Prediction of Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock using ...

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TUNNEL & UNDERGROUND SPACE Vol.30, No.3, 2020, pp.214-225 https://doi.org/10.7474/TUS.2020.30.3.214 ISSN: 1225-1275(Print) ISSN: 2287-1748(Online) ORIGINAL ARTICLE ์‰ด๋“œ TBM ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์•”์„์˜ ์ผ์ถ•์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊น€ํƒœํ™˜ 1 , ๊ณ ํƒœ์˜ 1* , ๋ฐ•์–‘์ˆ˜ 2 , ๊น€ํƒ๊ณค 3 , ์ด๋Œ€ํ˜ 4 1 SK๊ฑด์„ค Infra OMํ˜์‹  TF ํ”„๋กœ, 2 SK๊ฑด์„ค Infra OMํ˜์‹  TF์žฅ, 3 SK๊ฑด์„ค TBMํŒ€์žฅ, 4 SK๊ฑด์„ค ์ƒ๋ฌด Prediction of Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock using Shield TBM Machine Data and Machine Learning Technique Tae-Hwan Kim 1 , Tae Young Ko 1* , Yang Soo Park 2 , Taek Kon Kim 3 , and Dae Hyuk Lee 4 1 PRO, SK Engineering and Construction Infra OM Innovation TF 2 Leader, SK Engineering and Construction Infra OM Innovation TF 3 Leader, SK Engineering and Construction TBM Team 4 Vice President, SK Engineering and Construction *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Received: June 8, 2020 Revised: June 19, 2020 Accepted: June 22, 2020 Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rock is one of the important factors to determine the advance speed during shield TBM tunnel excavation. UCS can be obtained through the Geotechnical Data Report (GDR), and it is difficult to measure UCS for all tunneling alignment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to predict UCS by utilizing TBM machine driving data and machine learning technique. Several machine learning techniques were compared to predict UCS, and it was confirmed the stacking model has the most successful prediction performance. TBM machine data and UCS used in the analysis were obtained from the excavation of rock strata with slurry shield TBMs. The data were divided into 8:2 for training and test and pre-processed including feature selection, scaling, and outlier removal. After completing the hyper-parameter tuning, the stacking model was evaluated with the root-mean-square error (RMSE) and the determination coefficient (R 2 ), and it was found to be 5.556 and 0.943, respectively. Based on the results, the sacking models are considered useful in predicting rock strength with TBM excavation data. Keywords: Shield TBM, UCS, Machine learning, Regression analysis, Prediction model ์ดˆ๋ก ์‰ด๋“œ TBM(Tunnel Boring Machine) ํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ตด์ฐฉ ์‹œ ์•”๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ๊ตด์ง„ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์•”์„ ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐ˜์กฐ์‚ฌ ์‹œ ์‹ค๋‚ด์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ „์ฒด TBM ๊ตด์ง„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. TBM ๊ตด์ง„ ์‹œ ์ตœ์  Operation Parameter๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ตด์ง„ ์†๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์•”์„ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” TBM ๊ตด์ฐฉ ์ค‘ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๋จธ ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹(Machine Learning) ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•”์„ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•”์„ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์ข‹์€ ์Šคํƒœํ‚น ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•˜ ์˜€๋‹ค. ์•”๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ Slurry ์‰ด๋“œ TBM ๊ตด์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ ์ง€๋ฐ˜์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ณต ์ค‘ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ์•”์„ ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ์˜ TBM ๊ตด์ฐฉ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. TBM ๊ตด์ฐฉ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” Training๊ณผ Test์šฉ์œผ๋กœ 8:2๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•˜ ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์„ ํƒ(feature selection), ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”(scaling), ์ด์ƒ์น˜(outlier) ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋“ฑ ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜ โ’ธ The Korean Society for Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 2020. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attrib- ution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Transcript of Prediction of Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock using ...

Page 1: Prediction of Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock using ...

