Reference Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock ...

Golder Associates Ltd. - Burnaby Lab

#300 - 3811 North Fraser WayBurnaby, B.C. Canada V5J 5J2

(1) Diagonal shear plane(s) (5) Conical

(2) Vertical fracture(s) (6) Spalling

(3) Vertical splitting (7) Other

(4) Shear along foliation / discontinuityNote: (deg) measured from core axis

No. Mass

(mm) (cm2) (cm3)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Project No.:

ASTM D7012-14 Method C

ReferenceUniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens

(deg)Type

Failure ModeRock TypesuLoad

Lab ID

Project:

Client:

Location:

Maximum StressDry

Failure Mode1412835

Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Drilling Investigation

BGC Engineering Inc.

Burnaby, BC

288

Density

(kg/m3)

SampleBorehole

(mm)(m)# #

VAHtDiaDepth W

(%)

Wet

Density

(kg/m3) (MPa)(kN)

HMM-BH-03

HMM-BH-03

HMM-BH-03

HMM-BH-03

HMM-BH-03

HMM-BH-03

(g)

22 152.52-152.80 61.74 126.53 29.94

61.25

58.75

60.38

60.14

2 16.63-16.89

4 41.14-41.37

6 49.64-49.81

8 61.46-61.65

12 87.43-87.66

16 114.35-114.61

20

HMM-BH-03

HMM-BH-03

HMM-BH-03

HMM-BH-03

HMM-BH-03

2154 29.07 10.2126.47 28.63 362.13 845.90

2323 7.35 2164 29.78 11.0125.79 27.11 341.00 792.20

2336 8.45

17.3125.83 28.00 352.35 836.70

2392 7.60 2223 43.89 15.5125.57 28.41 356.70 853.10

1013.60 2654 1.82 2607 60.00137.68-137.88 381.89 20.2

21 146.43-146.68

26 178.32-178.54 61.83 126.69 30.03

108.39 36.2

24 162.79-163.03 61.81 125.21 30.01 375.70 921.20 2452 6.22 2308 67.72 22.6

378.81 1001.80 2645 1.47 2606

73.00 24.3

380.39 988.20 2598 4.76 2480

2641 1.37 2605 267.50 90.8380.15 1004.00

2398 7.98 2221 53.62 18.5

Conglomerate

Conglomerate

Conglomerate

Conglomerate

Conglomerate

Sandstone

Sandstone

Sandstone

Sandstone

Mudstone

18

18

21

13

4

4

2

4/2

4/2

2/6

2/3

2/4

2/3

4/6 28

27

TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE

MM September 30, 2014 LP October 1,2014

Conglomerate

59.71

60.70

61.55 128.35 29.75

129.02 29.46

127.08 28.94 367.74 881.80

2375 7.94 2200 48.32

Project No.: Borehole:

Project: Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Drilling InvestigationSample Number:

Location: Burnaby, BC Depth (m):

Client: BGC Engineering Inc. Lab ID No:

Max Load (kN) Diameter (mm)

Height (mm)Stress σu (MPa) Area (cm2)

Volume (cm3)

Pace Rate (kN/s) Mass (g)

Moisture Content (%)

Lithology Wet Density (kg/m3)

Dry Density (kg/m3)

- Water content as received

Type: Mode:

(1) Diagonal shear plane(s)

Degrees:* (2) Vertical fracture(s)

(3) Vertical splitting

(4) Shear along foliation /discontinuity

(5) Conical

* Degrees measured with respect to (6) Spalling

core axis. (7) Other

1412835

AFTER TEST

BEFORE TEST

Sandstone

11.0 27.11

341.00

792.20

4

18

* The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report

constitutes a testing service only. Interpretation of the data given here may be

provided upon request.

Notes

2323.18

2164.11

Comments





29.78

1.25

125.79

Failure Mode

Testing Results Sample Measurements

58.75

7.35

288

16.63-16.89

2

HMM-BH-03

Golder Associates Ltd. - Burnaby Lab #300 - 3811 North Fraser Way Burnaby, B.C. Canada V5J 5J2

\\golder.gds\gal\Burnaby\Active\_2014\1417\1412835 BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\BGC UCS







Volume (cm3)




Dry Density (kg/m3)


Type: Mode:





(5) Conical



1412835 HMM-BH-03

288

41.14-41.37

BEFORE TEST


Comments




AFTER TEST


18

28.63

362.13

1.25 845.90

8.45

4

Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core SpecimensReference



29.07 60.38

126.47

10.2

Sandstone 2335.91

2153.92

Failure Mode Notes

4









Volume (cm3)




Dry Density (kg/m3)


Type: Mode:





(5) Conical



1412835 HMM-BH-03

288

49.64-49.81

BEFORE TEST


Comments




AFTER TEST


28.41

356.70

1.25 853.10

7.60

2




43.89 60.14

125.57

15.5

Sandstone 2391.65

2222.68

Failure Mode Notes

6









Volume (cm3)




Dry Density (kg/m3)


Type: Mode:





(5) Conical



1412835 HMM-BH-03

288

61.46-61.65

BEFORE TEST


Comments




AFTER TEST


21

28.00

352.35

1.25 836.70

7.94

4/2




48.32 59.71

125.83

17.3

Sandstone 2374.66

2199.96

Failure Mode Notes

8









Volume (cm3)




Dry Density (kg/m3)


Type: Mode:





(5) Conical



1412835 HMM-BH-03

288

87.43-87.66

BEFORE TEST


Comments




AFTER TEST


13

28.94

367.74

1.25 881.80

7.98

4/2




53.62 60.70

127.08

18.5

Mudstone 2397.87

2220.70

Failure Mode Notes

12









Volume (cm3)




Dry Density (kg/m3)


Type: Mode:





(5) Conical



1412835 HMM-BH-03

288

114.35-114.61

BEFORE TEST


Comments




AFTER TEST


29.46

380.15

1.25 1004.00

1.37

2/6




267.50 61.25

129.02

90.8

Conglomerate 2641.04

2605.31

Failure Mode Notes

16









Volume (cm3)




Dry Density (kg/m3)


Type: Mode:





(5) Conical



1412835 HMM-BH-03

288

137.68-137.88

BEFORE TEST


Comments




AFTER TEST


29.75

381.89

1.25 1013.60

1.82

2/3




60.00 61.55

128.35

20.2


2606.74

Failure Mode Notes

20









Volume (cm3)




Dry Density (kg/m3)


Type: Mode:





(5) Conical



1412835 HMM-BH-03

288

152.52-152.80

BEFORE TEST


Comments




AFTER TEST


27

29.94

378.81

1.25 1001.80

1.47

2/4




108.39 61.74

126.53

36.2


2606.29

Failure Mode Notes

22









Volume (cm3)




Dry Density (kg/m3)


Type: Mode:





(5) Conical



1412835 HMM-BH-03

288

162.79-163.03

BEFORE TEST


Comments




AFTER TEST


30.01

375.70

1.25 921.20

6.22

2/3




67.72 61.81

125.21

22.6


2308.34

Failure Mode Notes

24









Volume (cm3)




Dry Density (kg/m3)


Type: Mode:





(5) Conical



1412835 HMM-BH-03

288

178.32-178.54

BEFORE TEST


Comments




AFTER TEST


28

30.03

380.39

1.25 988.20

4.76

4/6




73.00 61.83

126.69

24.3


2479.78

Failure Mode Notes

26



Golder Associates Ltd. - Burnaby Lab#300 - 3811 North Fraser Way

Burnaby, B.C. Canada V5J 5J2

(1) Diagonal shear plane(s) (5) Conical

(2) Vertical fracture(s) (6) Spalling

(3) Vertical splitting (7) Other

(4) Shear along foliation / discontinuityNote: (deg) measured from core axis

No. Mass

(mm) (cm2) (cm3)

1

Project No.:



(deg)Type

Failure ModeRock TypeσuLoad

Lab ID

Project:

Client:

Location:

Maximum StressDry

Failure Mode1412835

Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Drilling Investigation


Burnaby, BC

288

Density

(kg/m3)

SampleBorehole

(mm)(m)# #

VAHtDiaDepth W

(%)

Wet

Density

(kg/m3) (MPa)(kN)

HMM-BH-05

(g)

60.501 35.30-35.83 2298 8.42 2119 18.82 6.5125.99 28.75 362.19 832.20

Sandstone 221


G. Patton October 10, 2014 E. Kostyukov October 16, 2014

O:\Active\_2014\1417\1412835 BGC Burnaby Mountain\WORKING FILES\UCS\HMM-BH-05\HMM-BH-05 UCS


Project: Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Drilling InvestigatSample Number:





Volume (cm3)




Dry Density (kg/m3)


Type: Mode:





(5) Conical

* Degrees measured with respect to (6) Spalling core axis. (7) Other

1412835

AFTER TEST

BEFORE TEST

Sandstone

6.5 28.75

362.19

832.20

1

22

* The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only. Interpretation of the data given here may be


Notes

2297.69

2119.22

Comments


G. Patton October 10, 2014 E. Kostyukov October 16, 2014



18.82

1.25

125.99

Failure Mode


60.50

8.42

288

35.30-35.83

1

HMM-BH-05


Golder Associates Ltd. 300 - 3811 North Fraser Way, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5J 5J2 Tel: +1 (604) 412 6730 Fax: +1 (604) 412 6816 www.golder.com

Peak Stress σpeak 2.36 MPa Project No.:

Secant Modulus ε50 0.15 GPa Sample: Project: Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Investigation

Poisson's Ratio ε50 0.34 Client: BGC Engineering Inc.

Machine ID 25 Ton Depth (m): Date:

Load Cell CF -6760000 Tech: G. Patton

Feed Rate N/A mm/min Checked: E. Kostyukov

Test Summary

October 10, 2014

1412835

Project Details

42.70-42.94

ASTM D7012Method D Modulus in Uniaxial Compression

HMM-BH-05 UCS4

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

-1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00

Str

ess

(MP

a)

% Strain

Axial

Transverse

0.00E+00

5.00E+01

1.00E+02

1.50E+02

2.00E+02

2.50E+02

3.00E+02

3.50E+020.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50

Se

ca

nt

Mo

du

lus

(M

Pa

)

Stress (MPa)

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50

Po

isso

n's

Stress (MPa) Before Test After Test

Bulk Density and Volume of Solid Refractories

by Wax ImmersionASTM C914-09 (modified)

Project #: 1412835

Short Title: Burnaby Mtn

Client BGC

Location N/A

Lab ID 288

HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03

UCS 1 UCS 3 UCS 7 UCS 9 UCS 11 UCS 13

9.18-9.38 27.15-27.24 57.2-57.4 69.29-69.51 85.1-85.28 96.54-96.74

11.08 11.23 7.49 9.34 10.38 10.39

2288 2304 2361 2376 2308 2297

2060 2071 2197 2173 2091 2081

2.63 2.65 2.59 2.70 2.61 2.62

HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03 HMM-BH-03

UCS 14 UCS 17 UCS18 UCS 23 UCS 25 UCS 27

103.61-103.8 118.9-119.21 129.33-129.54 159.83-160.03 170-170.2 181.08-181.38

8.30 6.83 9.93 6.27 5.08 4.03

2362 2442 2288 2488 2577 2517

2181 2286 2081 2341 2453 2419

2.62 2.68 2.58 2.70 2.75 2.65

Golder Associates Ltd.

300- 3811 North Fraser Way,

Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5J 5J2

Tel: +1 (604) 412 6899 Fax: +1 (604) 412 6816 www.golder.com

LP October 3,2014

TESTED BY DATE TESTED CHECKED BY DATE CHECKED

Thursday, October 02, 2014

Moisture %

Wet Density kg/m3

Dry Density kg/m3

Bulk Dry Gs

MM

Depth (m)

Dry Density kg/m3

Bulk Dry Gs

Borehole

Sample Number

Depth (m)

Moisture %

Wet Density kg/m3

Dry Density kg/m3

Bulk Dry Gs

Borehole

Sample Number

Wet Density kg/m3

Borehole

Sample Number

Depth (m)

Moisture %

Wet Density kg/m3

Dry Density kg/m3

Bulk Dry Gs

Borehole

Sample Number

Depth (m)

Moisture %

* The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only.

