Predicting the response of ecologically and economically ... › wp › wp-content › uploads ›...
1
Predicting the response of ecologically and economically significant oysters to climate change John Wright a *, Wayne O‘Connor b , Pauline Ross a & Laura Parker a Significance and Outcomes 1. A measure of the synergistic impact of elevated CO 2 and temperature on the metabolic efficiency and feeding rate of the Sydney rock and Pacific oysters will determine some of the mechanisms associated with the more resilient and robust response in C.gigas. 2. Recommendation to aquaculture industries on which species of oysters will be more resilient to climate change stressors. 3. Integration and communication of research findings to the aquaculture and fisheries industries for consideration into the NSW Oyster Industry Sustainable Aquaculture Strategy (―OISAS‖). Background As a consequence of sequestration of increasing atmospheric CO 2 , it has been suggested that ocean acidification will occur, threatening the biodiversity and survival of marine organisms and ecosystems which may be unable to adapt to the rate of CO 2 absorption which exceeds that of any other time on the planet 1,2,5 . To date, studies have found a range of negative impacts of elevated CO 2 on oysters and other molluscs including: The extent of these impacts being greater in the presence of elevated temperature 7,8 and yet differing, even between closely related species. Among Ostreids, Parker et al., (2010) examined the effects of elevated CO 2 and temperature on two ecologically and economically significant oyster species, the effect size being greater for the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata than for the more resilient and robust Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Research Issue The reasons for species-specific differences of S.glomerata and C.gigas and the robustness in response of C.gigas are not understood. Most recently it has been suggested that marine organisms with greater metabolic rate and feeding efficiency may be resilient to the impacts of climate change 9 . Previous studies have found that the metabolic efficiency and feeding rate of adult C.gigas was greater than S.glomerata under ambient conditions 10 , but it is unknown how metabolic rate and feeding efficiency will be altered under elevated CO 2 and temperature. Hypothesis: If S.glomerata and C.gigas are exposed to elevated pCO 2 and temperature then there will be a difference in the metabolic efficiency and feeding rate of S.glomerata and C.gigas. Deciphering the underlying physiological mechanisms through which mollusc species will respond to climate change stress will enable ―climate proofing‖ of our significant aquacultural industries world wide. Acknowledgements This project was possible thanks to NSW Primary Industries. This research was supported by a scholarship grant from the National Climate Change Research Facility. John Wright was supported by a student scholarship from the University of Western Sydney. References 1. Michaelidis, B, Ouzounts, C, Paleras, A & Pörtner, H-O, 2005, ‗Effects of long-term moderate hypercapnia on acid–base balance and growth rate in marine mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis‘, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 293, pp. 109−118 2. Orr, JC, Fabry, VJ, Aumont, O, Bopp, L, Doney, SC, & Feely, RA, et al, 2005, ‗Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms‘, Nature, vol. 437, pp. 681-686 3. Gazeau, F, Quiblier, C, Jansen, JM, Gattuso, J-P, Middelburg, JJ & Heip, C, et al, 2007, ‗Impact of elevated CO 2 on shellfish calcification‘, Geographical Research Letters, vol. 34, no. 7, L07603, doi:10.1029/2006GL028554 4. Kurihara, H, Asai, T, Kato, S & Ishimatsu, A, 2008a, ‗Effects of elevated pCO 2 on early development in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis‘, Aquatic Biology, vol. 4, pp. 225-233 5. Pörtner, HO & Reipschläger, A, 1996, ‗Ocean disposal of anthropogenic CO 2 : physiological effects on tolerant and intolerant animals‘, In: Ormerod B & Angel M (ed.), Ocean Storage of Carbon Dioxide, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and International Energy