PRE-ARYAN AND PRE-DRAVIDIAN

IN INDIA

PIlIfUD BY BHOPINDB.t.LAL 8AlfJCSJIII

"., TRI CJ.LCU'l"I'J. UNIVJ:RlI'l'Y P.S.1, IIJUTI BOU'., CALCV7YA.

Re.ll'. No. 854B.-Juue, 192{l-K

PREFACE

A. tbe following article. bave opened up a new field of enquiry, I have found it neces.ary to make tbem acees sible to our scbola ... and students. I am thankful to tbe authors, Professors Sylvain Levi, Jules Bloeb and Jean Przyluski, for kindly permitting me to publisb tbese translations in the form of a book. Tbe introduction is meant for our studen to, and it does not pretend to be exhaustive. A number of similarities between Indo-Aryan and Austric words have been suggested by my friend and colleague Dr. S. K. Chatterji, and such suggestions hRve also occurred to me. As some of tbe words noted by us are popular vernacular terms, not usually registered in dictionaries, it was thought that their discu.sion might be a propo. to the subject so . brilliantly inaugurated by the eminent l<'rencb scbolars.

In spite of my best endeavours, some possible slips in translation and tranBliteration, have crept in: for the.. I crove the indulgence of the antbors as well as the reader. But these, I hope, will not detract from the merit of the original pape .. , which are Bingularly valuable for tbe reconBtruction of the foundationB of our bistory and cultare.

I have grstefully to acknowledge tbe asBi.tanC9 I rPceived from Dr. A. C. Woolner for baving gone tbrougb portions of tbe translation in MS., and "Iso from Dr. S. K. Cbatterji for bis conotant active interest in the publication of the work.

Tn UNIVEBBIT!',

CALCUTl'A:

lit Mo,. IPB9.

P. C. BAaCK!.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

Some more An.tric Words in Indo-Aryan (S. K. Cbatterji and P. C. Bagcbi) xix

PART 1-

Non-Aryan Loans in Indo-Aryan (J. Przylnski) 8 "lJIlal., p. 4; 6iila, "a",6ala, ili",6ala, p. 6;

lingala, lingula, linga, p. 8; Names of betel, p. 15; Bengali numeration and Non-Aryan Loans, p. 25.

PART 11-

Sanskrit and Dravidian (Jules Blocb) 85

PART 111-

Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian in India (fl,ylvain Levi) 68

ApPIINDlll TO PART 1-

Further Notes on Non-Aryan Loans in Indo-Aryan (J. Przyluski) 127

matanga, p. 129 ; ",al',a, _,fila, ",orija, p. 181; Name. of Indian ToWIIs in tbe Geograpby of ptolemy, p. 186; lcod .. mlia,a­o/la",6IJ'o, p. 149.

ApPBNDlll TO PART 111-

I. Paloura-Dantapnra (Sylvain Levi) ... 168 II. Note on TOlala and Dhanli (P. C. Bagcibi) 176

ADDITIONS ANn CORBIIOTlONS 179

INTRODUCTION.'

AU8TRO-AsIATIC.

A linguistic unity in the Man-Khmer group (then called Mon-Annam) was first pointed out by Logan and others and established on a sure footing by Keane in 1880. Forbes in his work, Comparative Grammar of tAe Language, of Further I"dia (1881), incontestably proved the exis­tence of this linguistic unity. In 1888 Miiller t continued the same study further. Kuhn in 1889 while emphasising on this linguistic unity remarked 3 "what is more striking is the relation with Annamite; there is undeniable relation of the monosyllabic group: Kha.i-Mon-Khmer

with Kolh, Nancowry, ond the dialect. of the aborigines of Malacca."

Schmidt pushed the work of Kuhn further < and estah­

li.hed the relation between the languages of the Malay penin.ula and the Mon. Khmer group. He studied also the correspondence in the vocabularies IS and the phonetio laws of tbose language., He then applied these law. to

1 The first part of the Introduction is based on (and partly translated from) the French translation of P.ter Schmidt's article. 0/. BEFEO VII, pp. gl7lt

t GrundriB, de' Sprachwu8enschtlJt, Vol. IV (Appendi:J:) .