Slake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak Rocks

Project No.:

Project: Sample No.:

Location: Depth (m):

Client: Lab ID No:

Id1 = Slake Durability index after 1st Cycle %

Id2 = Slake Durability index after 2nd Cycle %

Id3 = Slake Durability index after 3rd Cycle %

Id1

Id2

Id3

Machine ID

Drum ID

Thermometer ID

Before Slaking

After Slaking

Average 21.7 FLUKE

Comments

Max 25.8 BUR010002

Min 19.2 A

Temperature ° C Calibration

Final Description of Fragments in Drum

10 irregular pieces with rounded edges. Sandstone

Type II - Retained pieces consists of large and small pieces

Type III - Retained material is exclusively small fragments


Golder Associates Ltd.300, 3811 North Fraser Way, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5J 5J2

Tel: 604-412-6899 Fax: 604-412-6816 www.golder.com

The test data given herein pertain to the sample provided only. This report constitutes a testing service only.

G. Patton October 23, 2014 E. Kostyukov October 23, 2014TESTED BY DATE CHECKED BY DATE

341

ASTM D4644

1412835 Borehole No.: HMM-BH-03

Burnaby Mountain Geotechnical Investigation SLD 2

Burnaby, BC 42.89-43.12


Test Results

12.0

0.6

0.2

Initial Sample Description


Project No.:



Client: Lab ID No:




Id1

Id2

Id3

Machine ID

Drum ID

Thermometer ID

ASTM D4644



Burnaby, BC 49.86-50.03

BGC Engineering Inc. 341

Test Results

76.1

57.6

39.6

10 irregular pieces with rounded edges. Mudstone




Initial Sample Description Final Description of Fragments in Drum

Temperature ° C Calibration Before Slaking

Max 26.6 BUR010002


Min 19.2 B

Average 21.9 FLUKE

Comments

After Slaking





Project No.:



Client: Lab ID No:




Id1

Id2

Id3

Machine ID

Drum ID

Thermometer ID

ASTM D4644



Burnaby, BC 29.78-29.88


Test Results

97.5

91.3

83.5

10 irregular pieces with rounded edges. Mudstone

Type I - Retained pieces remain virtually unchanged





Max 25.6 BUR010001


Min 19.4 C

Average 22.0 FLUKE

Comments

After Slaking





Project No.:



Client: Lab ID No:




Id1

Id2

Id3

Machine ID

Drum ID

Thermometer ID

ASTM D4644



Burnaby, BC 35.99-36.13


Test Results

4.1

3.4

2.6







Max 26.8 BUR010001


Min 19.6 D

Average 22.4 FLUKE

Comments

After Slaking





Project No.:



Client: Lab ID No:




Id1

Id2

Id3

Machine ID

Drum ID

Thermometer ID

No material remaining in drum after second cycle.

341

ASTM D4644



Burnaby, BC 37.75-37.90


Test Results

7.3

0.0

N/A

Initial Sample Description





Calibration

Final Description of Fragments in Drum



No material remaining in drum

N/A

Before Slaking

After Slaking

Average 20.6 FLUKE

Comments

Max 21.4 BUR10002

Min 19.2 A

Temperature ° C


Project No.:



Client: Lab ID No:




Id1

Id2

Id3

Machine ID

Drum ID

Thermometer ID

No material remaining in drum after second cycle.




Before Slaking

Max 21.4 BUR10002


Min 18.8 B

Average 20.3 FLUKE

Comments

After Slaking

Temperature ° C Calibration


No material remaining in drum

N/A


ASTM D4644



Burnaby, BC 42.21-42.42


Test Results

44.0

0.0

N/A


Borehole From To

(m) (m) Mean STDev Mean STDev

HMM-BH03 16.29 16.54 Photo 1 1.8 0.4 2.3 0.6 Medium AbrasivenessSee photo. Very deep scratch, may not be

representative of true abrasivity

HMM-BH05 40.70 40.82 CHE-02 Photo 2 1.4 0.2 1.8 0.2 Medium AbrasivenessSee photo. Very deep scratch, may not be


HMM-BH05 36.82 37.00 CHE-01 Photo 3 0.7 0.5 1.2 0.8 N/ASee photo. Very deep scratch, sample too soft to

provide a representative abrasivity test.

HMM-BH-03 69.20 69.29 Cerchar 5 Photo 4 1.5 0.1 1.9 0.1 Medium AbrasivenessSee photo. Very deep scratch, may not be


HMM-BH-03 40.90 41.00 Cerchar 3 Photo 5 1.0 0.2 1.5 0.4 Medium AbrasivenessSee photo. Very deep scratch, may not be


HMM-BH-03 178.14 178.27 Photo 6 1.6 0.7 2.0 0.9 Medium AbrasivenessSoft with harder inclusions, harder inclusions are

abrasive - CAI =2.5.

HMM-BH-03 27.25 27.35 Cerchar 2 Photo 7 0.7 0.4 1.2 0.6 N/ASee photo. Very deep scratch, sample too soft to

provide a representative abrasivity test.

HMM-BH-03 57.40 57.50 Cerchar 4 Photo 8 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.3 Low AbrasivenessSee photo. Very deep scratch, may not be


HMM-BH-03 16.29 16.54 Cerchar 1 Photo 9 0.6 0.2 1.0 0.3 Low AbrasivenessSee photo. Very deep scratch, may not be


Test Date Note: Tests carried out on diamond saw cut surfacesTest By

CAI

(1/10 mm)

Golder Associates, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Summary of Cerchar Abrasivity Test Results

Reference 1412835 (Mallory) Boxes 1 to 3

CDB

Cerchar (CAIs)

(1/10 mm)

Comments:

(1) Rock samples were tested as received with natural moisture content.

(3) We recommend reviewing the results in concert with the data and information contained in the attached paper by Plinninger et al1.

(4) Tests conducted in accordance with ASTM D7625-10 using HRC 54-56 Pins (Stylus).

Photograph ReferenceSample

(5) CAI calculated per ASTM 7625, 10.2 = CAIs x 0.99 + 0.48

1Plinninnger, R., Kasling, H., Thuro, K. and Spaun, H., 2003. Testing Conditions and Geomechanical Properties Influencing the Cerchar Abrasiveness Index (CAI) Value. IJRM &MS Technical Note,

2003.

1-Nov-14

Depth

(2) Tests on samples were conducted on diamond saw cut core surfaces. However, rock surfaces very rough due to weak rock matrix and relatively low rock strength.

Abrasiveness Classification

(Table 1 of ASTM 7625)Test Comments

SubTerra, Inc. Golder Associates, Inc. November 1, 2014 November 1, 2014, Cerchar Abrasivity Sample Photographs

Page 1

Photo 1 Photo 2

Photo 3 Photo 4

Photo 5 Photo 6

SubTerra, Inc. Golder Associates, Inc. August 24, 2014 August 24, 2014, Cerchar Abrasivity Sample Photographs

Page 1

Photo 7 Photo 8

Photo 9 Photo 10

Photo 11 Photo 12

CLIENT : BGC EngineeringPROJECT : ARD TestingSGS Project # : 1439Test : Modified Acid-Base Accounting Date : October 30, 2014

Sample ID Paste TIC CaCO3 S(T) S(SO4) S(S-2) Insoluble S AP NP Net Fizz TestpH % NP % % % % NP

Method Code Sobek CSB02V Calc. CSA06V CSA07V CSA08D Calc. Calc. Modified Calc. SobekLOD 0.20 0.01 #N/A 0.005 0.01 0.01 #N/A #N/A 0.5 #N/A #N/AHMM-BH-03 ABA-01 8.05 0.02 1.7 0.063 <0.01 0.05 0.013 1.6 4.3 2.7 NoneHMM-BH-03 ABA-02 7.84 0.03 2.5 0.243 <0.01 0.17 0.073 5.3 10.6 5.3 NoneHMM-BH-03 ABA-03 8.68 0.13 10.8 0.026 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.6 15.4 14.8 SlightHMM-BH-03 ABA-04 8.22 <0.01 <0.8 0.055 <0.01 0.05 <0.01 1.6 2.9 1.3 NoneHMM-BH-03 ABA-05 8.15 0.01 0.8 0.029 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.6 4.5 3.9 NoneHMM-BH-03 ABA-06 8.58 0.01 0.8 0.017 <0.01 0.03 <0.01 0.9 3.2 2.3 NoneHMM-BH-03 ABA-07 9.19 0.01 0.8 0.025 <0.01 <0.01 0.025 <0.3 5.5 5.5 NoneHMM-BH-03 ABA-08 8.97 0.03 2.5 0.007 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.3 5.7 5.7 NoneHMM-BH-03 ABA-09 9.10 0.01 0.8 0.021 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.6 4.3 3.7 NoneHMM-BH-05 ABA-01 7.77 <0.01 <0.8 0.034 <0.01 0.03 <0.01 0.9 4.3 3.4 NoneHMM-BH-05 ABA-02 6.62 0.01 0.8 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.3 -1.4 -1.4 NoneHMM-BH-05 ABA-03 7.96 <0.01 <0.8 0.056 <0.01 0.05 <0.01 1.6 1.6 0.0 NoneHMM-BH-05 ABA-04 8.06 <0.01 <0.8 <0.005 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.3 1.4 1.4 NoneDuplicatesHMM-BH-03 ABA-01 8.06 4.4 NoneHMM-BH-03 ABA-03 0.028HMM-BH-03 ABA-04 <0.01HMM-BH-03 ABA-08 <0.01HMM-BH-05 ABA-03 <0.01QCGTS-2A 0.333PD-1 4.5RTS-3A 2.47TIC-L1 0.14NBM-1 40.4 Slight

Expected Values 0.1325 0.341 4.27 2.34 42.0 SlightTolerance +/- 0.02 0.030 0.30 0.23 3.0

Note:

PETROGRAPHIC REPORT ON 13 SAMPLES FROM BURNABY MOUNTAIN

GEOTECHNICAL DRILLING INVESTIGATION

Report for: Jack Stratton/Cathy Schmid Invoice 140743

BGC Engineering Inc. Proj. 0095150-15

234 St. Paul Street

Kamloops, B.C. V2C 6G4 (250) 374-8606 Oct. 29, 2014.

SUMMARY:

The 13 samples examined can be roughly divided into 7 samples of arkosic (feldspar-rich),

variably lithic arenite (“sandstone”), 5 samples of pebble conglomerate (although of these, two slides

only sectioned a single, igneous rock clast), and one sample of fine siltstone (“mudstone”), as

follows:

“Sandstone” (PET-01, 02, 03, 07, XRD-02, 03, 04):0.5-2 mm size detrital quartz, plagioclase ±Kspar,

mica (biotite, muscovite, chlorite), amphibole, epidote, accessory ilmenite-sphene-rutile-allanite?-

rare zircon-sulfides-garnet, variable lithic clasts, and either no matrix or variably significant, very

fine-grained sericite (±biotite, chlorite?) matrix, locally plucked out by section preparation to leave

voids. Primary porosity is difficult to evaluate due to the prevalence of plucking; both the soft,

micaceous matrix mineralogy and the lack of consolidation in several samples appear to lead to a loss

of strength in otherwise hard rock (average Moh’s hardness 5.5-6.1). Rare lenses of (lignite?) coal

are soft.

Conglomerate (PET-04, 06, 08; single clasts only in PET-09 and XRD-01): varied, heterolithic clasts

to about 8 cm that range from plutonic to porphyritic hypabyssal felsic/intermediate intrusive (locally

strongly altered to secondary biotite-sericite-epidote-chlorite ±magnetite, ilmenite, sphene, rare

chalcopyrite), to sedimentary (arkosic sandstone much as described above) or variably foliated

schist/phyllite, with variable matrix (to almost non-existent; i.e. clast-supported) of arkosic sandstone

(as described) or in one sample (PET-08) significant carbonate, apparently mostly calcite. The clasts

are relatively hard (5.6 to 5.9) but the matrix, where present, may be softer and/or unconsolidated.