TUNNEL & UNDERGROUND SPACE Vol.30, No.3, 2020, pp.214-225

https://doi.org/10.7474/TUS.2020.30.3.214 ISSN: 1225-1275(Print) ISSN: 2287-1748(Online)

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

์‰ด๋“œ TBM ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์•”์„์˜ ์ผ์ถ•์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๊น€ํƒœํ™˜1, ๊ณ ํƒœ์˜1*, ๋ฐ•์–‘์ˆ˜2, ๊น€ํƒ๊ณค3, ์ด๋Œ€ํ˜4

1SK๊ฑด์„ค Infra OMํ˜์‹  TF ํ”„๋กœ, 2SK๊ฑด์„ค Infra OMํ˜์‹  TF์žฅ, 3SK๊ฑด์„ค TBMํŒ€์žฅ, 4SK๊ฑด์„ค ์ƒ๋ฌด

Prediction of Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock using Shield

TBM Machine Data and Machine Learning Technique

Tae-Hwan Kim1, Tae Young Ko1*, Yang Soo Park2, Taek Kon Kim3, and Dae Hyuk Lee4

1PRO, SK Engineering and Construction Infra OM Innovation TF2Leader, SK Engineering and Construction Infra OM Innovation TF3Leader, SK Engineering and Construction TBM Team 4Vice President, SK Engineering and Construction

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Received: June 8, 2020

Revised: June 19, 2020

Accepted: June 22, 2020

Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rock is one of the important factors to determine the

advance speed during shield TBM tunnel excavation. UCS can be obtained through the

Geotechnical Data Report (GDR), and it is difficult to measure UCS for all tunneling

alignment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to predict UCS by utilizing TBM machine

driving data and machine learning technique. Several machine learning techniques were

compared to predict UCS, and it was confirmed the stacking model has the most successful

prediction performance. TBM machine data and UCS used in the analysis were obtained from

the excavation of rock strata with slurry shield TBMs. The data were divided into 8:2 for

training and test and pre-processed including feature selection, scaling, and outlier removal.

After completing the hyper-parameter tuning, the stacking model was evaluated with the

root-mean-square error (RMSE) and the determination coefficient (R2), and it was found to be

5.556 and 0.943, respectively. Based on the results, the sacking models are considered useful

in predicting rock strength with TBM excavation data.

Keywords: Shield TBM, UCS, Machine learning, Regression analysis, Prediction model

์ดˆ๋ก

์‰ด๋“œ TBM(Tunnel Boring Machine) ํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ตด์ฐฉ ์‹œ ์•”๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ๊ตด์ง„ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘

ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์•”์„ ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐ˜์กฐ์‚ฌ ์‹œ ์‹ค๋‚ด์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ „์ฒด TBM ๊ตด์ง„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋‘

์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. TBM ๊ตด์ง„ ์‹œ ์ตœ์  Operation Parameter๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ตด์ง„ ์†๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”

์•”์„ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” TBM ๊ตด์ฐฉ ์ค‘ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๋จธ

์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹(Machine Learning) ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•”์„ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•”์„ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด

์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์ข‹์€ ์Šคํƒœํ‚น ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•˜

์˜€๋‹ค. ์•”๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ Slurry ์‰ด๋“œ TBM ๊ตด์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ ์ง€๋ฐ˜์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ณต ์ค‘ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ์•”์„ ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•œ

์œ„์น˜์—์„œ์˜ TBM ๊ตด์ฐฉ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. TBM ๊ตด์ฐฉ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” Training๊ณผ Test์šฉ์œผ๋กœ 8:2๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•˜

์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์„ ํƒ(feature selection), ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”(scaling), ์ด์ƒ์น˜(outlier) ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋“ฑ ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜

โ’ธ The Korean Society for Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 2020. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attrib-ution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Page 2: Prediction of Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock using ...