• B~trage zur Bprach,n-kund. Hinterindi8n,. Sitz. del' X. b.1er Akad.der wis&eD.acb. phil. hiat. XL 1889, I, p. 219.

, Die 8prach,n de' Bakei und 8emang rw./ Mdla1c1ca wnd i", Y"hll­tnil .. den Mon.khmer 8p,,"hen, Bijdragen tot de Taal-Lauden Volkenkunde 'flO Naderl. Indil, 6th aeriel, Part VIll.

I Gnmlzlgc ei",r LauU,hr. der Mon.·khmer Sprock,,.. (1906), DankaohrifteD dlr Kaised. Akad. d. Wi.l. in WieD (phil. hilt.), ][J.., Vol VIJl,

ii INTRODUCTION

tbe study of Kb .. i.' In an appendix to hio otudy of Kb .. i he examined Palong, Wa and Riang of tbe middle valley of tbe Salween. Palong woo already connected with the Mon-Khmer family by Logan and Kuhn. Grierso. in hi. Linuuilli. 8.",.y (II, pp. I, 88ll'.) added W. and Riang to it. Wa and Riang extend, almo.t to the .. me latitude as Khasi.

Scbmidt next ,tudied • tbe Nikober .. e and by a 'tndy of it. phonology proved that it belonga to tbe Mon-Kbmer family and is related to otber I.nguage, whi.h belong to the same group. There is resemblance even in paorticula.r details of vocali,m and .0n,onBntism. It has the same development for tbe roots in y. and rD. as in the Mon­Kbmer languag .. , the same for the mode of the production of palatals. A. to the morphology, it presents 80me earlier pha, .. of morphologic.1 development in m.ny c .... aDd gives UB the key for explaining a series of forms in Mon-Khmer.· Nieobere,e i, not pollysyn.bic as often said; the root, .re mono.y nabi. like other Mon· Kbmer langu.ges and are developed by infixes Bnd prebes. There are be.ide. sullixe. in it which are completely missing in other Mon-Khmer langu.gas. Most of th .. e snllixe. indicate direction (as it happen. in tbe langnag .. of i.lands) me.ning cardinal points. But tbere are a few wbich have purely grammatical fu.ctio.. Hence Niko­her .. e is a Ii.k between the Mu~~ii (or Kol) and the great

I GruMJifl' tiner Loutt,hr, de, Khtui,..S"acM in u..r", B,." ,hu.ng'" II' d"1",igm dtr MOft.okhm,r 8pracken (190e:) : AbhlDdlDD,eD dor k~ni,l. B.yer Akad. d. WiI,_ (r. XL. Vol. XXII. rm .

• Gl. Or. Mon.·l:hm" SprtcM", II 199 fl. aDd 5W •. , 0,. DIIi·

8pr .. "'. 1111&_ • cl. Appendix 10 Dio M •• -kh ..... VBIHr .... BindtglUd .8'_ ..

VIJUc"" Z.trGlGli"., .nd Aaltr~, 1908 (ct, FnPCh 1'raDdltiOll, BUBO.:vn. pp. 911&.).

lNTRol>tJCT10N iii

Anstronesian group which also possess suffixes besides

prefixes and infixes. Sten Konow CLingllillic 8.",.y, IV, p. 11) establi.hed

the relation between the MUI)QiI and the Mon-Khm~r groups on phonological grounds. "Both families possess,.. he Bays, "aspirated hard and soft letters. Both avoid be~inning a word with more than one consonant. The most characteristic feature in M ul)Qi phonology are the so-called semi-consonants: k', eR', t', pi, They are formed in the

mouth in the same way aB the corresponding hard conso­nant.s k, ch, t, p, hut the sound is checked and the breath does not touch the organs of speech in passing out. The sound often makes the impression of being nasalised and we therefore find writings, such as tn, or dn instead of t' ; P"', or 6m instead of p'; and so forth. Some corresponding sounds exist in Sakei and connected languages. In the Mon­Khmer forms of speech final consonants are, as a general rule, shortened in various ways. Similarly in Cham final 'h, t, p, R are Dot pronounced and their eDUDciatio~ is at last cheeked so that only a good observer can decide which sound is intended." As to the formation of words in both th. groups Sten Konow noticed only a few characteristics, but it was Schmidt again who proved that the system of the formation of words with the help of prefixes and infixes is identical in both the groups.