“Mudstone” (PET-05): actually in siltstone range, 0.1-0.2 mm size, closely packed detrital quartz,

plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), minor amphibole, Kspar, lesser epidote,

accessory ilmenite-limonite-trace rutile-pyrite. It is relatively soft (5.1), likely due to sericite (and

lesser chlorite?) in the matrix.

Sulfides are rare in these rocks, restricted to scattered traces of pyrite and lesser chalcopyrite

probably mostly derived by erosion of variably mineralized source rocks; rare traces of minute

framboidal pyrite could be diagenetic. Carbonate is also rare except in the one conglomerate sample

Capsule descriptions are as follows:

PET-01: arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic sandstone composed of closely packed detrital quartz,

plagioclase, amphibole, lesser epidote, mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), accessory Kspar- ilmenite-

sphene-rutile-trace allanite-zircon. It is very hard (6.1), but friable and unfractured.

2

PET-02: arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed detrital quartz,

plagioclase, amphibole, lesser epidote, mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), Kspar, accessory ilmenite-

sphene-rutile-trace allanite. It is hard (5.7), but friable, with lenses of coal.

PET-03: arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed detrital quartz,

plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), minor Kspar, lesser epidote, amphibole,

accessory sphene-ilmenite-trace garnet. It is relatively hard (5.5), but somewhat friable due to

sericite (and minor chlorite?) in the matrix.

PET-04: conglomerate (biotite-magnetite altered pebbles in arkosic lithic arenite comprising closely

packed detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), minor Kspar, lesser

epidote, amphibole, accessory sphene-ilmenite-trace pyrite. It is hard (5.7), but somewhat friable due

to porosity, plus sericite (and minor chlorite?) in the matrix.

PET-05: arkosic (feldspar-rich) siltstone/”mudstone” (technically near lower limit of fine sandstone)

comprising closely packed detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite),

minor amphibole, Kspar, lesser epidote, accessory ilmenite-limonite-trace rutile-pyrite. It is

relatively soft (5.1), likely due to sericite (and lesser chlorite?) in the matrix.

PET-06: conglomerate: closely packed, widely heterolithic/porphyritic, variably sericite, biotite,

chlorite, epidote, magnetite-trace pyrite altered pebbles in clast-supported mode, only minor detrital

quartz, feldspars, mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), accessory sphene-ilmenite in matrix. It is hard

(5.6), but somewhat friable due to minor porosity.

PET-07: lithic arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed lithic clasts,

detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (biotite), chlorite, minor Kspar, less epidote, amphibole,

accessory sphene-ilmenite. It is hard (5.7), but somewhat friable due to porosity in the matrix.

PET-08: conglomerate: closely packed, heterolithic (granite or quartz diorite), variably carbonate,

chlorite, actinolite, epidote, sericite, magnetite ±sphene altered clasts, in heavily carbonate-altered

matrix containing detrital quartz, feldspars, and mica (sericite, biotite, chlorite). It is hard (5.8), and

mostly well cemented by the carbonate matrix

PET-09: single clast of plagioclase-pyroxene? phyric intermediate (quartz diorite?) porphyry

(accessory magnetite-apatite-Kspar), moderately altered to epidote-clay?/sericite-chlorite-actinolite-

biotite-quartz-sphene-trace chalcopyrite. It is relatively hard (5.6) and unfractured.

XRD-01: appears to be a single clast of plagioclase-pyroxene/amphibole? phyric intermediate

(andesite?) hypabyssal porphyry (accessory ilmenite), strongly altered to epidote-chlorite-sphene-

trace clay?/sericite-pyrite. It is hard (5.9) and unfractured, but contains local epidote veins.

XRD-02: arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed detrital quartz,

plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, possible minor chlorite)-minor Kspar-accessory epidote,

ilmenite-trace rutile, pyrite. It is relatively hard (5.6), but distinctly friable due to abundant sericite

(and minor chlorite?) in the matrix.

XRD-03: arkosic (feldspar-rich) ±lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed detrital

plagioclase, quartz, significant mica (biotite, sericite, possible minor chlorite)-accessory Kspar,

epidote, ilmenite, trace rutile, pyrite, chalcopyrite. It is relatively hard (5.5), but strongly plucked due

to abundant sericite and biotite (minor chlorite?) in the matrix.

3

XRD-04: arkosic (feldspar-rich) ±lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed detrital

plagioclase, quartz, micas (biotite, sericite, minor chlorite)-accessory Kspar, epidote, ilmenite, rutile,

allanite (?). It is hard (5.7), but lacks cohesion due to sericite (± biotite/chlorite?) in the matrix.

Detailed petrographic descriptions and photomicrographs are appended (on CD/by email attachment).

If you have any questions regarding the petrography, please do not hesitate to contact me.

Craig H.B. Leitch, Ph.D., P. Eng. (250) 653-9158 [email protected]

492 Isabella Point Road, Salt Spring Island, B.C. Canada V8K 1V4

4

PET-01: Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) Lithic Sandstone Composed Of Closely Packed Detrital Quartz,

Plagioclase, Amphibole, Lesser Epidote, Mica (Sericite, Biotite And Chlorite), Accessory Kspar-

Ilmenite-Sphene-Rutile-Trace Allanite-Zircon

From HMM-BHO3 17.35m, described as sandstone from Kitsilano Member of the

Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows porous-looking, relatively poorly consolidated, pale

greenish-grey, medium-grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) sandstone lacking any obvious veins.

The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (even where scratched, with difficulty,

by steel), and very minor stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin

section is approximately:

Mineral Modal Mohs Size Description and Comments

% H (mm) Quartz 30% 7 <0.8 angular to subangular, local aggregates

Plagioclase 30% 6 <0.8 subangular to euhedral, common aggregates; partly sericitized

Amphibole 15% 6 <0.6 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly in aggregates

Epidote/zoisite 10% 7 <0.3 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly in aggregates

Biotite 5% 3 <0.3 brown/greenish, sub/euhedral flakes, commonly in aggregates

Sericite 5% 3 <0.5 sub/euhedral flakes, detrital or after plagioclase

K-feldspar (?) 2% 6 <0.1 based on etched offcut, likely mostly primary, detrital

Chlorite 1% 3 <0.3 sub/euhedral flakes, F:M ~0.4?

Ilmenite 1% 5.5 <0.25 sub/euhedra, partly altered to hematite

Sphene <1% 6 <0.3 euhedra, mainly along open fracture

Allanite (?) <1% 7 <0.45 sub/euhedral detrital, medium brown, with epidote

Rutile <1% 5.5 <0.05 aggregates to 0.5 mm (after ilmenite?)

Garnet <1% 7.5 <0.25 subhedra, colourless

Zircon <1% 7.5 <0.4 euhedral prisms, unaltered

Sulfides <<1% 5.5 <0.1 Chalcopyrite (ragged subhedra), lesser pyrite (framboids), rare

Weighted Average H 6.1 yet the sample is friable in hand specimen, belying the hardness

Remarks: This sample consists of closely packed, interlocking grains of quartz, feldspar (plagioclase

±Kspar?), amphibole, epidote, micas and accessory ilmenite, sphene, rutile, possible allanite, garnet,

zircon and rare sulfides; up to 1/3 the sample may be lithic clasts (aggregates of minerals). There is

essentially no matrix/porosity visible. An open fracture is unusual in being lined by heavy detrital

minerals (ilmenite, sphene, zircon).

Quartz occurs mostly in single crystal fragments or less commonly in finer-grained aggregates

(lithic clasts; with feldspar, sericite, epidote, amphibole, rutile). The quartz is typically fractured but

shows only weak to rarely moderate strain (weak undulose extinction, rare sub-grain development or

suturing of grain boundaries). Plagioclase displays common polysynthetic twinning with variable

composition from fresh andesine (?) to albite (?), the latter associated with weak/moderate alteration

to sericite as euhedral flakes <50 µm, or colourless epidote (zoisite) as matted subhedra <30 µm, or

occurs as microlites <0.2 mm long in lithic clasts. Kspar is rare and inferred from etched offcut only.

Amphibole varies from almost colourless to pale/medium olive-green, suggestive of tremolite and

hornblende or actinolitic hornblende (?); crystals are commonly fractured and may be partly replaced

by epidote (pale to moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe content) or rarely chlorite

(pale green pleochroism and weakly anomalous greyish, length-fast birefringence suggestive of

Fe:Fe+Mg, or F:M, ratio near 0.4?). Mica flakes range from colourless muscovite to medium brown

or locally greenish brown biotite, commonly intergrown with amphibole, quartz and feldspar.

Accessory TiO2 minerals include common ilmenite (partly altered to hematite or less commonly

rutile) and sphene. Possible allanite is pleochroic in brown, locally intergrown with epidote; garnet

and zircon are rare, as are chalcopyrite and minute framboidal pyrite both <0.1 mm.

In summary, this is arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic sandstone composed of closely packed

detrital quartz, plagioclase, amphibole, lesser epidote, mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), accessory

Kspar- ilmenite-sphene-rutile-trace allanite-zircon. It is very hard (6.1), but friable and unfractured.

5

PET-02: Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) Lithic Sandstone: Closely Packed Detrital Quartz, Plagioclase ±

Kspar, Amphibole, Lesser Epidote, Mica (Biotite, Chlorite) in Minor Matrix of Sericite-Chlorite,

Accessory Ilmenite-Sphene-Trace Allanite-Rutile


Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows porous-looking, relatively poorly consolidated, pale

greenish-grey, medium- to locally fine-grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite (“sandstone”)

with local inclusions of black organic matter (coal, likely lignite?). The rock is not magnetic, shows

no reaction to cold dilute HCl (even where scratched, with difficulty, by steel), and minor stain for K-

feldspar in the etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately:


% H (mm) Quartz 35% 7 <1.0 angular to subangular, locally in aggregates

Plagioclase 25% 6 <0.5 subangular to euhedral, common aggregates; partly sericitized

Amphibole 10% 6 <0.5 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly in aggregates


K-feldspar 5% 6 <0.2 based on etched offcut, likely mostly primary, detrital

Biotite 5% 3 <1.4 brown/greenish, sub/euhedral or bent flakes, partly chloritized

Sericite 5% 3 <0.5 sub/euhedral detrital flakes, or in matrix or after plagioclase

Coal (?) 5% 1.5 <0.01 irregular masses up to several cm; likely lignite?

Chlorite 3% 3 <0.9 sub/euhedral flakes (F:M ~0.6?); matrix <20 µm, F:M 0.3?

Ilmenite 1% 5.5 <0.2 sub/euhedra, partly altered to hematite, rutile, sphene

Sphene <1% 6 <0.5 sub/euhedra, zoned, detrital, or finer-grained, after ilmenite?

Rutile <<1% 5.5 <0.03 aggregates to 0.2 mm (after ilmenite?)

Allanite (?) <<1% 7 <0.15 subhedral granular, medium brown, with epidote

Weighted Average H 5.7 but the sample is friable in hand specimen, belying the hardness


±Kspar?), amphibole, epidote, micas and accessory ilmenite, sphene, rutile, <1/3 the sample may be

lithic clasts (aggregates of minerals). Minor matrix appears to be very fine sericite/chlorite. An area

of organic matter may be lignite coal (?) at the top of an apparently fining-upward cycle (but

intermixed with the sandstone).