Agency, Greenhouse Gas R & D Programme, Cheltenham/ Boston, pp. 57–81 6. Lannig, G, Eilers, S, Pörtner, H-O, Sokolova, IM & Bock, C, 2010, ‚Impact of ocean acidification on energy metabolism of oyster, Crassostrea gigas—changes in metabolic pathways and thermal response‘, Marine Drugs, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 2318-2339 7. Parker, LM, Ross, PM & O‘Connor, WA, 2010, ‗Comparing the effect of elevated pCO 2 and temperature on the fertilization and early development of two species of oysters‘, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology, in press 8. Parker, LM, Ross, PM & O‘Connor, WA, 2009, ‗The effect of ocean acidification and temperature on the fertilization and embryonic development of the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata (Gould 1850)‘, Global Change Biology, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 2123-2136 9. Parker, LM, Ross, PM & O‘Connor, WA, 2011, ‗Populations of the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, vary in response to ocean acidification‘, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology, vol. 158, pp. 689-697 10. Bayne, BL, Svenssson, S & Nell, JA, 1999, ‗The physiological basis for faster growth in the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata‘, The Biological Bulletin, vol. 197, pp. 377-38 11. Solonano, L, 1969, ‗Determination of ammonia in natural waters by the phenolhypochlorite method‘, Limnology &Oceanography, vol. 14, pp. 799-801 Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas • a reduction in calcification and growth 1,2,3 • a reduction in reproductive capacity and population recruitment 4 •disturbances in the energy metabolism and acid-base status of adults 1, 5,6 Methodology Oysters were exposed to ambient and elevated CO 2 and temperature treatments, simulating current and predicted near-future 2 oceanic conditions (Figure 3; Photos 1 & 2). Physiological parameters including clearance rate 10 , absorption efficiency 10 , oxygen consumption 7,10 , excretion rate 11 , oxygen: nitrogen ratio 10 , haemolymph pH 7,10 , condition index 10 and scope for growth 10 were compared between treatments and species using a 3-factor orthogonal analysis of variance. pCO 2 385ppm 1000ppm 1000ppm Temperature n= 3 Total 24 tanks x 750L Figure 1: Experimental design Photos 2 and 3: Laboratory set-up 22 ⁰C 28 ⁰C 22 ⁰C 28 ⁰C 385ppm 22 ⁰C 28 ⁰C a School of Natural Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Australia. b Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, New South Wales Primary Industries, Australia. *John Wright [email protected] Results Clearance Rate Interim results show a significant difference in the mean cells remaining after 60 minutes between temperature treatments (28°C > 22°C; P < 0.05). There was a trend for less clearance of cells at elevated temperature, and at 22°C C.gigas cleared more cells than S. glomerata. (Figure 4). Standard Metabolic Rate There was no significant difference between species (Figure 5). Haemolymph pH A species x CO 2 interaction was present. There was a significant difference between species at elevated CO 2 (385ppm > 1000ppm). C.gigas had a lower haemolymph pH than S.glomerata (Figure 6). Absorption Efficiency There was no significant effect of treatment on the absorption efficiency between species. Scope for Growth Scope for growth will be determined once the remaining physiological parameters are finalised. 28 ⁰C 22 ⁰C 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000 385 ppm 1000 ppm 385 ppm 10000 ppm 22⁰C 28⁰C Mean number of cells remaining (cells per mL of seawater) Treatment (ppm/⁰C) Figure 4: Mean number of cells remaining per treatment after 60 minutes of feeding SRO PO 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 385 ppm 1000 ppm 385 ppm 1000 ppm 22 ⁰C 28 ⁰C SMR (O2 g-1 dry tissue mass h-1) Treatment (ppm/⁰C) Figure 5: Standard Metabolic Rate SRO PO 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 385 ppm 1000 ppm 385 ppm 1000 ppm 22°C 28°C Haemolymph pH Treatment (ppm/⁰C) Figure 6: Haemolymph pH SRO PO
Transcript of Predicting the response of ecologically and economically ... › wp › wp-content › uploads ›...