In these two groups of languages (MuQ4i and other Mon-Khmer groups) all consonante that they peasess with the exosption of 0>, ft, y, and to can aerve as simple prefixes, and, as iu the most of·the Mon-Khmer languages, a second degree of pre fixation by insertion of a nasal Co>, II, "' •• ) or a liquid (, [11]) between the prefix and the root may take place. Some of the infixee Uled are identical in both the families as regards their form as well as their function.

INTRODUCTION

Th. infix n forms nam •• of instruments in the Mon­Khm.r and abstract nouns which d.signate the result of an action in the Mu~cji languages. Th. forms of the l .. st Il&tegory ar. not how.ver rare in Khmer, Bahnor and Nikobare •• , and inversely the MU~(!ii languag.s have names of instrum.nts form.d by the infixation of n. Th. infix p form. abstract words in Santali. Th. same phenom.non is obs.rved in Khmer, but only in th. root words of which the initial is 110' or I, wh.reas for words b.ginning with oth.r initials the double infix .,,' is found. There is another remarkable point of resemblance betwe.n Nikoba­rese and Mu~(!ii: th. latter forms .. kind of superlative by inserting p and the former a comparative by", but in both th. cases we are in th. pres.nce of abstract words and ma.nnerisms analogous to the expression: A.~ i8 good" ... it .. if.

B .. ide. the infixes and prefixes th. MUI}(jii languages also make use of suffixes. On this point they do not agree wIth Mon-Khmer and Khasi hut with Nikobarese. The formation of some iotransitiv8S, passives and substantives corresponds precisely with Santoli ok', ak', MUI}<Jiri 0,

and Kiirkii u which a.re used in the formation of passives, reflexives, and intransitives. Besides the adjectival suffix o in Nikobarese s.ems to be identical with the suffix 00 of Santali which forms v.rbs of condition. The large quantity of other suffix .. which have mad. th. MUQQi conjugation a compl.x on. i. Dot found in Nikobares. and still Ie •• in Khasi and Mon-Khm.r (th. last two having no suffixes). Bot this does not go against the th.ory of ·relation.hip between the two group. of languag... It i. the nec ..... y con.equ.nce of anoth.r unique and important dill'er.nc •.

It consiste in the fact that Mu",~i uS88 the g.niti v. (without affix) before and Mon-Khm.r, Khasi, and

INTRODUCTION v

Nikooorese after. A law 1 has heen e.tabli.hed that the languages wbich have the genitive hefore the word gcverned (without affix) ar. language. po •• e •• ing suffixes, while those whioh have tbe genitive coming after are languages passeg.ing prefixes. Thi. law i. to he appli.d bere. The faot tbat tb. Mu~c)ii pre •• nts such a rich dev.lopment of suffixation i. due to it. po.ition of g.nitiv. being b.fore tbe word. Sinc. the e.tabli.hment of tbis law tbe attention bas been drawn to the importance of pos •••• iv. affixes which have pre.erv.d, for a v.ry long time, the ancient position of the genitive. The case is similar wi th M UDr~i. In forms like apu-n' a my father," apu-m U your father," etc., the genitive which is plac.d before in other oases haB been placed after in tho.e oa,e.; becau.e apu-n i. nothing but opo-an .. fatb.r (of) mine." This proves that the Mu~fji languag •• , in ancient times, had postposition of genitiva and it is from tbat time onward. that their sy.tem of prefixes, which exist now in a state of survival, has come down. The pr.sent antepo.ition of genitive has b.en introduoed through the influenee of Dravidian, Aryan, or Tibeto. Burman languages which surrounded the MUQQi domain and have aotually pen.trated into it. Thus the mo.t s.riou. difficulty in connecting the two groups of languages is gon.. A large concordance betw.en th. two vocabularies .upport. it. Schmidt had .hown that Saotali ha. about 500 words (reduced to about 360 roote) in common with Man-Khmer, Khasi, and Nikobareae.'