(lithic clasts; with feldspar, sericite, epidote, amphibole, rutile). The quartz is typically fractured but


suturing of grain boundaries). Plagioclase displays common polysynthetic twinning with extinction

on 010 to 17º and negative relief compared to quartz suggesting variable composition from fresh

andesine (?) to albite (?), the latter associated with weak/moderate alteration to sericite as euhedral

flakes <30 µm, or colourless epidote (zoisite) as matted subhedra <30 µm, or occurs as subhedra

<0.15 mm long in lithic clasts. Kspar is mostly inferred from etched offcut. Amphibole varies from

very pale to medium olive-green, suggestive of hornblende or actinolitic hornblende (?); crystals are

commonly fractured and may be partly replaced by epidote (pale to moderate yellow pleochroism

indicating moderate Fe content) and/or chlorite (distinct green pleochroism and weakly anomalous

grey-blue, length-slow birefringence suggestive of F:M ratio near 0.6?). Mica flakes are mostly

medium brown or locally greenish brown biotite or rarely colourless muscovite, commonly

intergrown with amphibole, quartz and feldspars. Accessory TiO2 minerals include common ilmenite

(slightly altered to hematite or at rims to sphene or rutile) and sphene. Possible allanite is faintly

pleochroic in brown, locally intergrown with epidote.

In summary, this is arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed

detrital quartz, plagioclase, amphibole, lesser epidote, mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), Kspar,

accessory ilmenite-sphene-rutile-trace allanite. It is hard (5.7), but friable, with lenses of coal.

6

PET-03: Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) Lithic Arenite/Sandstone Comprising Closely Packed Detrital

Quartz, Plagioclase, Significant Mica (Sericite, Biotite and Chlorite), Minor Kspar, Lesser Epidote,

Amphibole, Accessory Sphene-Ilmenite-Trace Garnet

From HMM-BHO3 53.4m, described as sandstone from Kitsilano Member of the Huntingdon

Formation; hand specimen shows relatively poorly consolidated, pale greenish-grey, medium- to fine-

grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite (“sandstone”) with faintly defined bedding at about

90º to core axis (?). The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (even where

scratched, fairly readily, by steel), and minor stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Porosity

appears less than in PET-01/02. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately:



Plagioclase 25% 6 <0.6 subangular to euhedral, locally in aggregates; partly sericitized

Sericite 15% 3 <0.03 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly in matrix; minor after plagioclase


K-feldspar 5% 6 <0.4 subhedra, likely mostly primary, detrital, possibly orthoclase?



Amphibole 1% 6 <0.6 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, separate or in aggregates

Sphene <1% 6 <0.5 sub/euhedra, zoned, detrital (or trace fine-grained in chlorite)

Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.5 sub/euhedra, partly altered to hematite

Garnet (?) <<1% 7.5 <0.2 sub/anhedra, colourless, probably detrital

Weighted Average H 5.5


±Kspar?), relatively abundant micas, minor amphibole, epidote, and accessory ilmenite, sphene,

rutile, lithic clasts are <20% of the sample. Significant matrix appears to be very fine sericite/minor

chlorite as intimately mixed subhedral, matted, randomly oriented flakes mostly <20 µm. An open

fracture crosses the slide along the bedding, in part controlled along aligned mica flakes.


(lithic clasts; with fine-grained feldspar, sericite, biotite, epidote, amphibole). The quartz is typically

fractured but shows only weak to rarely moderate strain (weak undulose extinction, rare sub-grain

development or suturing of grain boundaries). Plagioclase locally displays polysynthetic twinning

with extinction on 010 to 17º and locally negative relief compared to quartz suggesting variable

composition from fresh andesine (?) to albite (?), the latter associated with weak/moderate alteration

to sericite as euhedral flakes <30 µm, or colourless epidote (zoisite) as matted subhedra <30 µm, or

occurs as subhedra <0.15 mm long in lithic clasts. Kspar forms subhedral crystals with large 2V

(orthoclase?); abundance is estimated from etched offcut. Amphibole varies from pale to medium

olive-green, suggestive of hornblende or actinolitic hornblende (?); crystals are commonly fractured

and may be partly replaced by epidote (pale to moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe

content) and/or chlorite. Chlorite shows distinct green pleochroism and weakly anomalous purple or

grey-blue, length-slow birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~0.5-0.6?). Mica flakes are mostly medium

brown to greenish brown biotite, commonly partly altered to chlorite, or fine-grained and intergrown

with amphibole, quartz and feldspars in lithic clasts. Accessory TiO2 minerals include relatively rare

ilmenite (locally mostly altered to hematite) and sphene (euhedral detrital or very fine, in chlorite

after biotite). Rare possible garnet (?) may be detrital.


detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), minor Kspar, lesser

epidote, amphibole, accessory sphene-ilmenite-trace garnet. It is relatively hard (5.5), but somewhat

friable due to sericite (and minor chlorite?) in the matrix.

7

PET-04: Conglomerate (biotite-magnetite altered pebbles in arkosic lithic arenite: quartz, plagioclase,

mica (sericite, biotite, chlorite), Kspar, epidote, amphibole, accessory sphene-ilmenite-trace pyrite

From HMM-BHO3 75.85m, described as upper conglomerate in Kitsilano Member of the

Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively poorly consolidated (porous), medium grey

conglomerate with subrounded/subangular pebbles to 2.5 cm in medium/coarse-grained, massive

arkosic arenite (“sandstone” or “grit”) matrix lacking visible bedding. The rock (especially some

clasts) is distinctly magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (essentially unscratched by steel),

and minor stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is:




Sericite 10% 3 <0.03 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly in matrix; or after plagioclase


K-feldspar 5% 6 <0.8 subhedra, likely mostly primary, detrital, orthoclase ±microcline

Chlorite 5% 3 <0.5 sub/euhedral flakes (F:M ~0.5-0.6?); matrix <20 µm, F:M 0.3?


Porosity (?) 3% 0 <0.5 interstitial holes due to porosity or plucking during preparation


Sphene <1% 6 <0.3 sub/euhedral, detrital (trace fine-grained rimming magnetite)

Magnetite <1% 6 <0.25 sub/euhedra (only in biotite altered porphyry clast)


Pyrite <1% 6.5 <1.0 euhedral, rimming central epidote-chlorite


Remarks: This sample consists of about 30-50% pebble sized clasts in matrix of detrital quartz,

feldspars, micas, minor epidote, amphibole and accessory sphene, ilmenite and pyrite with interstitial

sericite (±chlorite?) and open space that could represent primary porosity or plucking.

Clasts (locally plucked out by section preparation) are mainly subrounded and consist of fine-

grained hypabyssal felsic/intermediate porphyry (plagioclase phyric to ~1 mm) significantly altered

to secondary biotite (randomly oriented medium brown subhedral flakes mostly <0.1 mm replacing

mafic sites, with accessory magnetite partly rimmed by fine sphene) or altered fine sandstone (detrital

quartz and feldspar mostly <0.2 mm, strongly replaced by secondary biotite ±accessory ilmenite).

In the host, quartz occurs mostly in single crystal fragments that are fractured but relatively

little strained, or less commonly in finer-grained aggregates (lithic clasts; with fine-grained feldspar,

sericite, biotite, epidote, amphibole). Plagioclase either displays polysynthetic twinning with

extinction on 010 to 20º or is untwinned with negative relief compared to quartz suggesting variable

composition from fresh andesine (?) to albite (?), the latter associated with moderate alteration to

sericite as euhedral flakes <30 µm, or colourless epidote (zoisite) as matted subhedra <30 µm; it also

occurs as subhedra <0.15 mm long in lithic clasts. Kspar forms subhedral crystals (microperthite

albite inclusions). Amphibole varies from pale to medium olive-green, suggestive of hornblende or

actinolitic hornblende (?); crystals are commonly fractured and partly replaced by epidote (pale to

moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe content) and/or chlorite. Chlorite shows

distinct green pleochroism and weakly anomalous purple or grey-blue, length-slow birefringence

(suggestive of F:M ~0.5-0.6?). Mica flakes are mostly medium brown to greenish brown biotite,

commonly partly altered to chlorite, or fine-grained and intergrown with amphibole, quartz and

feldspars in lithic clasts. Accessory TiO2 minerals are relatively rare ilmenite (locally partly altered

to hematite) and sphene (euhedral detrital). Rare pyrite is intergrown with epidote and chlorite.

In summary, this is conglomerate (biotite-magnetite altered pebbles in arkosic lithic arenite

comprising closely packed detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite),

minor Kspar, lesser epidote, amphibole, accessory sphene-ilmenite-trace pyrite. It is hard (5.7), but

somewhat friable due to porosity, plus sericite (and minor chlorite?) in the matrix.

8

PET-05: Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) Siltstone/”Mudstone” Comprising Closely Packed Detrital Quartz,

Plagioclase, Significant Mica (Sericite, Biotite And Chlorite), Minor Amphibole, Kspar, Lesser

Epidote, Accessory Ilmenite-Limonite-Trace Rutile-Pyrite

From HMM-BHO3 194.8m, described as mudstone from Kitsilano Member of the

Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively poorly consolidated, pale greenish-grey,

very fine-grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) lutite (“siltstone/mudstone”) lacking defined

bedding. The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (even where scratched,

easily, by steel), and very minor stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Porosity appears very

minor (less than in PET-01 to 03). Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately:



Sericite 25% 3 <0.05 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly in matrix or larger, detrital




K-feldspar 5% 6 <0.1 subhedra, likely mostly primary, detrital?

Chlorite 5% 3 <0.1 sub/euhedral flakes (F:M ~0.5?); matrix <20 µm, F:M ?

Epidote/zoisite 3% 7 <0.05 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly separate

Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.08 sub/euhedra, trace alteration to hematite

Limonite <1% 4.5 <0.01 aggregates of goethite with minute hematite flakes <2 µm

Rutile <<1% 6.5 <0.02 sub/euhedra, golden brown, after ilmenite?

Pyrite <<1% 6.5 <0.05 framboidal spheres or minute euhedra



±Kspar?), relatively abundant micas and amphibole, minor epidote, and accessory ilmenite, limonite,

rutile and trace pyrite. Significant matrix appears to be very fine sericite/minor chlorite as intimately

mixed subhedral, matted, randomly oriented flakes mostly <20 µm. Faint bedding is defined by

aligned aggregates of mica flakes; local open fractures occur along or sub-perpendicular to bedding.

Quartz occurs mostly in single crystal fragments or rarely in finer-grained aggregates (lithic

clasts, with fine-grained feldspar, sericite, amphibole?). The quartz is relatively unfractured/shows

only weak strain (weak undulose extinction, rare sub-grain development or suturing of grain

boundaries). Plagioclase locally displays polysynthetic twinning with extinction on 010 mostly <10º

(relatively fresh oligoclase?). Kspar is surmised from etched offcut, possibly forming subhedral

crystals with relatively large negative 2V (orthoclase?). Amphibole varies from pale to medium

olive-green, suggestive of hornblende or actinolitic hornblende (?); crystals are commonly fractured

and may be partly replaced by epidote (pale to moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe

content) and/or chlorite. Chlorite shows pale but distinct green pleochroism and weakly anomalous

grey-greenish, length-slow birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~0.5?). Mica flakes are mostly medium

brown to greenish brown biotite, locally slightly altered to chlorite, or colourless muscovite; however

much sericite, possibly mixed with chlorite, occurs in the matrix of more comminuted grains between

the larger, obvious detrital grains. Accessory opaques appear to be mainly TiO2 minerals including

mostly ilmenite (locally slightly altered to hematite) and relatively rare rutile (euhedral, red/golden

brown, after ilmenite?). Rare minute pyrite is either framboidal or less commonly euhedral.

In summary, this is arkosic (feldspar-rich) siltstone/”mudstone” (technically near lower limit

of fine sandstone) comprising closely packed detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (sericite,

biotite and chlorite), minor amphibole, Kspar, lesser epidote, accessory ilmenite-limonite-trace rutile-

pyrite. It is relatively soft (5.1), likely due to sericite (and lesser chlorite?) in the matrix.

