Preparation of Shampoo

15

Click here to load reader

Transcript of Preparation of Shampoo

Page 1: Preparation of Shampoo

PREPARATION OF SHAMPOO

A Project report

By

Team: Kasey Hebert

Sumitha.D XII ‘A’

Page 2: Preparation of Shampoo

document.doc

2

Page 3: Preparation of Shampoo

document.doc

INTRODUCTION

Shampoo is a solution and hair care product that is used to remove dirt, oil, skin particles and dandruff from hair. These pollutants build up in hair over time and need to be removed to maintain personal hygiene and well groomed hair. It is necessary to remove these particles from hair without stripping the scalp of sebum which is natural oil.

History

The word shampoo in English is derived from Hindi chāmpo and dates to 1762.The Hindi word referred to head massage, usually with some form of hair oil. Similar words also occur in other North Indian languages. The word and the service of head massage were introduced to Britain by a Bengali entrepreneur named Sake Dean Mahomed. Dean Mahomed introduced the practice to Basil Cochrane's vapour baths while working there in London in the early 19th century, and later, together with his Irish wife, opened "Mahomed's Steam and Vapour Sea Water Medicated Baths" in Brighton, England. His baths were like Turkish baths where clients received an Indian treatment of champi (shampooing), meaning therapeutic massage. He was appointed ‘Shampooing Surgeon’ to both George IV and William IV

In the 1860s, the meaning of the word shifted from the sense of massage to that of applying soap to the hair. Earlier, ordinary soap had been used for washing hair. However, the dull film soap left on the hair made it uncomfortable, irritating, and unhealthy looking.

During the early stages of shampoo, English hair stylists boiled shaved soap in water and added herbs to give the hair shine and fragrance. Kasey Hebert was the first known maker of shampoo, and the origin is currently attributed to him. Commercially made shampoo was available from the turn of the 20th century. A 1914 ad for Canthrox Shampoo in American Magazine showed young women at camp washing their hair with Canthrox in a lake; magazine ads in 1914 by Rexall featured Harmony Hair Beautifier and Shampoo.

Originally, soap and shampoo were very similar products; both containing the same naturally derived surfactants, a type of detergent. Modern shampoo as it is known today was first introduced in the 1930s with Drene, the first shampoo with synthetic surfactants.

3

Page 4: Preparation of Shampoo

document.doc

COMPOSITION

Shampoo is generally made by combining a surfactant, most often sodium lauryl

sulfate and/or sodium laureth sulfate with a co-surfactant, most often cocamidopropyl

betaine in water to form a thick, viscous liquid. Other essential ingredients include salt (sodium

chloride), which is used to adjust the viscosity, a preservative and fragrance. Other ingredients

are generally included in shampoo formulations to maximize the following qualities:

Pleasing foam

Easy rinsing

Minimal skin/eye irritation

Feels thick and/or creamy

Pleasant fragrance

Low toxicity

Good biodegradability

Slightly acidic (pH less than 7)

No damage to hair

Many shampoos are pearlescent. This effect is achieved by addition of tiny flakes of suitable

materials, e.g. glycol distearate, chemically derived from stearic acid, which may have either

animal or vegetable origins. Glycol distearate is a wax. Many shampoos also includesilicone to

provide conditioning benefits.

Commonly used ingredients

Ammonium chloride

Ammonium lauryl sulfate

Glycol

Sodium laureth sulfate  is derived from coconut oils and is used to soften water and create

a lather. There was some concern over this particular ingredient circa 1998 about this

chemical being a carcinogen, but that has been disproved.

Sodium lauryl sulfate

Sodium Lauroamphoacetate is naturally derived from coconut oils and is used as a

cleanser and counter-irritant. This is the ingredient that makes the product tear-free.

4

Page 5: Preparation of Shampoo

document.doc

Polysorbate  20 (abbreviated as PEG(20)) is a mild glycol based surfactant that is used to

solubilize fragrance oils and essential oils; meaning it causes liquid to spread across and

penetrate the surface of a solid (i.e. your hair).

Polysorbate  80 (abbreviated as PEG(80)) is a glycol used to emulsify (or disperse) oils in

water (so the oils don’t float on top like Italian salad dressing).

PEG-150 Distearate is a simple thickener.

Citric Acid  is naturally derived from citrus fruits and is used as an antioxidant to preserve

the oils in the product. While it is a severe eye-irritant, the Sodium Lauroamphoacetate

counteracts that property. Citric acid is used to adjust the pH down to approximately 5.5. It is

a fairly weak acid which makes the adjustment easier. Shampoos usually are at pH 5.5

because at slightly acidic pH the scales on a hair follicle lay flat making the hair feel smooth

and look shiny. It also has a small amount of preservative action. Citric acid as opposed to

any other acid will prevent bacterial growth.

Quaternium-15  is used as a bacterial/fungicidal preservative.

Polyquaternium -10 has nothing to do with the chemical Quaternium-15. This chemical

acts as the conditioning ingredient, providing moisture and fullness to the hair.