Schmidt has thus proved the relation of the MUI)c)ii languages with Nikoharese, Khasi and Man-Khmer

I 01. Schmidt's lecture to the Vienna Anthropological Society. publiahed in VlJlkftr f'8,chologi. of Wundt. Vol. It c/. &1110 Mitteilungell des AnUlrop. Gelsellchalt in Wien. xxxm, pp. 881·889.

I CI. AppeDdi:a: referred to in Dote 8; pli.

vi INTRODUCTION

and established the existence of a linguistic family called by him Autro-Aslatlc. It comprises, according to bim, the following groups:

. I. Mi".iJ Group: Cam, Rad~, Jaral, Sedang, which are Mon·Khmer judged by their construction and vocabulary but has borrowed a large number of words, even personal pronouns and words for numbers. 1

II. Mon-Khmer: the two ancient literary languages, Mon and Khmer, Babnar, Stieng, dialects of the tribes called MOl: Samreb, Kha-so, Kha Tampuen, Scbong, Huei, Sue, Sue, HiD, Nahhaog, Mi, Khmus, LemetJ all in Indo-China; and in tbe peninsula of Malaya, Bersisi and Jakun.'

III. SenD; (8akei)-S.mang in Malacca.· IV. Palo"g-Wa-Ri •• g.·

V. KA.Ii.-VI. Nik06.r ••••

VII. M"Mii: or Kol tbe two sub-groups, the more e .. tern SA ...... ,; with Santali, MUI,!Qiri, Bhumij, Birhor, Koc)i, Ho, Turi; Asuri, and Korwa dialects, and the western Kfirkfi; Kbapi; Juang; and the two mixed languages, Savara and Gad"ba. 6

'I.'be MUI,!~i languag .. occupy tbe eastern half of Central India. Dravidian is on its soutb and penetrates

• I Diction.air. Ca.maJrtsnQ4w by Aymonier IIond Caba.ton, Paris, 1906

(.,. Allthrop .. , n, pp. 880-889). I Khmer test. publilhed by Abbot Guesdon, A"throp'" I, pp. 91·99.

Boh"lf Grllmmor and DictioftGf1' by Douri.aboure CBon&kong 1889), Btl'." Diottofto'1 by Azima.r (Faria 1887 Dot; complete).

I Skeat aDd Blagden: Pqaft .Roc., 0'1 th, Milia. P""ftlulG, (DI. Voeabulary), Loudnn 1906, Anth,opo" D, pp. &98, 60&.

, L'""viltW 8"",, 0/ India. n . • Ibid, n, pp.17-67. Aft Angl .. 1Ch1lli DilJli ... " bJ E.lIobtri.

(1878) • • LiwpilIi<J 8.,." of 1 ...... IV: (1908), pp. 1_1'/6.

INTRODUCTION vii

it at several pointo. It Lao been now definitely proved that there is no relation betw~en the two .groupo. On the southern border of the Himalayas Sten Konow hao found out lOme languages, which though of Tibeto-Burman origin, present some characteristics similar to tliose in Mut}fjl. There wa find, no doubt, the laot traces of the MU,!QI which once existed in tbat region. The westernmost of tbese dialecto is the Kanawari in the valley of the Sutlej spoken at the confiuence of the Sutlej and the Spiti, i .•. , the southern frontier of Kashmir. To the ... t, in Nepal, K.ni~l, Mancatl, Ranglol, Bunin, Rank.s, DArmiyi, Couditisl, Byillsl, and Dhlmal are connected with it. It should be therefore admitted that the domain of MU!]'!II, Mon-Khmerand other connected languages wao much more considerable tban it is at present. It is only in later times that this domain h .. been reduced and cut into pieces by Aryan and Dravidian on the west and Tibeto-Burman on the e .. t.