9

PET-06: Conglomerate: Closely Packed, Widely Heterolithic/Porphyritic, Variably Sericite, Biotite,

Chlorite, Epidote, Magnetite-Trace Pyrite Altered Pebbles In Clast-Supported Mode, Only Minor

Detrital Quartz, Feldspars, Mica (Sericite, Biotite And Chlorite), Accessory Sphene-Ilmenite Matrix

From HMM-BHO3 115m, described as upper conglomerate in Kitsilano Member of the

Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively poorly consolidated (porous), medium grey

conglomerate with subrounded/subangular pebbles to 2 cm in coarse-grained, massive arkosic arenite

(“grit”) matrix lacking visible bedding. The rock (especially some clasts) is distinctly magnetic,

shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (essentially unscratched by steel except in matrix), and minor

stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is roughly:


% H (mm) Plagioclase 30% 6 <2.0 sub/euhedral, locally partly/largely sericitized (±carbonate)

Quartz 25% 7 <1.5 angular to subangular, locally in aggregates or in clasts

K-feldspar 10% 6 <0.7 subhedra, likely mostly primary, in clasts, perthitic orthoclase?


Chlorite 6% 3 <0.5 sub/euhedral flakes (mostly after biotite; F:M ~0.5-0.4?)

Epidote/zoisite 5% 7 <0.6 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly in clasts

Amphibole 5% 6 <0.6 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly in clasts

Sericite 5% 3 <0.03 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly after plagioclase

Clinopyroxene 1% 6 <1.2 euhedral phenocrysts in porphyry clast, augite?


Magnetite <1% 6 <0.2 euhedra, trace altered to hematite (in altered porphyry clasts)


Sphene <1% 6 <0.5 sub/euhedral (detrital or associated with ilmenite, magnetite)

Pyrite <<1% 6.5 <0.15 subhedral, only in chlorite-biotite ±epidote altered clasts


Remarks: This sample consists of about 80-90% heterolithic pebble sized clasts in matrix of detrital

quartz, feldspars, micas, minor epidote, amphibole and accessory ilmenite with essentially no matrix,

only trace sericite (±chlorite?) and open space that could represent primary porosity or plucking.

Clasts are mainly subrounded and so varied it is beyond the scope of this report to describe

them in detail. They range from very fine-grained altered rock (sericite-biotite-quartz-feldspar-

accessory ilmenite-sphene ±pyrite) or volcanic rock (feldspar-quartz phyric) or sedimentary rock

(quartz-feldspar rich arkosic sandstone) to relict intermediate or mafic porphyry (clinopyroxene,

relict chlorite ±biotite-magnetite-trace chalcopyrite altered orthopyroxene?, relict sericite ±carbonate,

prehnite altered plagioclase phyric to ~2 mm) or amphibole-bearing mafic rock significantly altered

to epidote and chlorite or secondary biotite (with accessory magnetite partly rimmed by fine sphene)

or altered fine sandstone (detrital quartz and feldspar mostly <0.2 mm, strongly replaced by

secondary green biotite ±accessory magnetite). Amphibole varies from pale to medium olive-green,

suggestive of hornblende or actinolitic hornblende (?); crystals are commonly fractured and partly

replaced by epidote (pale to moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe content) and/or

chlorite. Chlorite shows distinct green pleochroism and weakly anomalous purple or grey-blue,

length-slow or grey-green, length-fast birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~0.5-0.4?). Mica flakes are

mostly coarse, medium brown to greenish brown biotite, commonly partly altered to chlorite, or fine-

grained and intergrown with amphibole, quartz and feldspars in lithic clasts.

Matrix between the clasts is almost non-existent in this sample. Most common are single

crystal fragments of quartz that are fractured but relatively little strained, or less commonly feldspar

(plagioclase or Kspar, typically unaltered compared to examples in clasts) Plagioclase either displays

polysynthetic twinning with extinction on 010 to 40º or is untwinned with negative relief compared to

quartz suggesting variable composition from fresh labradorite (?) to albite (?), the latter associated

with moderate alteration to sericite/trace chlorite as euhedral flakes <30 µm, or colourless epidote

(zoisite) as matted subhedra <30 µm. Kspar forms subhedral crystals with microperthite albite

10

inclusions. Accessory TiO2 minerals are relatively uncommon ilmenite (locally partly altered to

hematite) and sphene (both euhedral, likely detrital).

In summary, this is conglomerate: closely packed, widely heterolithic/porphyritic, variably

sericite, biotite, chlorite, epidote, magnetite-trace pyrite altered pebbles in clast-supported mode, only

minor detrital quartz, feldspars, mica (sericite, biotite and chlorite), accessory sphene-ilmenite in

matrix. It is hard (5.6), but somewhat friable due to minor porosity.

11

PET-07: Lithic Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) Arenite/Sandstone Comprising Closely Packed Lithic Clasts,

Detrital Quartz, Plagioclase, Significant Mica (Biotite), Chlorite, Minor Kspar, Lesser Epidote,

Amphibole, Accessory Sphene-Ilmenite


Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively poorly consolidated, pale greenish-grey,

medium- to coarse-grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite (“sandstone”) lacking obvious

bedding. The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (even where scratched,

fairly readily, by steel), and minor stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Porosity appears less

than in PET-01/02. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately:




Biotite 10% 3 <2.0 brown/greenish, sub/euhedral bent flakes, partly chloritized

Chlorite 8-10% 3 <0.5 sub/euhedral flakes (F:M ~0.5?), partly after biotite/amphibole

K-feldspar 5% 6 <2.0 subhedra, likely mostly primary, detrital, µperthitic orthoclase?

Sericite 5% 3 <0.1 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly in lithic clasts or after plagioclase




Sphene <1% 6 <0.3 sub/euhedra, fine-grained rims on ilmenite or coarse, detrital

Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.15 sub/euhedra, partly altered to/rimmed by hematite/sphene

Carbonate <1% 3.5 <0.25 sub/anhedra, secondary in lithic clasts, dolomite/ankerite?

Pyrite <<1% 6.5 <0.03 subhedral, rare inclusions in quartz


Remarks: This sample consists mainly of closely packed, interlocking lithic clasts (>50% of the

sample) and similar sized grains of quartz, feldspar (plagioclase and Kspar), relatively abundant

micas (mainly biotite), minor amphibole, epidote, and accessory ilmenite and sphene. Very little

matrix appears to be present (mostly open pore spaces). No fractures cross the slide.


(lithic clasts; with varying proportions/combinations of fine-grained feldspar, sericite, biotite,

epidote, amphibole, rare carbonate). The quartz is typically fractured but shows only weak to rarely

moderate strain (weak undulose extinction, rare sub-grain development or suturing of grain

boundaries, mostly in lithic clasts). Plagioclase displaying polysynthetic twinning with extinction on

010 to 20º, or negative relief compared to quartz, suggests variable composition from fresh andesine

(?) to albite, the latter associated with weak to moderate alteration to sericite as euhedral flakes to 0.1

mm, or colourless epidote (zoisite) as sub/euhedra <0.2 mm. Plagioclase also occurs as subhedra

<0.1 mm long in lithic clasts. Kspar forms subhedral crystals with large 2V and minute inclusions of

albite (microperthitic orthoclase?). Amphibole varies from pale to medium olive-green, suggestive of

hornblende/actinolitic hornblende (?); crystals are commonly fractured and may be partly replaced by

epidote (pale to moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe content) and/or chlorite.

Chlorite shows pale but distinct green pleochroism and weakly anomalous grey-blue, length-slow

birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~0.5?). Mica flakes are mostly medium brown to greenish brown

biotite, commonly deformed/bent in between/around quartz/lithic grains, partly altered to chlorite, or

fine-grained and intergrown with amphibole, quartz and feldspars in lithic clasts. Accessory TiO2

minerals include minor ilmenite (locally partly altered to hematite) and sphene (euhedral detrital or

very fine, rimming ilmenite). Rare pyrite is seen only as traces in quartz.

In summary, this is lithic arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed

lithic clasts, detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (biotite), chlorite, minor Kspar, lesser

epidote, amphibole, accessory sphene-ilmenite. It is hard (5.7), but somewhat friable due to porosity

in the matrix.

12

PET-08: Conglomerate: Closely Packed, Heterolithic (Granite Or Quartz Diorite), Variably

Carbonate, Chlorite, Actinolite, Epidote, Sericite, Magnetite ±Sphene Altered Clasts, in Heavily

Carbonate-Altered Matrix Containing Detrital Quartz, Feldspars, Mica (Sericite, Biotite, Chlorite)

From HMM-BHO3 158.5m, described as lower conglomerate (with carbonate matrix),

Kitsilano Member of Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively well consolidated

(cemented), pale grey/white conglomerate with subrounded/subangular pebbles to ~5 cm in coarse-

grained, buff-coloured carbonate-rich arkosic arenite (“grit”) matrix. The rock (especially some

clasts) is distinctly magnetic; the matrix shows rapid reaction to cold dilute HCl (it is partly scratched

by steel; clast is more difficult to scratch/reacts only slowly), and there is minor stain for K-feldspar

in the etched offcut (clasts and matrix). Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is roughly:


% H (mm) Plagioclase 40% 6 <3.0 sub/euhedral, partly altered to sericite-carbonate-epidote

Quartz 25% 7 <1.5 sub to anhedral, mainly primary/locally secondary

Amphibole 7% 6 <1.5 sub/euhedral, pale green, fibrous, secondary (actinolitic?)

Carbonate 7% 3.5 <0.75 sub/anhedra, secondary, calcite/minor dolomite?

K-feldspar 5% 6 <1.0 subhedra, likely mostly primary in clasts, perthitic orthoclase?

Chlorite 5% 3 <1.0 sub/euhedral flakes (after biotite/amphibole; F:M ~0.5/0.4?)

Epidote/zoisite 3% 7 <0.6 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, after mafics, plagioclase

Sericite 3% 3 <0.2 euhedral flakes, after plagioclase; muscovite ~1 mm in granite

Magnetite 3% 6 <1.0 euhedra, trace altered to hematite (in intermediate clast)


Sphene <1% 6 <0.5 sub/euhedral (associated with/after ilmenite, magnetite)

Pyrite <<1% 6.5 <0.05 subhedral, only in quartz-chlorite-epidote altered areas


Remarks: The section appears to be poorly located to examine the conglomerate matrix; it appears to

cut only two large clasts, one felsic (“granite”) and the other intermediate (“quartz diorite”); both are

partly altered to carbonate, especially near the contact between the two (marked by an open fracture).

The felsic clast (white in hand specimen) consists mainly of interlocking subhedral crystals of

plagioclase, quartz, Kspar and minor muscovite, chlorite, epidote and accessory sphene, indicative of

a “two-mica” leuco-granitic intrusive rock. Plagioclase (extinction Y^010 1-3º, oligoclase ~An20) is

partly to strongly altered to carbonate (dolomite?) along closely spaced fractures sub-perpendicular to

the contact, plus minor sericite/muscovite mostly <0.2 mm. Quartz forms ragged sub/anhedra locally

recrystallized to fine-grained secondary aggregates near veinlets where strain is moderate (sub-

domains, sutured grain boundaries). Kspar crystals show minute inclusions of albite (microperthite).

Small, interstitial mafic sites are represented by aggregates of muscovite, partly chloritized biotite,

local epidote and trace accessory sphene after ilmenite.

