Pre-service Pre-service teachers’ interest teachers’ interest in ELT in ELT researchresearch

Haedong Kim

Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (Korea)Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (Korea)

ContentContent

1.1. IntroductionIntroduction

2.2. Literature ReviewLiterature Review

3.3. Research Method Research Method

4.4. ResultsResults

5. ConclusionConclusion

The definition of research

• Research is a process of formulating questions, problems, or hypothesis; collecting data or evidence relevant to these questions/ problems/ hypothesis; and analyzing or interpreting these data.

Why are you doing research?

Pair Work..Pair Work..

• A career move. • Personal interest. • Following someone’s example. • Because other people expect you to do

research. • Avoiding the real world. • Because you can’t find a job, or know it’s

going to be hard to get one. • Developing your skills and abilities. • You enjoy doing research. • Pure vanity! • Because you like working with the

unknown.

Textbooks on ELT research•Brown, J.D. (1988). Understanding Research in Second Language Learning: A Teacher's Guide to Statistics and Research Design. Cambridge: CUP.

•Nunan, D. (1992). Research Methods in Language Learning. Cambridge: CUP

•McDonough, J. and McDonough, S. (1997). Research Methods for English Language Teachers. London: E Arnold.

•These books introduces research methods which are appropriate for relevant research in English language teaching (ELT). Quantitative and qualitative approaches, and the notion of the teacher-researcher are discussed.

Quantitative research

Qualitative research

Facts or cause of social phenomenaObjectiveInferential, deductiveOutcome orientedReliableGeneralization: multiple case studiesReality= stable

Understanding human behaviors.SubjectiveDescriptive, inductiveProcess-orientedValidity : rich, deep, real dataNo generalization: single case studiesReality = dynamic

Chandron’s 4 types of research

• Psychometric: data from an experiment

• Interaction analysis: recorded speech data

• Discourse analysis: classroom transcripts

• Ethnography: real world setting

Grotjahn’s research paradigm

• There are three variables.

1)Method of data collection

(experimentally or real world setting)

2) The types of data

(quantitative or qualitative)

3) The types of analysis

(statically or interpretative)

Method of data collection

The types of data

The types of analysis

Analytical-nomological paradigm

Experimental, quantitative data,

statistical analysis

Exploratory interpretive paradigm

Real world setting,

qualitative interpretative analysis,

Van Lier’s parameters

Linguistic research can be analyzed in two parameters.

1)intervention parameter

2)selectivity parameter

Parameters in research design

Brown’s Research Categorization

• Secondary Research• Primary Research• -case study / statistical study• Systematic research• logical research• tangible research• replicable research• reductive research

Wallace: Action ResearchWallace: Action Research

3. Focus2.Topic 4.Product

8.refocusing/fine-tuning

6.Timing 7.Resources 5.Mode

1. Purpose

Selecting and developing a research

topic

Needs Analysis on ELT research

• No research has attempted to identify why and what teachers really want in relation to research.

Research MethodResearch Method

Question-naire

AnalysisSubject: 57

ReportingApplication

Backgrounds: Subjects•Male – 4 ( 7.7%), Female – 48(92.3%)•Below 30 – 38 (73%), Over 31 – 14 (27%)• No teaching experience – 16 (31%), less than 3 years – 10 (20%), over 3 years – 6 (12%)• primary school – 3 (6%), middle school – 3 (6%), high school – 7 (14%), University – 4 (8%)

Questionnaire ContentQuestionnaire Content

1.1. Reasons for studying researchReasons for studying research

2.2. Needs: Skills in writing Needs: Skills in writing

3.3. Type of research methodType of research method

4.4. Data collection methodData collection method

5.5. Statistical knowledgeStatistical knowledge

Reason for studying research method

•

Reasons Mean SD

Writing a thesis 4.8235 .65440

Personal research 4.2692 .84286

Other’s research 3.8431 .83361

Interest 3.6667 .90921

Grade 3.3922 1.13276

Presentation 2.9804 1.40699

How to write …

•

Mean SD

Research design 4.7885 .57177

Choosing a topic 4.7500 .65305

Interpretation/Implication of the results 4.6538 .65334

Literature review 4.6538 .59027

Statistical analysis 4.4423 .80229

Writing references 4.3654 .88625

Research methods

Mean SD

Experiment 4.5000 .70014

Classroom observation 4.4423 .77746

Case study 4.3654 .90811

Interaction analysis 4.2885 .80041

Qualitative study 4.2692 .84286

Program evaluation 4.1154 .80814

Quasi- experimental 4.0769 .70977

Ethnography 3.2692 1.03119

Data Collection Method

•

Mean SD

Questionnaire design 4.7308 .56414

Field note writing 4.2692 .84286

Interview techniques 4.1154 .83205

Think- aloud 4.0769 .94653

Diary/Journal writing 3.8846 .96312

Statistical analysis

Mean SD

Item reliability check 4.6458 .56454

t- test 4.6154 .56547

Correlation coefficient check 4.6078 .60261

ANOVA 4.5769 .63697

Data coding 4.5577 .66902

Identification of variable and value 4.5192 .67127

Frequency analysis – Chi- squared test 4.4615 .69906

Factor analysis 4.3846 .74502

Regression 4.2692 .86581

What makes good research?

Pair Work..Pair Work..

–Interest, Originality, –Specificity, Publication,

–Sensitivity, Objectivity,

–Validity, Reliability,

–Falsifiability, Replicability,

–Generalizability, Utility, Ethics

Research TrainingResearch Training

Things participants should know more about (knowledge – theory):• Layout of an MA thesis (or an article) of an ELT

investigation• Ways of finding and manipulating written sources

for literature review• Relationship between the questions/hypotheses

being researched• Measurement techniques and research designs • Ways of assessing reliability and validity of

instruments• Statistical analysis appropriate for the resulting

figures

Research TrainingResearch Training

Things participants should be able to do better

(skill – practice):• Identifying researchable questions and hypotheses

and formulating them• Criticizing ELT research studies done by others (or

reported in journals)• Evaluating measuring instruments and designing a

piece of research

Research TrainingResearch Training

Things participants should be able to do better

(skill – practice):• Identifying what graph and statistical techniques are

appropriate in particular research• Using basic functions of the SPSS program

confidently to make graphs and relevant statistics• Writing up accounts of work in professional

reporting style

Thank you!

Enjoy the ASIA TEFL conference!

Thank you! Enjoy the ASIA TEFL

conference!