Prehistory Events, Art and Architecture. Dating Conventions and Abbreviations B.C.=before Christ...
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Transcript of Prehistory Events, Art and Architecture. Dating Conventions and Abbreviations B.C.=before Christ...
PrehistoryPrehistory
Events, Art and Events, Art and ArchitectureArchitecture
Dating Conventions and Abbreviations
B.C.=before ChristB.C.E.=before the Common Era
A.D.=Anno Domini (the year of our Lord)C.E.=Common Era
c. or ca.= circa C.=century
PrehistoryPrehistory
4,000,000 BCE – first hominids walk 4,000,000 BCE – first hominids walk upright (homo erectus)upright (homo erectus)
2,000,000 BCE – first tool making hominids 2,000,000 BCE – first tool making hominids (homo habilis)(homo habilis)
200,000 BCE – first modern humans 200,000 BCE – first modern humans appear in Africa(homo sapiens)appear in Africa(homo sapiens)
100,000 BCE – first evidence of religious 100,000 BCE – first evidence of religious practices (serious burials)practices (serious burials)
50,000 BCE – fully modern language 50,000 BCE – fully modern language appears (vocal cords in skeletal remains)appears (vocal cords in skeletal remains)
PrehistoryPrehistory 40,000 BCE – small portable stone figures first 40,000 BCE – small portable stone figures first
appear (sculptures)appear (sculptures) 35,000 – 10, 000 BCE – homo sapiens become 35,000 – 10, 000 BCE – homo sapiens become
dominant species over Neandertaldominant species over Neandertal 28,000 BCE – first known cave paintings appear 28,000 BCE – first known cave paintings appear
at Chauvet in Franceat Chauvet in France 15,000 – 10, 000 BCE – Lascaux and Altamira 15,000 – 10, 000 BCE – Lascaux and Altamira
cave paintings in France and Spain respectively cave paintings in France and Spain respectively appearappear
9000 BCE – animals begin to be domesticated9000 BCE – animals begin to be domesticated 8000 BCE – agriculture and animals domesticated 8000 BCE – agriculture and animals domesticated
cause the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution cause the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution
PrehistoryPrehistory 9000-7500 BCE – Jericho develops as 9000-7500 BCE – Jericho develops as
world’s oldest continuously inhabited cityworld’s oldest continuously inhabited city 7000 BCE – Pottery develops7000 BCE – Pottery develops 3300 BCE – earliest writing develops in 3300 BCE – earliest writing develops in
Mesopotamia (Sumer) – ends prehistoric Mesopotamia (Sumer) – ends prehistoric period begins historic period period begins historic period
3000 BCE – Bronze Age begins in 3000 BCE – Bronze Age begins in MesopotamiaMesopotamia
2300 BCE – by this point most cultures 2300 BCE – by this point most cultures have moved into the Bronze Age – end of have moved into the Bronze Age – end of Stone AgeStone Age
Three Eras of PrehistoryThree Eras of Prehistory
Paleolithic – Old Stone Age – 40,000 – Paleolithic – Old Stone Age – 40,000 – 10, 000 BCE10, 000 BCE
Mesolithic – Middle Stone Age – Mesolithic – Middle Stone Age – 10,000 – 8,000 BCE10,000 – 8,000 BCE
Neolithic – New Stone Age – 8,000 – Neolithic – New Stone Age – 8,000 – 2,300 BCE2,300 BCE
Megalithic Monument TypesMegalithic Monument Types
Menhirs – simplest Menhirs – simplest megalithic form, megalithic form, upright slabs that upright slabs that served as grave served as grave markers, parts of markers, parts of circles or made circles or made patterns.patterns.
Megalithic Monument TypesMegalithic Monument Types
Dolmen – two Dolmen – two upright slabs with upright slabs with one single slab one single slab placed on top; placed on top; used as houses of used as houses of the dead, for stone the dead, for stone circles and for circles and for tombs.tombs.