The intermediate clast is composed of interlocking relict plagioclase, quartz and mafic

mineral sites, the latter closely associated with significant magnetite, locally all set in a minor amount

of fine-grained quartz-rich groundmass suggestive of a hypabyssal porphyry. Plagioclase forms

zoned subhedra to ~3 mm that are partly to strongly (especially at cores, particularly near the contact)

replaced by carbonate (ragged subhedra, calcite?) ±sericite (subhedral flakes mostly <35 µm) and

epidote (subhedra to 0.25 mm, mainly colourless). Quartz is similar to that in the felsic clast or more

strongly recrystallized to secondary quartz (mostly <0.3 mm, much more strongly strained) along and

near veinlets. Amphibole forming sub/euhedral crystals to 1.5 mm is pale olive-green, suggestive of

hornblende or actinolitic hornblende (?); these are relatively unaltered. Relict mafic sites with

ragged, subhedral outlines to ~5 mm consist mainly of bundles of fibrous subhedral pale green

coloured (actinolitic?) amphibole partly altered to epidote and chlorite and closely associated with

significant magnetite rarely partly altered to hematite or rimmed by fine sphene) Epidote shows pale

to moderate yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe content; chlorite shows pale green

pleochroism and weakly anomalous grey-green, length-fast birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~0.4?).

13

Matrix between the clasts is almost non-existent in this section, occurring only on one small

triangular area between the two major clasts. Here detrital single crystal fragments of quartz that are

fractured but relatively little strained, or less commonly feldspar (plagioclase or Kspar, both altered

similarly to examples in clasts), amphibole (as described above) and flakes or books of mica

(muscovite as seen in the granite, or biotite partly/largely replaced by chlorite) plus local lithic clasts

to ~1 mm are set in/altered to abundant carbonate as interlocking subhedra to 0.5 mm (likely mainly

calcite). This is typical of the matrix as deduced from examination of the hand specimen.

In summary, this is conglomerate: closely packed, heterolithic (granite or quartz diorite),

variably carbonate, chlorite, actinolite, epidote, sericite, magnetite ±sphene altered clasts, in heavily

carbonate-altered matrix containing detrital quartz, feldspars, and mica (sericite, biotite, chlorite). It

is hard (5.8), and mostly well cemented by the carbonate matrix.

14

PET-09: Single Clast of Plagioclase-Pyroxene? Phyric Intermediate (Quartz Diorite?) Porphyry

(Accessory Magnetite-Apatite-Kspar), Moderately Altered To Epidote-Clay?/Sericite-Chlorite-

Actinolite-Biotite-Quartz-Sphene-Trace Chalcopyrite

From HMM-BHO3 180.5m, described as lower conglomerate, Kitsilano Member of

Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively poorly consolidated (uncemented), pale

grey/white conglomerate with subrounded/subangular pebbles to at least 8 cm in very minor coarse-

grained, arkosic arenite (“grit”) matrix (apparently missed in section). The rock (essentially the large

clast) is distinctly magnetic, but shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl (unscratched by steel), and

trace stain for K-feldspar in the etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is roughly:


% H (mm) Plagioclase 40% 6 <2.0 sub/euhedral, partly relict (altered to sericite, epidote)

Amphibole 15% 6 <0.5 sub/euhedral, pale green, fibrous, secondary (actinolitic?)


Clay?/sericite 15% 3 <0.05 partly/largely plucked out to leave voids, after plagioclase cores

Chlorite 5% 3 <0.35 sub/euhedral flakes (after amphibole ±biotite; F:M ~0.5?)

Quartz 5% 7 <0.25 sub to anhedral, mainly interstitial primary/locally secondary

Magnetite 2% 6 <0.35 euhedra, trace altered to hematite (in intermediate clast)

Sphene ~1% 6 <0.15 sub/euhedral (associated with/after ilmenite, magnetite)

K-feldspar ~1% 6 <0.25 subhedra, interstitial, likely mostly primary?

Biotite <1% 3 <0.2 brown, secondary, sub/euhedral flakes, partly chloritized

Apatite <1% 5 <0.25 euhedral prisms, mostly with mafic sites

Chalcopyrite <1% 4 <0.25 subhedral, mainly with epidote-quartz altered mafic sites?


Remarks: The section is poorly located to examine the conglomerate matrix; it appears to cut only

one large clast, a felsic to intermediate hypabyssal porphyry composed of 30-35% 1-4 mm relict

plagioclase (largely replaced by epidote or clay?/sericite, the latter commonly partly plucked out by

section preparation to leave voids) and 10-15% <1-2 mm relict mafic (altered to secondary amphibole

±biotite-epidote-chlorite) phenocrysts in a matrix of smaller, seriate crystals of the same plus minor

quartz and accessory magnetite-sphene-apatite-chalcopyrite.

Relict plagioclase phenocrysts have mainly euhedral outlines with distinct zoning emphasized

by the locally strong to intense alteration mostly at the cores to variable mixtures of clay (?) as

brownish, minute flakes mostly <15 µm, locally plucked out to leave voids up to ~2 mm across and

sericite as subhedral flakes to 50 µm, both randomly oriented, or epidote as interlocking subhedra

mainly <0.5 mm with pale yellow colour (low Fe content). Remnant plagioclase is likely andesine or

oligoclase at rims based on extinction Y^010 up to 25º or mainly <10º, respectively.

Relict mafic phenocrysts have subhedral rectangular to irregular outlines suggestive of former

pyroxene (?) now replaced by relatively fine-grained, fibrous amphibole with medium olive-green

pleochroism (hornblende or actinolitic hornblende?), or locally (mainly at margins or along micro-

fractures) by secondary biotite, or in places by combinations of chlorite (subhedral flakes with pale

green pleochroism, near-zero to slightly length-slow birefringence suggestive of F:M 0.5?) and

locally significant epidote (as above, but with bright yellow pleochroism indicating high Fe content),

quartz (subhedra to 0.25 mm) rarely mixed with minor chalcopyrite (stringers of subhedra <0.25 mm)

The groundmass is finer but seriate-textured, composed of the same minerals described above

with similar alteration, plus minor quartz as interstitial subhedra to 0.2 mm (likely mostly primary?).

Accessory opaques are mostly magnetite as euhedra to 0.25 mm, partly replaced by sphene <0.15 mm

(or the sphene may replace former ilmenite forming exsolution lamellae in the magnetite). Apatite

forms euhedral prisms to 0.25 mm long mostly mixed with the mafic sites.

In summary, this is single clast of plagioclase-pyroxene? phyric intermediate (quartz diorite?)

porphyry (accessory magnetite-apatite-Kspar), moderately altered to epidote-clay?/sericite-chlorite-

actinolite-biotite-quartz-sphene-trace chalcopyrite. It is relatively hard (5.6) and unfractured.

15

XRD-01: Single Clast of Plagioclase-Pyroxene/Amphibole? Phyric Intermediate (Andesite?)

Hypabyssal Porphyry (Accessory Ilmenite), Strongly Altered To Epidote-Chlorite-Sphene-Trace

Clay?/Sericite-Pyrite?

From HMM-BHO5 22.5m, described as typical conglomerate, Kitsilano Member of

Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows what may be essentially one large clast (?) of medium

greenish-grey, intermediate volcanic/hypabyssal rock to at least 8 cm so that matrix is apparently

missed in the sample/section. The rock (essentially the clast) is essentially non-magnetic, shows no

reaction to cold dilute HCl (scratched by steel with difficulty), and no stain for K-feldspar in the

etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is roughly:


% H (mm) Plagioclase 45% 6 <2.5 sub/euhedral (groundmass/phenos), partly relict epidote altered


Chlorite 15% 3 <0.35 sub/euhedral flakes (after amphibole ±biotite; F:M ~0.5?)

Quartz 3% 7 <0.25 sub to anhedral, groundmass, mainly interstitial primary?

Sphene ~1% 6 <0.08 sub/euhedral (in epidote altered mafic sites, after ilmenite)

Clay?/sericite <1% 3 <0.01 traces along microfractures in plagioclase

Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.1 relict, sub/euhedra, largely altered to sphene

Pyrite <<1% 6.5 <0.05 subhedral, one margin of slide only, could be contamination?


Remarks: The section is poorly located to examine the conglomerate or its matrix; it appears to cut

only one large clast, a felsic to intermediate hypabyssal porphyry composed of 20-25% <1-2 mm

relict plagioclase (partly to largely replaced by epidote, rare trace clay?/sericite) and 15-20% mostly

<1-2 mm relict mafic (altered to epidote-chlorite) phenocrysts in a matrix of much finer, seriate

crystals of the same plus minor quartz and accessory sphene-trace relict ilmenite, rare pyrite (?).

Relict plagioclase phenocrysts have mainly euhedral outlines with only minor zoning at

margins preserved; most intense alteration is mainly at the cores to epidote as interlocking subhedra

mainly <0.5 mm with very pale yellow colour (low Fe content), local very minor clay?/sericite as

subhedral flakes to 15 µm along microfractures. Remnant plagioclase is likely albite-oligoclase

based on extinction X^010 very close to 0º.

Relict mafic phenocrysts have subhedral rectangular to lath-shaped outlines suggestive of

former amphibole or pyroxene (?), now pseudomorphed by relatively fine-grained, granular epidote

up to ~1 mm in size with variable, locally medium yellow pleochroism indicating moderate Fe

content)or (especially for smaller, less euhedral examples that grade in seriate fashion to groundmass

relics) by intimately intermixed combinations of epidote and lesser chlorite (subhedral flakes mostly

<25 µm with pale green pleochroism, near-zero birefringence suggestive of F:M 0.5?). Accessory

sphene forming euhedra mostly <80 µm is commonly associated with the relict mafic sites.

The groundmass is finer but seriate-textured, composed of the same minerals described above

with similar alteration, plus minor quartz as interstitial subhedra to 0.2 mm (likely mostly primary?).

Accessory opaques are rare ilmenite as euhedra to 0.1 mm, largely replaced by sphene <0.05 mm.

Rare pyrite is seen as thin slivers <50 µm long only along one margin of the slide (never within the

interior of the slide), strongly suggestive of contamination during preparation.

Local thin veinlets are sub-planar, <0.5 mm thick, composed of interlocking granular epidote

as fibrous/needle-like sub/euhedra mostly <0.2 mm long, with weak/moderate yellow colour.

In summary, this appears to be a single clast of plagioclase-pyroxene/amphibole? phyric

intermediate (andesite?) hypabyssal porphyry (accessory ilmenite), strongly altered to epidote-

chlorite-sphene-trace clay?/sericite-pyrite. It is hard (5.9) and unfractured, but contains local epidote

veins. An XRD analysis of this sample may not be representative of the conglomerate unit.

16

XRD-02: Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) Lithic Arenite/Sandstone Comprising Closely Packed Detrital

Quartz, Plagioclase, Significant Mica (Sericite, Possible Minor Chlorite)-Minor Kspar-Accessory

Epidote, Ilmenite-Trace Rutile, Pyrite

From HMM-BHO5 32.5m, described as “weak green sandstone” from Kitsilano Member of

the Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows relatively poorly consolidated, pale greenish-grey,

medium- to fine-grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite (“sandstone”) with no well-defined

bedding; matrix may be rich in sericite-chlorite(?). The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to

cold dilute HCl (even where scratched, fairly readily, by steel), and minor stain for K-feldspar in the

etched offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately:


% H (mm) Quartz 40% 7 <2.0 angular to subangular detrital, local minor in lithic clasts

Plagioclase 30% 6 <2.0 subangular/euhedral, locally in aggregates; partly sericitized

Clay?/sericite 15% 3 <0.1 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly in matrix; minor after plagioclase


K-feldspar 5% 6 <1.0 subhedra, mostly primary in lithic clasts, possibly orthoclase?


Epidote/zoisite <1% 7 <0.1 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly after plagioclase

Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.5 sub/euhedra, almost completely unaltered

Rutile <<1% 5.5 <0.04 aggregates to 0.1 mm (within biotite only)

Pyrite <<1% 6.5 <0.02 subhedral, along/near open fracture


Remarks: This sample consists of closely packed, interlocking grains of quartz, feldspar (mainly

plagioclase, ±minor Kspar?), local micas, rare epidote, and accessory ilmenite, rutile and pyrite, lithic

clasts are 10-15% of the sample. Significant matrix making up 10-15% of the sample appears to be

mainly very fine sericite/minor chlorite (?) as intimately mixed subhedral, matted, flakes mostly <30

µm (but up to 0.1 mm), partly plucked out by section preparation to leave significant voids. An open

fracture crosses the slide, in part controlled along mica flakes of the matrix.


