cut


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CIEG 486-010

*ass 7aul iagrams

he accumulate volume o+ earthwork at the

hori9ontal axis (.=0) is 0

Fhen a hori9ontal line intersects two or more

points along the curve6 the accumulate volumes

at those points are eual

negative value at the en o+ the curve inicatesthat borrow is reuire to complete the +ill

positive value at the en o+ the curve inicates

that a waste operation will be the net result


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Mass Haul Diagrams

o construct the *ass 7aul iagram manuall5

3ompute the net earthwork values +or each station6 appling

the appropriate shrink +actor Det cuts have a positive value6 net +ills have a negative

value

he value at the +irst station (origin) = 0

,lot the value o+ each succeeing station which euals the

cumulative value to that point6 i4e46 the value at i = net

cut/+illa+b+c+i


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*ass 7aul iagram


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Mass Haul Diagrams

o construct 8 anal9e the *ass 7aul iagrammanuall5

enti+ the the resulting balance sections6 whichare boune b points that intersect the C-axis

raw a hori9ontal line miwa between the peak orvalle an the C-axis4 he scale length o+ that lineis the average length o+ haul within that balancesection

etermine earthwork volumes within each balancesection

etermine whether there is an overall balance6

waste or i+ borrow is reuire


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Earthwork

3learing 8 Grubbing

removal o+ trees6 shrubs6 an other vegetation

removing stumps an root mat at least H (I00mm)

below subgrae

less removal reuire +or embankment heights J @H

topsoil striping muck excavation


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Earthwork

,rior to starting an earthwork5

veri+ location o+ unergroun utilities through A*iss

'tilitB or local Aone-callB sstem

& check +or utilities not inclue in one-call sstem

& ig test pits to con+irm actual locations

note location o+ aerial utilities +or euipment an

truck clearances

con+irm that all applicable permits an approvals

have been secure


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Earthwork

,rior to starting an earthwork5

nstall all reuire E8S3 evices

eview soil borings an other geotechnical

in+ormation

:bserve existing rainage patterns

,lan access an excavation patterns

etermine hanling o+ spoils

$eri+ original groun sur+aces (compare against

existing contours or cross sections shown on the

plan)


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Keys to Successful EarthworkOperations

14 control sur+ace an subsur+ace water

4 maintain optimum moisture range b ring6mixing 6 or wetting

>4 ienti+ an monitor cut 8 +ill uantities

?4 goo laout (hori9ontal 8 vertical control)

@4 minimi9e hanling - minimi9e stockpiling


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Keys to Successful Earthwork

Operations

I4 optimi9e haul lengths

K4 minimi9e ccle time

L4 proper selection an si9ing o+ excavators

an haul units

M4 alternate haul unit wheel paths

104experience personnel in the +iel


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Equipment Functions

Excavating

!oaing

7auling

,lacing (umping 8

spreaing) ring

ipping


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Equipment Classifications

"unction

3on+iguration ,ower 'nits -- Gas vs4 iesel vs4 gas

turbine

unning Gear -- track (crawler) vs4 wheel(rubber tire)

ctivation - conventional (gears6 pulles6

cable) vs4 hraulic


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Diesel vs !as "ower #nits

vantages o+ iesel over gas

!ess nee +or servicing

!onger li+e

!ower +uel consumption

!ower- price +uel !ower +ire ha9ar

!ow 3: emissions


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$unning !ear

%racks

greater traction less groun pressure

better on steep graes

not prone to amage+rom sur+ace

rawbar pull

&heels

greater mobilit greater spee

oes not scar or amagepave sur+aces

encounters rollingresistance

rimpull +orce


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%raction

Rolling Resistance Factor (lb/ton) = 40 + ( 30 x in. penetration )

Rolling Resistance Factor (kg/t) = 20 + ( 6 x cm penetration )

ra!e Resistance Factor (lb/ton) = 20 x gra!e (")

ra!e Resistance Factor (kg/t) = #0 x gra!e (")


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%raction

$% (tons) x r. Resistance Factor (lb/ton)ra!e Resistance (lb) =

$% (t) x r. Resistance Factor (kg/t)ra!e Resistance (kg) =

or

$% (lb) x ra!era!e Resistance (lb) =

$% (kg) x ra!era!e Resistance (kg) =


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Excavation Equipment


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crappers 'pans(

Trenchers

Boring"Tunneling

)otor *raders

+uto *raders

Compaction Equipment, #ollers & Tampers


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Hauling Equipment


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Compaction Equipment


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Erosion ' Se(imentation

Control Devices


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Erosion ' Se(imentation

Control Devices

Also referred to as construction practices

Silt +ence & plain or rein+orce

3onstruction entrances

Stone or rock check ams

Earth berms

Seiment traps & single or multi-stage

ewatering evices Straw-coconut blankets

Seeing 8 mulching & establish vegetationS,


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Slope Sta)ility

"unction o+ the natural angle o+ repose6 ensit6sur+ace an subsur+ace water +low

Earl stabili9ation o+ sur+aces is critical i4e4

seeing6 mulching6 erosion blanket 'pwar tracking o+ slopes slows sheet +low

Eliminate points o+ concentrate +low using

berms or using slope rains as outlets

Slopes can be Aso+teneB i+ space permits

i++icult slopes ma reuire riprap6 gabions6 or

other measures +or permanent stabili9ation


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$iprap

iprap place on geotextile an crushe

stone cushion

,lace b excavator or clamshell6 arrange

b han

'nit price in tons or S. (S*)


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*enching


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