Prediction of Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock using Shield TBM Machine Data and Machine Learning Technique โˆ™ 215

TUNNEL & UNDERGROUND SPACE Vol. 30, No. 3, 2020

1. ์„œ ๋ก 

์‰ด๋“œ TBM(Tunnel Boring Machine)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ตด์ฐฉ ๊ณต์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ตด์ง„์„ฑ๋Šฅ(Performance)์€ ์ „์ฒด TBM ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋น„ ์˜ˆ์ธก์—

์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ TBM์˜ ๊ตด์ง„์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ง€

ํ‘œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ด€์ž…์œจ(Penetration Rate, PR)๊ณผ ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ด€์ž… ์ง€์ˆ˜(Field Penetration Index, FPI)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตด์ง„์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ

๋ธ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋””์Šคํฌ ์ปคํ„ฐ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ CSM ๋ชจ๋ธ(Rostami and Ozdemir, 1993, Rostami, 1997)๊ณผ TBM

ํ˜„์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ ์ธ NTNU ๋ชจ๋ธ(Bruland, 1998, Macias, 2016)์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ Gehring(Gehring, 1995),

QTBM(Barton, 1999), RME(Bieniawski et al., 2006) ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๊ตด์ง„์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด Lee et al. (2016)์€

26๊ฐœ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ธ์ž ์„ ์ •๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•œํŽธ, ์‰ด๋“œ TBM์˜ ๊ตด์ง„์„ฑ๋Šฅ์€ TBM ์žฅ๋น„์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ, ์šด์ „์ž(Operator)์˜ ์ˆ™๋ จ๋„, ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„, ํ•„์š” ์ž์žฌ ์ ์‹œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰, ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ

๋“ฑ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ตด์ฐฉ ์•”๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€๋ฐ˜์กฐ๊ฑด์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. Lee et al.(2016)๋Š” TBM ๊ตด์ง„์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ชจ

๋ธ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ์š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ธ์ž์˜ ์ ์šฉ ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์œ„ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์ธ์ž๋กœ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ Table 1

๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋นˆ๋„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ธ์ž๋Š” ์•”์„์˜ ์ผ์ถ•์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„(Uniaxial Compressive Strength, UCS)์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด

UCS๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ธ์ž์ž„๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ์‹ค๋ฌด์ž๊ฐ€ ํš๋“ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์ธ์ž๋กœ ๊ทธ ํ™œ์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์Œ์„ ์œ ์ถ”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, UCS๋Š”

๊ตด์ง„ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ง“๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€๋ฐ˜์กฐ์‚ฌ ์‹œ ์‹ค๋‚ด์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ „์ฒด TBM ๊ตด์ง„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชจ

๋‘ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” TBM ๊ตด์ฐฉ ์ค‘ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ(Regression model)์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹

(Machine Learning) ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตด์ง„ ์ค‘ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ตด์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ UCS๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด TBM์˜ ์•”๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๊ตด์ฐฉ ์‹œ ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ์žฅ๋น„ ์ œ์–ด์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ , ๊ตด์ง„์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž๋™ ์šด์ „ ์ œ

์–ด(Auto Steering) ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ์— ์œ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

Table 1. Frequency of input parameter for TBM performance prediction (Lee et al., 2016)

Rank Input parameters Frequency

1 UCS : Uniaxial compressive strength 24

2 Js : Joint spacing(=Distance between plane of weakness) 13

3 ฮฑ : Angle between plane of weakness and TBM-driven direction 11

4 Bi : Brittleness index 10

5 RQD : Rock quality designation 6

์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ดํผํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ํŠœ๋‹๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งˆ์นœ ํ›„, ์Šคํƒœํ‚น ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ‰๊ท  ์ œ๊ณฑ๊ทผ ์˜ค์ฐจ(Root Mean Square

Error, RMSE)์™€ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜(R2)๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 5.556๊ณผ 0.943๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, TBM ๊ตด์ฐฉ ๋ฐ

์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ์•”์„ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์œ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

ํ•ต์‹ฌ์–ด: ์‰ด๋“œ TBM, ์ผ์ถ•์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„, ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹, ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„, ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ชจ๋ธ

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216 โˆ™ Tae-Hwan Kim, Tae Young Ko, Yang Soo Park, Taek Kon Kim, and Dae Hyuk Lee

TUNNEL & UNDERGROUND SPACE Vol. 30, No. 3, 2020

2. ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์ด๋ก 

2.1 ์ผ์ถ•์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„(UCS)์™€ ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ด€์ž… ์ง€์ˆ˜(FPI)

์ง€๋ฐ˜์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์‹œ์ถ”(Boring)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” UCS๋Š” ํ„ฐ๋„์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ณต์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ธ์ž ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค.