(lithic clasts; with fine-grained feldspar, biotite, sericite, ±epidote). The quartz is typically fractured

but shows only weak to rarely moderate strain (weak undulose extinction, rare sub-grain development

or suturing of grain boundaries). Plagioclase commonly displays polysynthetic twinning with

extinction on 010 mainly <10º and almost no relief compared to quartz suggesting composition

around oligoclase (?); minor albitization (?) may be associated with local weak/moderate alteration to

sericite as euhedral flakes <30 µm, rare epidote <0.1 mm. Kspar forms subhedral crystals (mostly in

felsic plutonic lithic clasts) with large 2V (orthoclase?); abundance is estimated from etched offcut.

Mica flakes are mostly medium brown at cores (to bright green at rims) biotite, locally partly altered

to chlorite. Accessory TiO2 minerals include relatively rare ilmenite (euhedra to 0.5 mm) and trace

rutile (euhedral acicular, very fine, in biotite or chlorite after biotite). Rare epidote shows pale yellow

pleochroism indicating low to moderate Fe content. Chlorite shows distinct green pleochroism and

weakly anomalous purple or grey-blue, length-slow birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~0.5-0.6?).

Traces of pyrite occur near and along the open fracture, mostly within the sericitic matrix.

Lithic clasts up to ~3 mm across vary from coarse-grained felsic plutonic (interlocking quartz,

plagioclase which is locally sericitized, Kspar and minor biotite) to very fine-grained, weakly

foliated, sericite-minor quartz (phyllite or schist?).


detrital quartz, plagioclase, significant mica (sericite, possible minor chlorite)-minor Kspar-accessory

epidote, ilmenite-trace rutile, pyrite. It is relatively hard (5.6), but distinctly friable due to abundant

sericite (and minor chlorite?) in the matrix.

17

XRD-03: Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) ±Lithic Arenite/Sandstone Comprising Closely Packed Detrital

Plagioclase, Quartz, Significant Mica (Biotite, Sericite, Possible Minor Chlorite)-Accessory Kspar,

Epidote, Ilmenite, Trace Rutile, Pyrite, Chalcopyrite

From HMM-BHO5 42.0m, described as “grey sandstone” from Kitsilano Member of the

Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows moderately consolidated, pale greenish-grey, medium-

to fine-grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite (“sandstone”) with no well-defined bedding;

matrix may be rich in sericite (?). The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to cold dilute HCl

(even where scratched, with difficulty, by steel), and only trace stain for K-feldspar in the etched

offcut. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately:


% H (mm) Plagioclase 40% 6 <1.0 subangular/euhedral, locally in aggregates; rarely sericitized

Quartz 30% 7 <0.75 angular to subangular detrital, local minor in lithic clasts

Biotite 12% 3 <1.0 brown or green, sub/euhedral or bent flakes, partly chloritized

Sericite 8% 3 <0.1 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly in matrix; minor after plagioclase

Voids 5% 0 <0.5 interstitial, mostly due to plucking rather than pore space?

Muscovite 1% 3 <0.7 colourless, deformed, detrital like biotite

K-feldspar 1% 6 <0.5 subhedra, mostly primary detrital based on etched offcut

Chlorite 1% 3 <0.4 sub/euhedral flakes after biotite (F:M to 0.6?); matrix <50 µm

Epidote/zoisite 1% 7 <0.1 sub/euhedra, variable pleochroism, mainly after plagioclase

Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.1 sub/euhedra, almost completely unaltered, mostly in matrix

Rutile <1% 5.5 <0.02 aggregates to 0.15 mm, locally enclosed in sphene, chlorite

Pyrite <1% 6.5 <0.1 subhedral, disseminated in matrix (±chalcopyrite to 0.15 mm)



plagioclase, ±minor Kspar?), micas, rare epidote, and accessory ilmenite, rutile and pyrite, lithic

clasts are <10% of the sample. Significant matrix making up 10-15% of the sample appears to be

mainly very fine biotite/sericite/local chlorite as intimately mixed subhedral, matted, flakes mostly

<50 µm (but up to 0.1 mm), partly plucked out by section preparation to leave significant voids. An

open fracture crosses the slide, in part controlled along mica flakes of the matrix.

Quartz occurs mostly in single crystal fragments or rarely in finer-grained aggregates (lithic

clasts; with fine-grained feldspar, biotite, sericite, ±epidote). The quartz is typically fractured but


suturing of grain boundaries). Plagioclase commonly displays polysynthetic twinning with extinction

Y^010 mainly <10º (but up to 20º) and almost no relief compared to quartz suggesting composition

around oligoclase but up to andesine (?); minor albitization (?) may be associated with local weak

alteration to sericite as euhedral flakes <30 µm. Kspar forms subhedral crystals as suggested from

etched offcut. Mica flakes are mostly brown/greenish brown/green biotite, locally partly altered to

chlorite, rare muscovite. Accessory TiO2 minerals include relatively rare ilmenite (euhedra to 0.1

mm) and trace rutile (euhedral acicular, golden brown, in chlorite). Rare epidote shows pale yellow

pleochroism indicating low to moderate Fe content. Chlorite shows distinct green pleochroism and

weakly anomalous grey-blue, length-slow birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~0.5-0.6?). Very minor

pyrite and rare chalcopyrite are mostly sparsely disseminated within the sericite/biotite matrix.

Lithic clasts mostly <1 mm across are mostly very fine-grained, weakly foliated, sericite or

biotite, minor quartz-feldspar (phyllite or schist?). Some mica-rich examples are difficult to separate

from the matrix of similar composition.

In summary, this is arkosic (feldspar-rich) ±lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed

detrital plagioclase, quartz, significant mica (biotite, sericite, possible minor chlorite)-accessory

Kspar, epidote, ilmenite, trace rutile, pyrite, chalcopyrite. It is relatively hard (5.5), but strongly

plucked due to abundant sericite and biotite (minor chlorite?) in the matrix.

18

XRD-04: Arkosic (Feldspar-Rich) ±Lithic Arenite/Sandstone Comprising Closely Packed Detrital

Plagioclase, Quartz, Micas (Biotite, Sericite, Minor Chlorite)-Accessory Kspar, Epidote, Ilmenite,

Rutile, Allanite (?)

From HMM-BHO5 39.2m, described as “brown sandstone” from Kitsilano Member of the

Huntingdon Formation; hand specimen shows poorly consolidated (crumbly), pale brownish-grey,

medium- to coarse-grained, massive arkosic (feldspar-rich) arenite (“sandstone”) with no well-

defined bedding; matrix may be rich in sericite (?). The rock is not magnetic, shows no reaction to

cold dilute HCl (even where scratched, with difficulty, by steel); stain for K-feldspar in the etched

offcut not visible due to epoxy coating. Modal mineralogy in polished thin section is approximately:


% H (mm) Plagioclase 45% 6 <2.0 subangular/euhedral, locally in aggregates; rarely sericitized

Quartz 30% 7 <1.5 angular to subangular detrital, local minor in lithic clasts

Biotite 10% 3 <1.0 greenish brown, sub/euhedral or bent flakes, partly chloritized

Clay?/sericite 8% 3 <0.05 sub/euhedral flakes, mostly in matrix; minor after plagioclase


K-feldspar 1% 6 <0.5 subhedra, mostly primary detrital based on etched offcut

Muscovite 1% 3 <0.4 colourless, deformed, detrital like biotite

Chlorite 1% 3 <0.3 sub/euhedral flakes after biotite (F:M to 0.5?); matrix <50 µm

Voids 1% 0 <0.4 interstitial, mostly due to plucking rather than pore space?

Epidote/zoisite <1% 7 <0.1 subhedra, mainly colourless, in lithic clasts with chlorite-sericite

Ilmenite <1% 5.5 <0.1 sub/euhedra, almost completely unaltered, mostly in matrix

Rutile <1% 5.5 <0.1 aggregates to 0.35 mm, locally associated with sphene/epidote

Allanite (?) <<1% 7 <0.4 subhedral granular, medium brown, with epidote



plagioclase, ±minor Kspar?), micas, amphibole, rare epidote or allanite, and accessory ilmenite and

rutile, lithic clasts are ~10% of the sample. Minor matrix making up 5-10% of the sample appears to

be mainly very fine sericite/local chlorite as intimately mixed subhedral, matted, flakes mostly <50

µm (rare biotite up to 0.1 mm), partly plucked out by section preparation to leave minor voids.

Quartz occurs mostly in single crystal fragments or locally in finer-grained aggregates (lithic

clasts; with fine-grained sericite, biotite, feldspar, ±epidote). The quartz is typically fractured but


suturing of grain boundaries). Plagioclase commonly displays polysynthetic twinning with extinction

Y^010 mainly <10º (but up to 16º) and almost no relief compared to quartz suggesting composition

in the oligoclase-andesine range; local albitization (?) is associated with alteration to sericite as

euhedral flakes <40 µm. Mica flakes are mostly dark, greenish brown biotite (locally partly altered to

chlorite) or rarely smaller, colourless muscovite. Local amphibole forms sub- to euhedral crystals up

to ~1 mm with medium olive-green pleochroism, likely hornblende or actinolitic hornblende, slightly

altered to biotite and/or chlorite at margins. Chlorite shows pale green pleochroism and weakly

anomalous grey-blue, length-slow birefringence (suggestive of F:M ~0.5?). Kspar forms subhedral

crystals as suggested by rare occurrence in etched offcut where not coated with epoxy. Accessory

TiO2 minerals include relatively rare ilmenite (euhedra to 0.1 mm) and rutile (euhedral acicular, very

dark brown, with epidote-quartz). Possible allanite (?) is rounded, detrital, associated with epidote.

Lithic clasts mostly <2.5 mm across are mostly fine-grained, weakly foliated, sericite or

biotite, quartz-feldspar-local epidote (phyllite/schist?), or local weakly porphyritic volcanic rock.

In summary, this is arkosic (feldspar-rich) ±lithic arenite/sandstone comprising closely packed

detrital plagioclase, quartz, micas (biotite, sericite, minor chlorite)-accessory Kspar, epidote, ilmenite,

rutile, allanite (?). It is hard (5.7), but lacks cohesion due to sericite (±biotite/chlorite?) in the matrix.

19

PET-01: Typical assemblage of detrital quartz (qz), plagioclase feldspar (pl), amphibole (am), epidote (ep, locally

rimming core of brown allanite, al?), local mica (brown biotite, bi), chlorite (ch) and variable lithic clasts, accessory

ilmenite/hematite (opaque) closely packed with no visible matrix. Transmitted plane light, field of view ~3 mm wide.

PET-01R: Unusual concentrations of heavy accessory minerals including ilmenite (il, partly altered to hematite, hm),

sphene (sp) and local zircon (zr?) along an open fracture. Reflected light, uncrossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.

20

PET-02: Contact between arkosic sandstone (detrital quartz, feldspars, amphibole and biotite partly altered to chlorite,

minor epidote, in matrix of sericite ±chlorite) and probable coal bed or clast (dark brown, amorphous) here conformable

to bedding in sandstone. Transmitted plane light, field of view ~3 mm wide.

PET-03: Relatively mica-rich arkosic sandstone (bent, broken biotite flakes and sericite (±chlorite?) rich matrix between

coarse detrital quartz and feldspar grains, variably abundant lithic clasts. Transmitted light, crossed polars, field of view

~3 mm wide.

21

PET-04: Relatively coarse arkosic sandstone or “grit” (host to altered pebbles of conglomerate) composed of detrital

quartz, feldspar (commonly altered to sericite/zoisite), amphibole (partly altered to epidote), accessory ilmenite, and

common lithic clasts; bubbles in epoxy indicate pore spaces. Transmitted plane light, field of view ~3 mm wide.