This is an example This is an example of post and lintel of post and lintel architecturearchitecture
Megalithic Monument TypesMegalithic Monument Types
Cromlech – either Cromlech – either menhirs or menhirs or dolmens set up dolmens set up into a circular into a circular pattern; used as pattern; used as calendars, tombs calendars, tombs and for ritual and for ritual religious religious ceremonies. ceremonies.
Paleolithic Art CharacteristicsPaleolithic Art Characteristics
Tends to be more realistic rather Tends to be more realistic rather than abstractthan abstract
Sculptures are usually small and Sculptures are usually small and portableportable
Humans rarely depictedHumans rarely depicted Focus on natural not spiritual worldFocus on natural not spiritual world
Neolithic Art CharacteristicsNeolithic Art Characteristics
Tends to be more abstract than Tends to be more abstract than realisticrealistic
Architecture developsArchitecture develops Art for utilitarian purposesArt for utilitarian purposes Humans depicted frequentlyHumans depicted frequently More focus on the spiritual aspects of More focus on the spiritual aspects of
lifelife
River Valley CivilizationsRiver Valley Civilizations
Tigris and Euphrates River Valley – Tigris and Euphrates River Valley – Mesopotamian CivilizationMesopotamian Civilization
Nile River Valley – Egyptian Nile River Valley – Egyptian CivilizationCivilization
Indus River Valley – Indian Indus River Valley – Indian CivilizationCivilization
Yang Tze (Yellow) River Valley – Yang Tze (Yellow) River Valley – Chinese CivilizationChinese Civilization
Prehistoric ArtPrehistoric Art
How the Art Work Slides LookHow the Art Work Slides Look
TitleTitle Date createdDate created City created inCity created in Style (Painting, etc)Style (Painting, etc) Artist (if applicable)Artist (if applicable) Important Important
InformationInformation
Art WorksArt Works
Pebble resembling Pebble resembling a human facea human face
ca. 3,000,000 B.C.E.ca. 3,000,000 B.C.E. Makaspansgat South Makaspansgat South
AfricaAfrica SculptureSculpture approximately 2 3/8 approximately 2 3/8
in. widein. wide First art objectFirst art object
PrehistoryPrehistory
Chauvet Cave Chauvet Cave PanoramaPanorama
28,000 BCE28,000 BCE Chauvet, FranceChauvet, France Oldest known Oldest known
paintings paintings Found deep inside Found deep inside
cavecave Religious RitualsReligious Rituals EducationEducation
Chauvet Cave paintings
Chauvet CaveChauvet Cave
PrehistoryPrehistory
Hall of the BullsHall of the Bulls 15,000 – 10, 000 BCE15,000 – 10, 000 BCE Lascaux, FranceLascaux, France PaintingPainting Realistic portrayal of animals – hunting aid, education or Realistic portrayal of animals – hunting aid, education or
ritual useritual use
LascauxLascaux
Bird headed manBird headed man Chinese HorseChinese Horse
Pech-Merle Cave paintings
22,000 BCE
Lot, France
Painting
pigment on stoneUse of natural features to create the art
PrehistoryPrehistory
Two BisonTwo Bison 13,000 BCE13,000 BCE Ariege, FranceAriege, France Relief SculptureRelief Sculpture As with painting, As with painting,
animals were the main animals were the main theme in prehistoric theme in prehistoric sculpturesculpture
Carved right from the Carved right from the clay of the cave itselfclay of the cave itself
Note the detailNote the detail
Human with Feline Head
ca. 30,000-28,000 B.C.E.
Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany
Sculpture
11 5/8 in. high
Shaman/ Witch-doctor figure
PrehistoryPrehistory
Wounded BisonWounded Bison 15,000 – 10,000 15,000 – 10,000
BCEBCE Altamira, SpainAltamira, Spain Bison in middle is Bison in middle is
hurt by arrowhurt by arrow Realism portrayedRealism portrayed 1 of 3 great cave 1 of 3 great cave
painting sitespainting sites
New finds 2009New finds 2009 Venus of Hohle FelsVenus of Hohle Fels 38,000 – 33,000 BCE38,000 – 33,000 BCE Hohle Fels, GermanyHohle Fels, Germany SculptureSculpture Changes the dates of Changes the dates of
earliest human forms by earliest human forms by 10,000 years10,000 years
Enlarged breasts, detailed Enlarged breasts, detailed genitalia suggest fertility genitalia suggest fertility symbolsymbol
Made of mammoth ivory; Made of mammoth ivory; scratches across body could scratches across body could represent clothingrepresent clothing
No head just a hook to No head just a hook to possibly hang/wear as a possibly hang/wear as a charmcharm
Prehistoric ArtPrehistoric Art
Venus of WillendorfVenus of Willendorf 25,000-20,000 BC25,000-20,000 BC Willendorf, AustriaWillendorf, Austria SculptureSculpture Was considered the Was considered the
earliest depiction of earliest depiction of human figure until human figure until 20092009
Symbolizes fertilitySymbolizes fertility Only 4 inches tall – Only 4 inches tall –
served as charmserved as charm
Venus of LausselVenus of Laussel
Woman Holding Woman Holding Animal HornAnimal Horn
30,000 BCE30,000 BCE Laussel, FranceLaussel, France Relief sculptureRelief sculpture Similar to Similar to
Willendorf in Willendorf in style style
Various European “Venus” figures
PrehistoryPrehistory
Herd crossing river, Herd crossing river, hunters with bows & hunters with bows & arrowsarrows
8,000 – 3,000 BCE8,000 – 3,000 BCE Valtorta Gorge, SpainValtorta Gorge, Spain PaintingPainting Neolithic art portrayed Neolithic art portrayed
more interaction more interaction between men and their between men and their environmentenvironment
Not deep inside caves Not deep inside caves any longerany longer
Mammoth bone dwelling
ca. 16,000-10,000 B.C.E.
Ukraine
Architecture
First individual architectural dwelling
Mammoth Bone House - Mammoth Bone House - UkraineUkraine
Prehistoric ArtPrehistoric Art
NewgrangeNewgrange C. 3000-2500 BCEC. 3000-2500 BCE Newgrange, IrelandNewgrange, Ireland ArchitectureArchitecture Originally a stone Originally a stone
circle, now a tombcircle, now a tomb Calendar to tell Calendar to tell
equinoxes and equinoxes and solsticessolstices
Prehistoric ArtPrehistoric Art
StonehengeStonehenge 2950 BCE2950 BCE Salisbury Plain, Salisbury Plain,
EnglandEngland ArchitectureArchitecture Used as calendarUsed as calendar Most significant Most significant
stone circle in stone circle in Europe; used in Europe; used in ritual sacrifices for ritual sacrifices for sun cultsun cult
Prehistoric ArtPrehistoric Art
Figures of Man and Woman
ca. 4,000-3,500 B.C.E.
Cernavoda, Romania
Pottery/sculpture
Possibly married couple?
Great Stone Tower of Settlement Wall
ca. 8,000-7,000 B.C.E.
Jericho, Israel/Palestine
Architecture
Jericho is the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world
Human Skulls with Restored Features
ca. 7,000-6,000 B.C.E.
Jericho, Israel/Palestine
Sculpture
Skulls, plaster, shells
Possible ancestor worship – or ward off evil
Catal HuyokCatal Huyok
Landscape with Volcanic Eruption
ca. 6150
Çatal Höyük, Turkey
watercolor copy of a wall painting
Oldest portrayal of a natural disaster
May be oldest city in the world
Prehistoric ArtPrehistoric Art
The EndThe End Next lecture: Ancient Near EastNext lecture: Ancient Near East