Prepared by: Assoc. Prof. Dr Bahaman Abu Samahpsm.upm.edu.my/3100/Bahan Pembelajaran/E3100 P3...
Transcript of Prepared by: Assoc. Prof. Dr Bahaman Abu Samahpsm.upm.edu.my/3100/Bahan Pembelajaran/E3100 P3...
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Prepared by:
Assoc. Prof. Dr Bahaman Abu Samah Department of Professional Development and Continuing Education
Faculty of Educational Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Serdang
Contents: Computer definition
Computer literacy
Computer components
Computer categories
Computer usage
Tablet PC
Computer? Computer is an electronic machine:
► function based on instructions
stored in memory unit
► can receive and manipulate data
► produce output and can store the
output for future use
► comprises hardware and software
► Knowledge and understanding on computer
and its usages
► Why computer literacy?
• Computer technology changes at high rate
• Computer usage in all aspects of everyday
life
Computer Literacy
SECONDARY STORAGE
OUTPUT DEVICE
INPUT DEVICE
COMM. DEVICE
CONTROL A/L
UNIT UNIT
MEMORY
Computer Components
C P U
PORTS
SYSTEM
UNIT
System Unit
► System unit is also called chasis which protect the
various electronic components
► Motherboard is the main component in the system
unit
► All computer components are connected to the
motherboard
► Major components connected to motherboard
include:
− Microprocessor (CPU)
− Memory
− Ports
► Motherboard is the main circuit board in unit
system
► Motherboard is made up of various type of chips
including CPU
Motherboard
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► Also called microprocessor which interpret and
execute all commands
► CPU influences the computer speed and
manages the computer operations
► Manufacturers of CPU
– Intel
– Advanced Micro Device (AMD)
– Cyrix
– IBM
Pentium II
Pentium IV
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Special Microprocessors
1. Xeon
− Designed specially for servers
− Introduced in 2001 with the speed of 1.4
GHz
− Comprises 140 million
transistors
2. Centrino
− Designed for notebook
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Early Microprocessors
CPU Year Clock Speed
4004 1971 MHz
8008 1972 MHz
8088 1978 MHz
1 hertz = 1 cycle per second.
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286 Microprocessor
• Also known as 80286
• Within 6 years, a total of 15 millions PCs
were installed with this 286 microprocessor
• Clock Speed
6, 10 and 12 MHz
1982
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386 Microprocessor
• Contains 275 thousands transistors
• A 32-bit microprocessor with “multi tasking”
capabilities
• Clock Speed
16, 20, 25 and 33 MHz
1985
486 Microprocessor
• Support for point-and-click computing
• First to incorporate a built-in math
coprocessor
• Clock Speed
25, 33 and 50 MHz
1989
Pentium
1993
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• Better supports for speech, sound
handwriting and photographic images
• Clock speed
1993 60 and 66 MHz
1994 75, 90 100 MHz
1995 120 and 133 MHz
1996 150, 166 and 200 MHz
Pentium II
• 7.5 million-transistors processor
• Designed in Single Edge Contact Cartridge
• Clock speed
1997 233 − 300 MHz
1998 333 − 450 MHz
1997
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Celeron
• Designed for PC market users
• Clock speed
1998 266 − 333 MHz
1999 366 − 500 MHz
2000 533 − 766 MHz
2001 800 MHz − 1.20 GHz
2002 1.30 − 2,20 GHz
2003 2.30 − 2.80 GHz
2004 2.40 − 2.80 GHz
1998
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Celeron
2.9GHz
Pentium III
1999
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• Incorporates 9.5 millions transistors
• Using 0.25-micron technology
• Clock speed
1999 450 − 600 MHz
2000 850, 866, 933 MHz
1 GHz
Pentium 4
2000
Pentium 4 4.3
GHz
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• Supports for quality movies, render 3D
graphics in real time
• Consisted 42 million transistors with
0.18-micron technology
• Clock speed
2000 1.40, 1.50 GHz
2001 1.70, 1.80, 1.90, 2.0 GHz
2002 2.20 – 3.06 GHz
2003 3.00 − 3.20 GHz
2004 3.00 − 3.40 GHz
2001
Itanium
• 64-bit high-end processor
• Design for enterprise-class
servers and workstations
• New architecture Intel
Explicitly Parallel
Instruction Computing
(EPIC)
• Clock Speed 1 GHz
Centrino
2003
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• Designed specially for notebook
• Clock speed:
2003 1.3 – 1.7 GHz
2004 1.5 – 2.0 GHz
2006
Core 2 Duo
-- processors are up to 40 percent
faster with improved energy-
efficiency
-- Clock Speed 1.66 - 3 GHz
2008
Core i-7
• The third generation Intel Core
processor
• Clock Speed 2.66 GHz
Memory ► During computation, data and instructions will be
stored in memory
► Also known as primary storage
► Memory stores:
− operating system
− application software
− data
► 2 types of memory:
1. Volatile memory
− Content will be lost upon computer shutdown
2. Nonvolatile memory
− Content will be retained even computer is
closed
DDR SDRAM
SDRAM
Random Access Memory (RAM) ► RAM is a volatile memory
► Dynamic RAM (DRAM) is the most commonly
used RAM
► Variation of DRAM:
− Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
− Double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM)
− Direct Rambus DRAM (Direct RDRAM)
► Memory chip is placed in the memory module.