์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ์‰ด๋“œ TBM ๊ตด์ง„ ์‹œ ์•”๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ๊ตด์ง„ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ง€๋ฐ˜์กฐ์‚ฌ ์‹œ ์ œํ•œ์ ์œผ๋กœ UCS๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š”

ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹œ์ถ”๊ณต ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•”๋ฐ˜ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ ๋˜ํ•œ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

์‰ด๋“œ TBM ๊ตด์ง„์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์•”๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์žˆ์Œ์€ ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ด€์ž… ์ง€์ˆ˜(Field Penetration Index, FPI)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. FPI๋Š”

์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•”๋ฐ˜์—์„œ ์ ˆ์‚ญ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์‰ด๋“œ TBM์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜ ์‹ (1)์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ๊ตด์ง„ ์ถ”๋ ฅ๊ณผ

TBM ์ปคํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ž…์œจ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ, Fn์€ TBM ์ปคํ„ฐ ๋‹น ์ถ”๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ kN/cutter ์ด๊ณ , Prev๋Š” ์ปคํ„ฐ ํšŒ์ „๋‹น ๊ด€์ž…

๊นŠ์ด๋กœ mm/revํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋ฉฐ, FPI๋Š” Fn์„ Prev์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ (kN/cutters)/(mm/rev)๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(1)

Hamidi and Bejari(2013)๊ฐ€ ์•”๋ฐ˜๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฒ•์ธ RMR ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธ์ž ์ค‘ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ธ ์ผ์ถ•์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„, ์•”์งˆ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜

(RDQ), ์ ˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ, ์ ˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ, ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด FPI์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” Table 2์™€ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉฐ, UCS๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ž๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’์€

์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•„๋ž˜ Fig. 1์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด FPI์™€ ์„ ํ˜• ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์•”๋ฐ˜

์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ์‰ด๋“œ TBM ๊ตด์ง„์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Table 2. Correlation of FPI with RMR input parameters (Hamidi and Bejari, 2013)

RMR five input parameters R2 value

1 UCS 0.70

2 Joint spacing 0.62

3 RQD 0.59

4 Partial rating of joint conditions 0.45

5 Partial rating of groundwater conditions 0.04

Fig. 1. Corrleation between FPI and UCS (Hamidi and Bejari, 2013)

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Prediction of Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock using Shield TBM Machine Data and Machine Learning Technique โˆ™ 217

TUNNEL & UNDERGROUND SPACE Vol. 30, No. 3, 2020

2.2 ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹(Machine Learning)

์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹(Machine Learning) ๋ฐ ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹(Deep Learning)์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•™์ˆ ์ 

์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์€ ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์€ ์ง€๋„ํ•™์Šต(Supervised Learning), ๋น„์ง€๋„ํ•™์Šต(Unsupervised Learning)๊ณผ

๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•™์Šต(Reinforcement Learning) 3 ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋„ํ•™์Šต์€

์ž…๋ ฅ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผ๊ณ  ํ•™์Šต์„ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์“ฐ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€๋„ํ•™์Šต์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ„

์•ผ์ธ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹(Deep Learning)์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ธ”๋ž™๋ฐ•์Šค(Black box) ํ˜•ํƒœ

๋ผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋„์ถœ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ถ”ํ›„ TBM ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”

๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜์–ด ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจ๋ธ

์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ต ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋žต์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ Table 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

Table 3. Summary of the machine learning models used in this study

Regression Model Model type description

1 Linear Multiple Linear

2 Ridge L2 Regularization

3 Lasso L1 Regularization

4 Mixed 1 Mixed Model (Multiple Linear, Ridge, Lasso)

5 SVM (Support Vector Machine) Support Vector Regression (RBF Kernel)

6 XGBoost (eXtra Gradient Boosting) Ensemble learning - Boosting

7 LightGBM (Light Gradient Boosting Machine) Ensemble learning - Boosting

8 Mixed 2 Mixed Model (SVM, XGBoost, LightGBM)

9 Stacking Meta ModelEnsemble learning - Stacking

Sub Model (Linear, Ridge, Lasso, SVR, XGBoost, LightGBM)