Predicting the response of ecologically and economically significant oysters to climate change
John Wright a*, Wayne O‘Connor b, Pauline Ross a & Laura Parker a
Significance and Outcomes1. A measure of the synergistic impact of elevated CO2 and temperature on the
metabolic efficiency and feeding rate of the Sydney rock and Pacific oysters will
determine some of the mechanisms associated with the more resilient and robust
response in C.gigas.
2. Recommendation to aquaculture industries on which species of oysters will be
more resilient to climate change stressors.
3. Integration and communication of research findings to the aquaculture and
fisheries industries for consideration into the NSW Oyster Industry Sustainable
Aquaculture Strategy (―OISAS‖).
BackgroundAs a consequence of sequestration of increasing atmospheric CO2 , it has been suggested that ocean acidification will occur, threatening the biodiversity and survival of
marine organisms and ecosystems which may be unable to adapt to the rate of CO2 absorption which exceeds that of any other time on the planet1,2,5. To date, studies
have found a range of negative impacts of elevated CO2 on oysters and other molluscs including:
The extent of these impacts being greater in the presence of elevated temperature7,8 and yet differing, even between closely related species. Among Ostreids, Parker et al.,
(2010) examined the effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on two ecologically and economically significant oyster species, the effect size being greater for the Sydney
rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata than for the more resilient and robust Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas.
Research IssueThe reasons for species-specific differences of S.glomerata and C.gigas and the
robustness in response of C.gigas are not understood. Most recently it has been
suggested that marine organisms with greater metabolic rate and feeding efficiency
may be resilient to the impacts of climate change9. Previous studies have found that
the metabolic efficiency and feeding rate of adult C.gigas was greater than
S.glomerata under ambient conditions10, but it is unknown how metabolic rate and
feeding efficiency will be altered under elevated CO2 and temperature.
Hypothesis: If S.glomerata and C.gigas are exposed to elevated pCO2 and
temperature then there will be a difference in the metabolic efficiency and feeding
rate of S.glomerata and C.gigas.
Deciphering the underlying physiological mechanisms through which mollusc
species will respond to climate change stress will enable ―climate proofing‖ of our
significant aquacultural industries world wide.
Acknowledgements
This project was possible thanks to NSW Primary
Industries. This research was supported by a
scholarship grant from the National Climate
Change Research Facility. John Wright was
supported by a student scholarship from the
University of Western Sydney.
References1. Michaelidis, B, Ouzounts, C, Paleras, A & Pörtner, H-O, 2005, ‗Effects of long-term moderate hypercapnia on acid–base
balance and growth rate in marine mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis‘, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 293, pp. 109−118
2. Orr, JC, Fabry, VJ, Aumont, O, Bopp, L, Doney, SC, & Feely, RA, et al, 2005, ‗Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the
twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms‘, Nature, vol. 437, pp. 681-686
3. Gazeau, F, Quiblier, C, Jansen, JM, Gattuso, J-P, Middelburg, JJ & Heip, C, et al, 2007, ‗Impact of elevated CO2 on shellfish
calcification‘, Geographical Research Letters, vol. 34, no. 7, L07603, doi:10.1029/2006GL028554
4. Kurihara, H, Asai, T, Kato, S & Ishimatsu, A, 2008a, ‗Effects of elevated pCO2 on early development in the mussel Mytilus
galloprovincialis‘, Aquatic Biology, vol. 4, pp. 225-233
5. Pörtner, HO & Reipschläger, A, 1996, ‗Ocean disposal of anthropogenic CO2: physiological effects on tolerant and intolerant
animals‘, In: Ormerod B & Angel M (ed.), Ocean Storage of Carbon Dioxide, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and