Three types of memory modules:
1. Single inline memory module (SIMM)
2. Dual inline memory module (DIMM)
3. Rambus inline memory module (RIMM)
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Read Only Memory (ROM) ► ROM is a nonvolatile memory
► Data stored in ROM is read only; cannot be
changed
► Data will not be lost when computer is shutdown
► ROM chip contains data and instructions that
are permanently kept as in BIOS
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Tetiku
s USB
Printer
(parallel
) Speake
r Microph
one
Tel line
out
Cable TV
Keyboa
rd USB
Serial
port
Monitor
Game
port Network Tel line
in Video
► External devices such as keyboard, monitor and
printers are connected to unit system through cable
► Port acts as interface to unit system
► Port comprises male and
female connector
Ports
► Example of ports
Tetikus
USB
Printer
(parallel)
Speaker
Microphone
Tel line out
FM reception
Cable TV
Keyboard
USB
Serial port
Monitor
Game port
Network
Tel line in
Video out
► Serial
− Data is sent one byte at a time
− Appropriate for device that does not require
fast data. Example mouse and keyboard
Types of Ports
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► Parallel
− Data are transferred more than one
bytes at one time
− Applied for printers
► Universal Serial Bus (USB)
− USB is used by most devices
Output Device ► Used to display and produce output
► Examples
CRT (cathode ray tube) LCD (liquid crystal display)
Secondary Storage ► Used to store data and instructions
permanently for future use
► Storage medium represents the physical
material to keep data and instructions
► Storage device is the unit that access to and
from the storage medium
► Example
Storage medium Storage device
– Floppy disk – Floppy drive
– Hard disk – hard drive
– CD R, CD RW – CD drive
– Removal disk
Flash
drive
16MB –
4GB
CD drive
Hard drive
Communication Device ► Enabled computer users to communicate and
exchange data
► Examples:
External
Modem
Internal
Modem
Ethernet
Card
Router Access Point
Hub
USB Network
Adapter
Computers are categorized based on size, speed
microprocessor capabilities and price
Main Categories:
Personal computers (PC)
Palmtop/Handheld computers
Mid-range server
Main-frames
Supercomputers
Computer Categories
Personal Computer (PC) ► A PC is a stand alone computer that can perform
by itself all the input, processing output and
storage functions
► Two types of popular personal computers:
– PC
– Apple Macintosh
► Two categories of computers:
– Desktop
.. Workstation
.. Server
– Notebook
PC
Power
Mac
Palmtop Computer ► Palmtop/handheld/Pocket PC computers are
small size computers that can be placed on
palmtop
► Can be connected to PC
► Usually include an input device called stylus
► Examples:
- Personal digital assistance (PDA)
- Pocket PC
Mid-Range Servers ► A mid-range server is bigger and more
powerful than a PC
► It can be connected to more than
4,000 computer at a time
HP 9000 rp8420-32
Server
Mainframes ► Mainframe is much bigger and more expensive
and powerful
► It can be connected to
hundred of thousands users
at one time
► It can process millions
instructions per second
► Can store large amount of
data, instructions and
information
IBM Mainframe zSeries
Supercomputers ► Supercomputer is the most fastest and powerful
computer
► It can process > 12 trillion instructions per second
► Manufacturers of supercomputers
– Cray Inc.
– IBM
Cray X1E Supercomputer IBM Supercomputer
Home Computer is an essential tool for home usage
such as:
► Internet access
− search for information
− banking services
− online shopping
► Personal financial
management
► Communication
► Entertainment
Education Advancement in computer has transformed the
way people learn through:
► Computer-based training (CBT) or
Computer-aided instruction (CAI)
► Web-based training (WBT)
► Distance learning (DL)
► Edutainment
e-Commerce
► e-Commerce involve business transactions
through internet
► Can be done through computer or cellular
phones
► e-Commerce:
− overcomes barriers of time and distance
− facilitates global business
► Utilizes to purchase:
− computers
− books
− air tickets
Finance
Computer can facilitates financial transactions
such as:
► personal financial management using Quicken
► online banking
► online bill payments
Telecommuting
► Telecommuting refers to work arrangement in which
employees works outside of normal working places
► Number of employees involve in telecommuting has
increased from 4 millions (1990) to more than 20
millions (2004)
► Reasons for telecommuting:
− reduce time and transportation
cost
− enable flexible working
schedule
− provide conducive working
environment