The seven linguistic group., enumerated before, can be reduced to three principal groups acr.ording to Schmidt. San tali (or Mu,!~ii in general) is more closely related to Mon-Khmer than to Khasi. Nikobares. occupies a middle position between Khasi (and Wa language.) and Mon-Kbmer-cum-MuQqi. Berisi (and Jakun) of Malaya i. more related to the latter group than to the Senoi_ Semang as expected from ito geographical position. On the contrary a division must be estahlished in the second group: Semang, Tembe, Senoi, and Sakei.' The Semang dialects should be put apart and tbe Senoi (Iilakei, Tembe) sbould be considered as • particular group by itself. Both may be included in a more general group but it sbould be pointed out that Senoi inclines more towards tb. Berili

l Di, ",cschln def Bake. und 811M"g 4ftt Malakka "Btl ihr .,,""taiI •• "" M ... k""", 8p, .. h ... , f. ~1!6,

viii INTRODUCTION

dialects (andconsequentIy to the Man-Khmer) and probably preeenfs .. mixture of those dialects with Sem"ng. Regarding the last it should be ;x>inted out that the words by which it dUfers from otber languages of MaJ..ya and from Man_Khmer have not yet been identified. It i. besides probable that there are in them the vestige. of the original language of the Semang.Negritos, now 108t. It becomes more certain when we consider the eases in which tbe Man-Khmer languages agree primarily between them­s.lves. In eucb cases·it appears to be less and Ie .. probable that these word. of the Semang longuage come from a particular group of the gr •• t, family of Mon-Khmer_~" uQ~ii­Nikobar-Khasi langua~es. The case is similar with the word "bird"; Sem8ng has a. particular root kaf(,(lu

while other languaget< have another root lim; for "child" Mon_Khmer-Mu~'.1ii-Nikobar_Kha.i, etc., have tb. root ..twan while Semang has wan; for" hand" 8emang hIlS ca. while others have t,,;, Ii,

Laet1y a study of some ancient loans from Aryan throws some light on the classification of these languagoes. Three of these loan- .re interesting. Cl) Sanskrit jangAi is found under the forms gango, gan, jon, iii'h, iin, iotA, etc., in San tali, Wa, Palong, RiangJ Mon.Kbmer, Benoit Berisi and lakun but is missing in Nikoba.rese, Khasi, Semang and the other M uQ':ii languages. (2) Sanskrit .atoka seems to be missing in MU'!Qi and Nikobarese. In Semang there are hal" hale, etc., which are a little doubtful on account of the eecondary forms: kli and Mit. Everywhere else we have .alaka, .Iok, .Uk, .la, kia, lao (S) Sanskrit (u)daka is found everywhere under the forms d/lk, 4iik. dik, do", eto·., e.cept io Kba.i, Wa, Palong, Riang, Semang and probably Seooi. Only

1 The above it Pater Schmidt's view. But it may be quuUoDed j! !be .",tric .... do are 10\ .u derj.ec1 from Indo-Arj'an.-l' _ O. II.

INTRODUCTION

the MOD-Khmer (and Mu~qi) poeseeB these three I.,.. ""rd. J on the contrary the three other groupe po8HN

onB and Semang probably none. It oan therefore be con­cluded that the last three groupe represent the mOlt ancient stage in d.evelopment Bnd have preserved for th.e three concepts the ancient roots, which Mon. Khmer and MU~Qi po.seBled originally but-(and it is important for determiDing the period 01 migration of the different groupe toward~ their present abode) which they lo.t after their more prolonged and intimate commerce with their Aryan neighbours.

The following classifioation necessarily follows from the .xplanation given above:

I. (al Seman. J

(6) Senoi (Sakei, Tembe); for their mixture with Berioi, if. III(a).

II. (a) Khaai J

(6) Nikobarsse; (eJ Wa, Palong, Riang related to Mon-Khmer

(if. lIla);

III. (a) Mon-Khmer (with oahnar, Stieng, etc.) J

(6) MU~Qii or Kol J

(e) d.m, R&d., etc., mixed with Austronesian Ian~uages.

AUBT&o-AsuTIe ANn AusTRle.

Schmidt haa extended hiB studi.s even further and proposed to conneot the Austra-Asiatic' family with Austroneeian which consists of several well-determined

• l'IOl. PrsJI .. ti b .. orilicioecl thiII .... 1DCi.11Ife (ooe p. 1'8, •• 9 ollba hoot) BOd boo propooed OOIDS modifio.1ioDa.