International Energy Agency, Greenhouse Gas R & D Programme, Cheltenham/ Boston, pp. 57–81
6. Lannig, G, Eilers, S, Pörtner, H-O, Sokolova, IM & Bock, C, 2010, ‚Impact of ocean acidification on energy metabolism of
oyster, Crassostrea gigas—changes in metabolic pathways and thermal response‘, Marine Drugs, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 2318-2339
7. Parker, LM, Ross, PM & O‘Connor, WA, 2010, ‗Comparing the effect of elevated pCO2 and temperature on the fertilization and
early development of two species of oysters‘, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology, in press
8. Parker, LM, Ross, PM & O‘Connor, WA, 2009, ‗The effect of ocean acidification and temperature on the fertilization and
embryonic development of the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata (Gould 1850)‘, Global Change Biology, vol. 15, no. 9,
pp. 2123-2136
9. Parker, LM, Ross, PM & O‘Connor, WA, 2011, ‗Populations of the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, vary in response
to ocean acidification‘, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology, vol. 158, pp. 689-697
10. Bayne, BL, Svenssson, S & Nell, JA, 1999, ‗The physiological basis for faster growth in the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea
glomerata‘, The Biological Bulletin, vol. 197, pp. 377-38
11. Solonano, L, 1969, ‗Determination of ammonia in natural waters by the phenolhypochlorite method‘, Limnology
&Oceanography, vol. 14, pp. 799-801
Sydney rock
oyster
Saccostrea
glomerata
Pacific
oyster
Crassostrea
gigas
• a reduction in calcification and growth1,2,3 • a reduction in reproductive capacity and population
recruitment4•disturbances in the energy metabolism and acid-base
status of adults1, 5,6
MethodologyOysters were exposed to ambient and elevated CO2 and temperature treatments,
simulating current and predicted near-future2 oceanic conditions (Figure 3; Photos 1
& 2).
Physiological parameters including clearance rate10, absorption efficiency10, oxygen
consumption7,10, excretion rate11, oxygen: nitrogen ratio10, haemolymph pH7,10,
condition index10 and scope for growth10 were compared between treatments and
species using a 3-factor orthogonal analysis of variance.
pCO2 385ppm1000ppm 1000ppm
Temperature
n= 3
Total 24 tanks x 750L
Figure 1: Experimental
design
Photos 2 and 3: Laboratory set-up
22 ⁰C 28 ⁰C22 ⁰C 28 ⁰C
385ppm
22 ⁰C 28 ⁰C
a School of Natural Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Australia. b Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, New South Wales Primary Industries, Australia.
*John Wright [email protected]
ResultsClearance Rate
Interim results show a significant
difference in the mean cells remaining
after 60 minutes between temperature
treatments (28°C > 22°C; P < 0.05).
There was a trend for less clearance of
cells at elevated temperature, and at
22°C C.gigas cleared more cells than S.
glomerata. (Figure 4).
Standard Metabolic Rate
There was no significant difference
between species (Figure 5).
Haemolymph pH
A species x CO2 interaction was present.
There was a significant difference
between species at elevated CO2
(385ppm > 1000ppm). C.gigas had a
lower haemolymph pH than S.glomerata
(Figure 6).
Absorption Efficiency
There was no significant effect of
treatment on the absorption efficiency
between species.
Scope for Growth
Scope for growth will be determined once
the remaining physiological parameters
are finalised.
28 ⁰C22 ⁰C
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
385 ppm 1000 ppm 385 ppm 10000 ppm
22⁰C 28⁰C
Me
an
nu
mbe
r o
f ce
lls r
em
ain
ing
(ce
lls p
er
mL o
f se
aw
ate
r)
Treatment (ppm/⁰C)
Figure 4: Mean number of cells remaining per treatment after 60 minutes of feeding
SRO
PO
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
385 ppm 1000 ppm 385 ppm 1000 ppm
22 ⁰C 28 ⁰C
SM
R (
O2
g-1
dry
tis
su
e m
ass h
-1)
Treatment (ppm/⁰C)
Figure 5: Standard Metabolic Rate
SRO
PO
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
385 ppm 1000 ppm 385 ppm 1000 ppm
22°C 28°C
Hae
moly
mp
h p
H
Treatment (ppm/⁰C)
Figure 6: Haemolymph pH
SRO
PO