Di-PPG-2 myreth-10 adipate is a water-dispersible emollient that forms clear solutions

with surfactant systems

SPECIALIZED SHAMPOOS

We have several shampoos specialized for various problems such as dandruff, dry scalp

etc. some of them are listed here.

Dandruff

Cosmetic companies have developed shampoos specifically for those who have dandruff. These

contain fungicides such as ketoconazole , zinc pyrithione and selenium sulfide which reduce

loose dander by killing Malassezia furfur. Coal tar and salicylate derivatives are often used as

well.

Gluten and/or wheat free

Many people suffer from eczema on their palms and their head.Some find that wheat and/or

gluten (the protein found in many grains including wheat) is the cause, particularly if they are

sensitive to this in food e.g. celiac disease wheat allergy. Other reactions can include dandruff,

thinning hair and hair that breaks easily. Shampoo can often go into the mouth, particularly for

children, so all individuals who are on gluten-free diets may prefer to find a gluten-free shampoo.

5

Page 6: Preparation of Shampoo

document.doc

Shampoo manufacturers are starting to recognize this and there are now gluten/wheat free

products available.

Wheat derivatives and ingredients from the other gluten grains are commonly used as binders to

help the shampoo stick together and are also used as emollients in the form of oils. Following is a

list of grain-derived shampoo ingredients. Most of these ingredients do not theoretically contain

any intact wheat proteins, but may do so due to incomplete processing or contamination.

Triticum vulgare (wheat), hordeum vulgare (barley), secale cereale (rye), or avena sativa

(oats), including any oil, protein, hydrosylate, or other extract from any part of the plant.

Tocopherol/Tocopheryl Acetate (Vitamin E), which may be derived from wheat

Hydrolyzed Hydrolyzed wheat protein / hydrolyzed wheat starch, also sometimes listed

as hydrolyzed vegetable protein, stearyldimoniumhydroxypropyl or hydroxypropyltrimonium

Cyclodextrin, which may be produced from starch by means of enzymatic conversion

Amino peptide complex

Maltodextrin, dextrin, dextrin palmitate, or (hydrolyzed) malt extract

Phytosphingosine extract

Amino peptide complex

prolamine

Beta glucan

Disodium Wheat Germamido PEG-2-Sulfosuccinat

Fermented Grain Extract

AMP-Isostearoyl

PG-Propyl Silanetriol

PVP Crosspolymer

Ethyldimonium Ethosulfate

Yeast extract

Phytospingosine Extract

"Fragrance" is a broad category that may contain large numbers of chemicals that are

otherwise unlisted on the label.

All-natural

Some companies use "all-natural," "organic," "botanical," or "plant-derived" ingredients (such as

plant extracts or oils), combining these additions with one or more typical surfactants.

6

Page 7: Preparation of Shampoo

document.doc

Baby

Shampoo for infants and young children is formulated so that it is less irritating and usually less

prone to produce a stinging or burning sensation if it were to get into the eyes. For example,

Johnson & Johnson's Baby Shampoo advertises under the premise of "No More Tears". This is

accomplished by one or more of the following formulation strategies:

1. dilution, in case product comes in contact with eyes after running off the top of the head

with minimal further dilution;

2. adjusting pH to that of non-stress tears, approximately 7, which may be a higher pH than

that of shampoos which are pH adjusted for skin or hair effects, and lower than that of

shampoo made of soap;

3. use of surfactants which, alone or in combination, are less irritating than those used in

other shampoos;

4. use of nonionic surfactants of the form of polyethoxylated synthetic glycolipids and/or

polyethoxylated synthetic monoglycerides, which counteract the eye sting of other

surfactants without producing the anesthetizing effect of alkyl polyethoxylates or

alkylphenol polyethoxylates.

The distinction in 4 above does not completely surmount the controversy over the use of

shampoo ingredients to mitigate eye sting produced by other ingredients, or the use of the

products so formulated.

The considerations in 3 and 4 frequently result in a much greater multiplicity of surfactants being

used in individual baby shampoos than in other shampoos, and the detergency and/or foaming of

such products may be compromised thereby. The monoanionic sulfonated surfactants and

viscosity-increasing or foam stabilizing alkanolamides seen so frequently in other shampoos are

much less common in the better baby shampoos.

Animal

Shampoo intended for animals may contain insecticides or other medications for treatment of skin

conditions or parasite infestations such as fleas or mange. These must never be used on

humans. It is equally important to note that while some human shampoos may be harmful when

used on animals, any human hair care products that contain active ingredients/drugs (such as

zinc in anti-dandruff shampoos) are potentially toxic when ingested by animals. Special care must

7

Page 8: Preparation of Shampoo

document.doc

be taken not to use those products on pets. Cats are at particular risk due to their instinctive

method of grooming their fur with their tongues.

Shampoos that are especially designed to be used on pets, commonly dogs and cats, are

normally intended to do more than just clean the pet's coat or skin. Most of these shampoos

contain ingredients which act differently and are meant to treat a skin condition, an allergy or to

fight against fleas.