2.2.1 ๊ทœ์ œ(Regularization) ๋ชจ๋ธ

์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๋น„์šฉ ํ•จ์ˆ˜(Cost function)๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ’์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ธ ์ž”์ฐจ ์ œ๊ณฑํ•ฉ(Residual Sum of Squares, RSS)

์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋งž์ถ”๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ํšŒ๊ท€ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ปค์ ธ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด ์‹ฌํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์˜ˆ

์ธก ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋น„์šฉ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋Š” RSS ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ ํ•ฉ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํšŒ๊ท€ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ’์ด ์ปค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„์šฉ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์— alpha๋ผ๋Š” ํŠœ๋‹ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋กœ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•ด ํšŒ๊ท€ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ’์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ

์ผœ ๊ณผ์ ํ•ฉ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ทœ์ œ(Regularization)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทœ์ œ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ L2์™€ L1์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ Ridge์™€ Lasso ํšŒ๊ท€

๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด alpha๊ฐ’์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ UCS๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2.2.2 ์„œํฌํŠธ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ๋จธ์‹ (Support Vector Machine, SVM)

SVM์€ Cortes and Vapnik (1995)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋œ ์ดํ›„ ์•™์ƒ๋ธ”์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์ด ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์ธ๊ธฐ

๋ฅผ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ปค๋„ ํ•จ์ˆ˜(Kernel function)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ณ ์ฐจ์› ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์‚ฌ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ ๋’ค ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ปค๋„

ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์—๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ Polynomial, Sigmoid, RBF(Radial Basis Function)์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. SVM์€ ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฌธ์ œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์—

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์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž„์˜์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ’์„ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ฮต-๋ฌด๊ฐ๋„ ์†์‹คํ•จ์ˆ˜(ฮต-insensitive loss function)๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—๋„ ์ 

์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ SVR(Support Vector Regression)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค(Vapnik et al., 1996). ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๋‹ค

๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ RBF ์ปค๋„ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ UCS๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2.2.3 ์•™์ƒ๋ธ” ํ•™์Šต(Ensemble learning) ๋ชจ๋ธ

์•™์ƒ๋ธ” ํ•™์Šต์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ตœ์ข… ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์•™์ƒ๋ธ” ํ•™์Šต์˜ ์œ 

ํ˜•์€ ๋ณดํŒ…(Voting), ๋ฐฐ๊น…(Bagging), ๋ถ€์ŠคํŒ…(Boosting)์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ์Šคํƒœํ‚น(Stacking)์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ

์•™์ƒ๋ธ” ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์ŠคํŒ…์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™์Šต์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋˜, ์•ž์—์„œ ํ•™์Šตํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ

์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋‹ค์Œ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ธฐ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜(weight)๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ธก ์„ฑ

๋Šฅ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜ ์•™์ƒ๋ธ” ํ•™์Šต์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ GBM(Gradient Boosting Machine), XGBoost(eXtra Gradient

Boosting), LightGBM(Light Gradient Boosting Machine)์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํƒœํ‚น์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„œ๋ธŒ ๋ชจ๋ธ(Sub model)์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

๊ฐ’์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ ๋ชจ๋ธ(Meta model)๋กœ ์žฌํ•™์Šต์‹œ์ผœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์•™์ƒ๋ธ” ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ

๋„ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜ˆ์ธก ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์ข‹์•„ ์•™์ƒ๋ธ” ํ•™์Šต์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”

XGBoost, LightGBM์™€ ์Šคํƒœํ‚น ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, Table 2์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด, ์Šคํƒœํ‚น์˜ ์„œ๋ธŒ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ๋Š” Multiple Linear,

Ridge, Lasso, SVR, XGBoost, LightGBM์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ

3.1 ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ slurry ์‰ด๋“œ TBM ํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋žต์ ์ธ ์ง€์งˆ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” Fig. 2์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ํ„ฐ๋„ ํ†ต๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ™”๊ฐ•์•”์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด

์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ตฌ์—ญ A, B์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์ผ ์‚ฌ์–‘์˜ slurry ์‰ด๋“œ TBM 2๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‰ด๋“œ TBM์˜ ์ œ์›์€ Table 4์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

Fig. 2. Geological strata of the TBM tunneling site

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Table 4. Summary of slurry TBM specification

TBM type Slurry

TBM outside diameter (mm) 6,900

TBM length (mm) 11,650

Max. shield jack thrust force (kN) 51,200 (1,600 ร— 32 shield jack)

Max. cutterhead torque (kN๏ฝฅm) 6,250

Max. RPM 6

๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ A๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์—ฐ์žฅ 3.16 km์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด ์ค‘ ํ™”๊ฐ•์•” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ 2.72 km์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ B๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์—ฐ์žฅ 2.23 km ์ค‘ ํ™”๊ฐ•์•” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ 2.21 km์ด

๋‹ค. ํ† ํ”ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋žต 30 ~ 60 m ์‚ฌ์ด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜์œ„๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜ 5 m๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์••์€ 4 ~ 6 bar ์‚ฌ์ด์ด๋‹ค.

์‰ด๋“œ TBM์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์‰ด๋“œ TBM ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ค‘

์•ฝ 5๋ถ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋กœ๊ทธ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ์‹œ์—๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ TBM์ด ๊ตฌ๋™๋ชจ๋“œ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ

์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. UCS ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ ๋ง์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋งŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1๋ง์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” 1.4 m์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์–ป

์–ด์ง„ ์ด 40๊ฐœ์˜ UCS ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ 1๋ง์„ ๊ตด์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์€ UCS๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜

ํ•œ, ๊ตด์ฐฉ ๊ตฌ์—ญ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ™”๊ฐ•์•” ์•”๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด์ง€๋งŒ Table 5์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด, UCS๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 127.1 MPa๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ

๋กœ 85 MPa์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Table 5. Summary of uniaxial compressive strength data

Tunnel section

UCS

Number of UCS dataValeu of UCS (MPa)

Min Max Average

A 23 17.2 144.3 85.0

B 17 44.0 115.1 85.1

3.2 ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ํšŒ๊ท€๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ

๋ณธ ์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•”๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ํ„ฐ๋„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ UCS๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์˜ ์ง€๋„ํ•™์Šต ๊ธฐ

๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, Python 3.7 ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„

๋„๋Š” Fig. 3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ์•ž์„œ 3.1์ ˆ์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ํ›„, ๋ถ„์„์šฉ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์šฉ ๋ฐ์ด

ํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 8:2์˜ ๋น„์œจ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Test์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ ์‹ค์ธก UCS๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ธก UCS์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ด๋‹ค.

๋‘˜์งธ, ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ(Preprocessing) ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒ์ดํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š”

์•ฝ 2000๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” TBM ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ Table 6์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด, 5๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์žฌ TBM์˜ ์ƒ

ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ์ž๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ํŠน์ง•(Feature)๊ณผ UCS์™€์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Fig. 4์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ

์ ์ธ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ถ”๋ ฅ(Thrust force)์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์•”์„ ๊ฐ•๋„

๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ถ”๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•”์„ ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ๊ตด์ง„ ์†๋„(Advance speed)๋Š” ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ

๋ณด์•„ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ์•”๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตด์ง„ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ ์ถ”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ์€ 4์ ˆ ๋‹ค์ค‘์„ ํ˜•ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„

์‹œ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

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Fig. 3. Flow chart of the machine learning regression analysis

Fig. 4. Correlation analysis results with TBM features and UCS

์ด์ƒ์น˜(Outlier)๋Š” ์ฒซ์งธ TBM ์žฅ๋น„ ์ƒ์„ธ ์‚ฌ์–‘์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ TBM์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ผ์„œ์˜ ์ด์ƒ

์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋กœ๊น…๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ’๋“ค์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ’๋“ค์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ์„ ๋–จ์–ดํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ๋กœ