PET-04R: Relatively rare pyrite (py) as euhedral crystal associated with/cored by epidote-chlorite. Note biotite booklets

or flakes deformed between harder plagioclase grains, open spaces (partly original porosity?) between detrital quartz and

feldspar grains. Reflected light, uncrossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.

22

PET-05: Arkosic siltstone/“mudstone” (technically fine sandstone, 0.1-0.2 mm size range) composed of detrital quartz,

significant feldspar (fs), amphibole (am), mica (mainly green biotite, bi), accessory ilmenite (opaque, il) and limonite (lm)

in matrix rich in sericite (ser) ±chlorite (?). Transmitted plane light, field of view ~1.5 mm wide.

PET-06: Minor inter-clast matrix composed of detrital quartz (qz), feldspar (mainly plagioclase, pl, partly sericitized),

minor mica (chloritized biotite, ch/bi) and local, strongly fractured sphene (sp), common fine porosity (bubbles, epoxy).

Transmitted plane light, field of view ~3 mm wide.

23

PET-06(2): Widely varying, closely packed (clast-supported) subrounded/subangular clasts ranging from fine-grained,

biotite (bi), sericite (ser) or epidote (ep) altered to amphibole (am)-plagioclase (pl) phyric hypabyssal porphyry; note

single-crystal quartz (qz) and porosity (bubble in epoxy) in matrix. Transmitted plane light, field of view ~3 mm wide.

PET-07: Lithic arkosic sandstone composed of closely packed heterolithic clasts (fine-grained, strained quartz plus other

minerals), coarse detrital quartz (qz), plagioclase (pl), K-feldspar (Kf), bent/deformed biotite (bi) and minor pore spaces

but no appreciable matrix. Transmitted light, crossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.

24

PET-08: Poorly defined boundary between carbonate altered felsic (two-mica leuco-granitic) clast (lower right) and

heavily carbonate (cb) altered matrix containing detrital quartz, feldspar, micas, amphibole and lithic clasts. Transmitted

light, crossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.

PET-08R: Abundant magnetite (mt) associated with relict mafic sites altered to fibrous secondary actinolitic amphibole

(ac) interstitial to fractured, altered plagioclase (pl) and quartz (qz) in intermediate (quartz diorite) clast. Reflected light,

uncrossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.

25

PET-09: Seriate-textured relict plagioclase phenocrysts altered to clay?/sericite (brownish, partly plucked out to leave

voids at cores) or epidote (ep) and mafic relics altered to actinolitic amphibole (am), chlorite (ch), biotite (bi), epidote (ep)

and local quartz (qz; some is also primary) associated with minor chalcopyrite and magnetite (opaque; see below).

Transmitted plane light, field of view ~3 mm wide.

PET-09R:Same view as above but in reflected light (uncrossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide) to show chalcopyrite

(cp) intergrown with epidote (ep) and secondary quartz (qz), accessory magnetite (mt) partly replaced by sphene (sp).

26

XRD-01: Hypabyssal porphyry composed of euhedral relict plagioclase (PL) and mafic (M, possibly originally pyroxene

or amphibole?) phenocrysts, partly to completely replaced by albite (ab) and epidote (ep); or epidote and chlorite; most

chlorite occurs with epidote replacing seriate mafic crystals in the groundmass. Note epidote vein. Transmitted light,

crossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.

XRD-02: Arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic sandstone composed of abundant detrital quartz (qz), plagioclase (pl) and lithic

clasts (felsic plutonic rock, partly sericitized) with significant matrix of interstitial sericite (ser) that causes rock to be

weak and is commonly plucked out to leave voids. Transmitted light, crossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.

27

XRD-03: Arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic sandstone composed of abundant detrital plagioclase (pl), quartz (qz), biotite (bi),

rare epidote, and only rare lithic clasts (mainly sericite, ser) with significant matrix of interstitial sericite (ser) that causes

rock to be weak and may be plucked out to leave voids. Transmitted light, crossed polars, field of view ~3 mm wide.

XRD-04: Arkosic (feldspar-rich) lithic sandstone composed of abundant detrital plagioclase (pl), less quartz (qz), biotite

(bi), local lithic clasts (sericitized, ser) plus minor dark matrix of interstitial biotite/sericite/chlorite that causes rock to be

weak and may be plucked out to leave small voids. Transmitted plane light, field of view ~3 mm wide.

28

Overviews of offcuts and thin sections (dark semi-circles mark locations of photomicrographs):

Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC, TMEP Westridge Tunnel Investigation November 26, 2014 2014 Site Investigation Data Report – FINAL Project No.: 0095-150-15

0095150-15 Site Investigation Data Report - FINAL.docx

BGC ENGINEERING INC.

APPENDIX G GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS RESULTS


REPORT ON

SEISMIC REFRACTION INVESTIGATION

TRANSMOUNTAIN PIPELINE EXPANSION PROJECT

WESTRIDGE TUNNEL OPTION - SOUTH PORTAL

BURNABY, B.C.

by

Claudia Krumbiegel, M.Sc.

Russell A. Hillman, P.Eng.

PROJECT FGI-1367September, 2014________________________________________________________________

Frontier Geosciences Inc. 237 St. Georges Avenue, North Vancouver, B.C., Canada V7L 4T4Tel: 604.987.3037 Fax: 604.984.3074

CONTENTS

54. LIMITATIONS

4 3.2 Discussion

4 3.1 General

43. GEOPHYSICAL RESULTS

3 2.3 Interpretive Method

3 2.2 Survey Procedure

3 2.1 Equipment

32. THE SEISMIC REFRACTION SURVEY METHOD

11. INTRODUCTION

page

ILLUSTRATIONS

AppendixInterpreted Depth Section SL-6Figure 8






AppendixSite PlanFigure 2

Page 2Survey Location PlanFigure 1

location

(i)

Frontier Geosciences Inc.

1. INTRODUCTION

On August 29, September 2 and September 3, 2014, Frontier Geosciences Inc. carried out a

seismic refraction investigation for BGC Engineering Inc. at the Westridge Tunnel Option,

South Portal in Burnaby, British Columbia. The investigation is in support of Kinder

Morgan’s Transmountain Pipeline Expansion Project. The site area is located west of the

Kinder Morgan Burnaby Terminal, on the southwest side of Burnaby Mountain. A Survey

Location Plan of the area is shown at a scale of 1:50,000 in Figure 1. The purpose of the

seismic refraction survey was to determine geological conditions at the proposed South

Portal area.

A total of approximately 750 metres of detailed seismic refraction surveying was carried out

in the investigation on seven seismic spreads. A Site Plan of the area is presented at a scale

of 1:1,000, in Figure 2.

1


FIG. 1SCALE 1:50,000DATE: SEPT. 2014

FRONTIER GEOSCIENCES INC.

SURVEY LOCATION PLAN

SEISMIC REFRACTION SURVEY



501000E 502000E 503000E 504000E 505000E 506000E 507000E 508000E

5456000N

5457000N

5458000N

5459000N

5460000N

5461000N

5462000N

5463000N

5464000N

SURVEYAREA

2

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

KILOMETRES

2. THE SEISMIC REFRACTION SURVEY METHOD

2.1 Equipment

The seismic refraction investigation was carried out with a Geometrics, Geode, 24 channel,

signal enhancement seismograph and Oyo Geo Space, 10 Hz geophones. Geophone intervals

along the multicored seismic cables were maintained at 2.5 or 5 metres in order to produce

high resolution data on subsurface layering. Due to the proximity of infrastructure, the

seismic energy for the surveying was limited to either a weight drop system or a sledge

hammer, striking a steel plate on the ground surface.

2.2 Survey Procedure

For each spread, the seismic cable was stretched out in a straight line and the geophones

implanted. Six separate ‘shots’ were then initiated: one at either end of the geophone array,

two at intermediate locations along the seismic cable, and one off each end of the line to

ensure adequate coverage of the basal layer. The ‘shots’ were detonated individually and

arrival times for each geophone were recorded digitally in the seismograph. Data recorded

during field surveying operations was generally of moderate to good quality.

Throughout the survey, notes were recorded regarding seismic line positions in relation to

topographic and geological features. Relative elevations on the seismic lines were recorded

by chain and inclinometer with absolute elevations taken from one metre LiDAR contour

mapping of the area provided by BGC Engineering Inc..

2.3 Interpretive Method

The final interpretation of the seismic data was arrived at using the method of differences

technique. This method utilises the time taken to travel to a geophone from shotpoints

located to either side of the geophone. Using the total time, a small vertical time is computed

which represents the time taken to travel from the refractor up to the ground surface. This

time is then multiplied by the velocity of each overburden layer to obtain the thickness of

each layer at that point.

3


3. GEOPHYSICAL RESULTS

3.1 General

The results of the six seismic refraction traverses in the South Portal area are shown at a scale

of 1:500 in Figures 3 to 8 in the Appendix. The small triangles in the figures indicate

geophone positions on the ground surface. The blue line indicates an interpreted boundary

between overburden materials, with the red line indicating the interpreted, bedrock surface.

3.2 Discussion

The results of the seismic refraction interpretations indicate the site area is underlain by three

distinct velocity layers. The surficial layer with compressional wave velocities ranging from

310 m/s to 400 m/s is consistent with loose, surficial, gravelly sand and silt or Fill material.

This surficial layer averages approximately 1.3 metres in thickness, in the survey area.

Underlying the surficial layer is a shallow intermediate layer with compressional wave

velocities of 845 m/s to 970 m/s. These velocities correspond to stiffer or denser sand and silt

or till. This layer varies in thickness from a minimum of 0.3 metres at the north end of line

SL-5, to a maximum of 6.7 metres near the south end of line SL-5.

The basal layer with velocities from 2250 m/s to 2640 m/s is the interpreted competent

bedrock surface. These velocities are consistent with the intersection in drillhole

HMM-BH-03 of sedimentary sandstone and conglomerate bedrock. In general, the

interpreted bedrock surface parallels the ground surface, with the bedrock surface rising to

the north, northeast and east similar to the ground surface topography.

4


4. LIMITATIONS

The depths to subsurface boundaries derived from seismic refraction surveys are generally

accepted as accurate to within fifteen percent of the true depths to the boundaries. In some

cases, unusual geological conditions may produce false or misleading data points with the

result that computed depths to subsurface boundaries may be less accurate. In seismic

refraction surveying difficulties with a ‘hidden layer’ or a velocity inversion may produce

erroneous depths. The first condition is caused by the inability to detect the existence of a

layer because of insufficient velocity contrasts or layer thicknesses. A velocity inversion

exists when an underlying layer has a lower velocity than the layer directly above it. The

interpreted depths shown on drawings are to the closest interface location, which may not be

vertically below the measurement point if the refractor dip direction departs significantly

from the survey line location. Structural discontinuities occurring on a scale less than the

geophone spacing would go undetected in the interpretation of the data. Critically refracted

waves from subsurface denser interfaces do not penetrate the layer.

The results are interpretive in nature and are considered to be a reasonably accurate

representation of existing subsurface conditions within the limitations of the seismic

refraction method.

For: Frontier Geosciences Inc.

Claudia Krumbiegel, M.Sc.

Russell Hillman, P.Eng.

5


FIG. 2SCALE 1:1,000DATE: SEPT. 2014

FRONTIER GEOSCIENCES INC.

SITE PLAN

SEISMIC REFRACTION SURVEY



125

125

135

135

135

135

145

145

145

145

155155

155

155

165

165

165

165

175

175

175

175

175

175

185

HMM-BH-03

504580E 504600E 504620E 504640E 504660E 504680E 504700E 504720E 504740E 504760E5457500N

5457520N

5457540N

5457560N

5457580N

5457600N

5457620N

5457640N

5457660N

5457680N

5457700N

5457720N

5457740N

5457760N

5457780N

5457800N

5457820N

5457840N

0 10 20 30 40

METRES

SL-1

SL-2

SL-3

SL-4

SL

-5

SL-6

DRILLHOLE

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