The main ingredients contained by pet shampoos can be grouped in insecticidals, antiseborrheic,

antibacterial, antifungals, emollients,emulsifiers and humectants. Whereas some of these

ingredients may be efficient in treating some conditions, pet owners are recommended to use

them according to their veterinarian's indications because many of them cannot be used on cats

or can harm the pet if it is misused.

Generally, insecticidal pet shampoos contain pyrethrin, pyrethroids (such as permethrin and

which may not be used on cats) and carbaryl. These ingredients are mostly found in shampoos

that are meant to fight against parasite infestations.

Antiseborrheic shampoos are those especially designed for pets with scales or those with

excessive oily coats. These shampoos are made of sulfur, salicylic acid, refined tar (which cannot

be used on cats), selenium sulfide (cannot be used on cats) and benzoyl peroxide. All these are

meant to treat or prevent seborrhea oleosa which is a condition characterized by excess oils. Dry

scales can be prevented and treated with shampoos that contain sulfur or salicylic acid and which

can be used on both cats and dogs.

Antipruritic shampoos are intended to provide relief of itching due to conditions such as atopy and

other allergies.[15] These usually contain colloidal oatmeal, hydrocortisone, Aloe Vera, pramoxine

hydrochloride, menthol, diphenhydramine, sulfur or salicylic acid. These ingredients are aimed to

reduce the inflammation, cure the condition and ease the symptoms at the same time while

providing comfort to the pet.

Bacterial infections in pets are sometimes treated with antibacterial shampoos. They commonly

contain benzoyl peroxide, chlorhexidine,povidone iodine, triclosan, ethyl lactate, or sulfur.

Antifungal shampoos are used on pets with yeast or ringworm infections. These might contain

ingredients such as miconazole, chlorhexidine, providone iodine, ketoconazole or selenium

sulfide (which cannot be used on cats).

Emollient shampoos are efficient in adding oils to the skin and relieving the symptoms of a dry

and itchy skin. They usually contain oils such

8

Page 9: Preparation of Shampoo

document.doc

as almond, corn, cottonseed, coconut, olive, peanut,

Persia, safflower, sesame, lanolin, mineral or paraffin oil. The emollient shampoos are typically

used with emulsifiers as they help distributing the emollients. These include ingredients such

as cetyl alcohol, laureth-5, lecithin, PEG-4 dilaurate, stearic acid, stearyl alcohol, carboxylic

acid, lactic acid, urea, sodium lactate, propylene glycol, glycerin, orpolyvinylpyrrolidone.

Although some of the pet shampoos are highly effective, some others may be less effective for

some condition than another. Yet, although natural pet shampoos exist, it has been brought to

attention that some of these might cause irritation to the skin of the pet. Natural ingredients that

might be potential allergens for some pets include eucalyptus, lemon or orange extracts and tea

tree oil.[16] On the contrary, oatmeal appears to be one of the most widely skin-tolerated

ingredients that are found in pet shampoos.

Most ingredients found in a shampoo meant to be used on animals are safe for the pet as there is

a high likelihood that the pets will lick their coats, especially in the case of cats.

Pet shampoos which include fragrances, deodorants or colors may harm the skin of the pet by

causing inflammations or irritation. Shampoos that do not contain any unnatural additives are

known as hypoallergenic shampoos and are increasing in popularity.

[edit]Solid

Solid shampoos or shampoo bars use as their surfactants soaps and/or other surfactants

conveniently formulated as solids. They have the advantage of being spill-proof, and the

disadvantage of being slowly applied, needing to be dissolved in use.

[edit]Jelly/gel

Stiff, non-pourable clear gels to be squeezed from a tube were once popular forms of shampoo,

and can be produced by increasing a shampoo's viscosity. This type of shampoo cannot be

spilled, but unlike a solid, it can still be lost down the drain by sliding off wet skin or hair. As an

alternative to synthetic detergent gels, soap jelly was formerly made at home by dissolving

sodium soap in hot water before being used for shampooing or other purposes, to avoid the

problem of slow application of solid shampoos noted above.[citation needed]

[edit]Paste/cream

Shampoos in the form of pastes or creams were formerly marketed in jars or tubes. The contents

were wet but not completely dissolved. They would apply faster than solids and dissolve quickly.

Jar contents were prone to contamination by users and hence had to be very well preserved.[citation

needed]

[edit]Dry shampoo

9

Page 10: Preparation of Shampoo

document.doc

Powdered shampoos are designed to work without water. They are typically based on powders

such as starch, silca or talc, and are intended to physically absorb excess sebum from the hair

before being brushed out. Those with dark hair may prefer to use brown powders such as cocoa

or carob powder.

[edit]Antibacterial

Antibacterial shampoos are often used in veterinary medicine for various conditions,[17][18] as well

as in humans before some surgical procedures.[19][20]

10

Page 11: Preparation of Shampoo

document.doc

11

Page 12: Preparation of Shampoo

document.doc

12