Table 6์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ƒ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์น˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ํ›„ ํ‰๊ท  0, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ 1๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ’์˜ ์Šค์ผ€

์ผ์„ ํ†ต์ผ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”(Standardization)๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํŠน์ง• ๊ฐ„ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ

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Prediction of Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock using Shield TBM Machine Data and Machine Learning Technique โˆ™ 221

TUNNEL & UNDERGROUND SPACE Vol. 30, No. 3, 2020

๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ชจ๋ธ ํ•™์Šต(Model learning)๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” Table 3์˜ 9๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•™์Šต์„ ์‹œํ‚ค๋˜, ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ณผ์ ํ•ฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ,

์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ดํผํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ํŠœ๋‹(Hyperparameter tuning)์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์ง„ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ Table 6์—

์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ดํผํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ํŠœ๋‹์€ ๊ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํˆด์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ตœ์  ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•™์ƒ๋ธ” ํ•™์Šต ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜

๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹œํ–‰์ฐฉ์˜ค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๊ฐ’

๋ณด๋‹ค ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜ค์ฐจ ๊ฐ’์— ๋ฃจํŠธ๋ฅผ ์”Œ์šฐ๋Š” RMSE(Root Mean Squared Error)์™€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜

๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณ„์ˆ˜ (R-square, R2)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Table 6. Summary of modelling details

Details

Data Splitting 8 (Training) : 2 (Test)

Feature (5) Torque, RPM, Thrust Force, Advance Speed, Face Pressure

Scaling Standardization

Outlier RemovalThreshold Value(Shield TBM Specification)

ฮผ(mean) ยฑ 5ฯƒ(Standard Deviation)

Hyperparameter Tuning

Ridge Alpha (100)

Lasso Alpha (2)

SVR RBF Kernel, C value (100), Gamma (1), Epsilon (0.1)

XGBoost N (1000), Learning Rate (0.05), Colsample_bytree(0.5), Subsample (0.8)

LightGBMN (1000), Learning Rate (0.05), Num_leaves (4), Subsample (0.6),

Colsample_bytree (0.4), Reg_lambda (10), N_jobs (-1)

Stacking Lasso (Alpha = 0.0001)

Mixed 1 Linear (0,4) + Ridge (0.3) + Lasso (0.3)

Mixed 2 SVR (0.4) + XGBoost (0.3) + LightGBM (0.3)

Model Evaluation RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error), R2 (R-square)

4. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

์•ž์„œ 3์ ˆ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ TBM ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ UCS์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ•™์Šตํ•œ 9๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ

์ „์— ๋จผ์ € ๋‹ค์ค‘์„ ํ˜•ํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. TBM์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•(Feature)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ์„

ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ™•๋ฅ (P-value)์ด 0.05๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ

๋กœ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณต์„ ์„ฑ(Multicollinearity)์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐํŒฝ์ฐฝ์š”์ธ(Variance inflation factors, VIF)

์€ 10๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘์„ ํ˜•ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ 0.0023์ด๋ฉฐ, Table 7์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, 5๊ฐœ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํŒฝ์ฐฝ์š”์ธ

์ด 10์ดํ•˜๋กœ ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณต์„ ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ์œ„๋ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ธ์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

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Table 7. Summary of the VIF factors of multiple linear regression model

Features VIF Factors

Cutter torque 1.48

RPM 1.39

Thrust Force 3.08

Advance Speed 2.04

Face Pressure 3.38

ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋œ 9๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ RMSE์™€ R2์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ Table 8๊ณผ Fig. 5์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜

๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ A์™€ B ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์•ž์„œ 3.2์ ˆ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, RMSE๋Š” ์˜ค์ฐจ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ž‘์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. Table 8์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน A๋ฅผ

๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์ค‘์„ ํ˜•, Ridge, Lasso, Mixed 1 ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ RMSE ๊ฐ’์ด 17.1 ~ 17.6 ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๋˜ํ•œ 0.5์— ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด

๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ ํ•™์Šต ์‹œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹ค์ธก Test์šฉ UCS์™€ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ UCS๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต ๋„์‹œํ™”ํ•œ Fig. 5

์˜ (a), (b), (c)๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ์ž˜ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” UCS ๊ฐ’์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ TBM์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ

๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์„ ํ˜• ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ธก์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

Table 8 ๊ทธ๋ฃน B์˜ RMSE์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ A์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์€ 5.6 ~ 8.5 ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, LightGBM์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณ„

์ˆ˜ ๋˜ํ•œ 0.9 ์ด์ƒ์ด๊ณ , Test์šฉ UCS์™€ ์˜ˆ์ธก UCS๋ฅผ ๋„์‹œํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ Fig. 5์˜ (d), (e), (f)๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ

๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฃน B ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์Šคํƒœํ‚น ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํ˜„์‹ค ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํŽธ์ด๋‚˜, ์ ์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ

์œ„ํ•ด ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์Šคํƒœํ‚น ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์ข‹์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน B์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์กฐ

๊ธˆ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šคํƒœํ‚น ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด UCS๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

Table 8. Results of regression modelling evaluation

Regression Model RMSE R2

Group A

Multiple linear 17.125 0.462

Ridge 17.096 0.464

Lasso 17.583 0.433

Mixed 1 17.142 0.461

Group B

SVM(Support Vector Machine) 6.823 0.915

XGBoost

(eXtra Gradient Boosting)5.953 0.935

LightGBM

(Light Gradient Boosting Machine)8.454 0.869

Mixed 2 6.125 0.931

Stacking Meta Model 5.556 0.943

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(a) Linear (b) Ridge

(c) Lasso (d) XGBoost

(e) Mixed 2 (f) Stacking

Fig. 5. Results of comparison between the test UCS and predicted UCS according to the regression model

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224 โˆ™ Tae-Hwan Kim, Tae Young Ko, Yang Soo Park, Taek Kon Kim, and Dae Hyuk Lee

TUNNEL & UNDERGROUND SPACE Vol. 30, No. 3, 2020

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•”๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ตด์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‰ด๋“œ TBM์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ UCS ์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ

๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ TBM ์šด์ „์ž๋Š” ์ถ”๋ ฅ ํ˜น์€ ์‰ด๋“œ ์žญ ์••๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ปคํ„ฐํ—ค๋“œ ํšŒ์ „์†๋„์ธ RPM ๋“ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”

๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ UCS๋Š” ๊ตด์ง„์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์ธ์ž์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ตด์ง„์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž๋™ ์šด์ „ ์ œ

์–ด(Auto Steering) ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ์— ์œ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‰ด๋“œ TBM ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตด์ง„์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋„์ถœ ์‹œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” UCS๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. UCS๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธก

ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์˜ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์šฉ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๋น„๊ต ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ˆ์ธก

๋ ฅ์ด ์ข‹์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์š”์•ฝ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

1) TBM ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ UCS๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ์ ์šฉ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •, ๋ชจ๋ธ ํ•™์Šต์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ

ํ‰๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์„ธํžˆ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

2) ์„ ํ˜•์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด UCS๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹ค์ธก๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ’์˜ RMSE ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 17.1~17.6๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณ„

์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 0.5 ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‰ด๋“œ TBM ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์•”์„ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์ ์ด๊ณ , ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ด€

๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

3) SVM๊ณผ ์•™์ƒ๋ธ” ํ•™์Šต์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ UCS๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹ค์ธก๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ’์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 5.6~8.5๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ , LightGBM์„

์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 0.9 ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ค‘ ์Šคํƒœํ‚น ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์„ฑ๋Šฅ

์ด ์ข‹์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

4) ์ตœ์ข… ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์Šคํƒœํ‚น ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์•”๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๊ตด์ฐฉ ์‹œ, ์‰ด๋“œ TBM ์šด์ „์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์–ด ์šด์ „ ์ œ์–ด์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๊ณ ,

UCS๋Š” ๊ตด์ง„์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์ธ์ž์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ตด์ง„์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž๋™ ์šด์ „ ์ œ์–ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—๋„ ์œ 

์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.

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