INTRODUCTION

groups: Mel&nesi&n, Polynesi.n, Micronesian and Indo­nesian.' He h... studied these two large gronps and dj.covered in them the following common f.atu ... : (I) Absolute similarity in tbe phonetic system, (2) a com­plete basic unity in the structure of words, (3) several important and characteristic features in tbe grammar, oi •. , the postposition of tI,. genitive; affixatioll and partially the form of the poos.ssive ; the presence of &11 exclusive and inclusive form for tbe first person plural of the personal pronoun in Borne of tbeee langnages; the existence of & dual and & trial in some of these languages; (4) large agreemellt in vocablllary.

On tbese ground. Schmidt proposed to establish .. larger Iingui.tic unity between A nstro·Asiatic and A ustro. neoian and called' the family thus constituted" Austria." M. Rivet wants to extend tbis family even further and included in it the languages spoken in the Oceanic group, i.e., Australian,S Papuan, and Tasmanian. 4

1 Die Mcm-Khmer VIJlker, ,in Bindeglietl IIDi.chen flHk"," ZSfltral. Slk,.. und Au,tront8iena, 1906 (French tranllatioD : Le. Peuple. Mon. Khmln. trait d'URion entre Ie. pellple, de l'Asie central., It de l'Aultro­a,,;., BEliED, VIT, pp. 213.268, "ill, pp. 1-85).

• Le Group odanien, Bttll. Soc. Ling .• 1006 (88)t pp. 141·168. '

• Schmidt already luggeated it in bis study on Die Oliederung' .de, IUffaluchen Sprachen, AlI.tltrop08, Voll. vn, VIII, IX. XII, xm.

• Prof. Przylulki (d. infra, p. 147) baa railed the problem of the relation between Sumeria,. aDd Acutro.A,iatic. He baa compared a .nea of Aultro-Aaiatio words with Bnmeria.D and hu diaeovered im. portant Inilogiel. K. Wvei allO in hi. article already referred to .1Ig, •• 1a Ibat Ibe Sumeri... badprcbably played an imparIan' role ..... genta of van,milsioD of cultural elemen. between Oceania uad Europe and Africa. But it would be premature, .. I Prof. Prz71Dlki him..u ,dmilll (i"fNJ, p. U8), \0 gi .... y .... di .. ,I tho ~I _eal.

lNTRODUCTION

AUBTlIo-ABIATIO AND INDO-ARYAN.

While Prof. Thomsen maintained that a MU9Qii' influenee has probably baen at play in fixing the principie regulating the inflexion of nouns in Indo-Aryan veruacu­lars, .uch influence appeared to he unimportaot to Prof_ Stan Konow. He found it more probable that the Dravi­dian languages bad modified Aryan grammar in such characteristics aod the MU9Qii family had thus, at the ut­most, exeroised but an indirect influence through the Dravidian forms of speech. He, bowever, admitted that Bome phenomena of Bihari, like the conjugation of verb., ,the use of different forms to denote an honorific or non­honorific subject or object aod the curious change of verb when the object i. a pronoun of tbe BOcond per60n Bingular oaD be conveniently explained as due to M uQQi influence.

Recent studi .. bave tried to e.tablish that this influence cou be traced further back. Prof. Przyluski in bis papers, trAnoiated here, bave tlied to explain a certain number of word. of the Sauskrit vOCIbulary 8S fairly ancient loan. from the Austro-A.iatic family of languages. He b •• in this opened up a new line of enquiry. Prof. Jul .. Bloch in bis article on San.krit and IJravidian, also, tran­slated in this volume, ba. critici.ed the position of those

1 Dr. S. K. Chatterji prefer. to call the MUQc;Ji family Kil,.1 the word Kil. according to him. i. (in the Slnskrit..Prakrit form Kolto) an e.,-l, Aryan modification of an old Mtl\\4i word m.aning U me. •• (2'h, Slud, at K;;!, O.Ie.lto R .. i"", lUll, p. 455). Prof. PHyl •• 1Ii .too _II hi ... pl ••• tion (inf,o, pp. !i8.gg). A. th. word M.,f' has the di.advantage of being the nama of apecial group of ihiI family (tliJ:., the tribe which centres round the cri.tJ of Banchi in OW. Nagpere· and whoae"language i. called Mundori), it would per~pl be bolter t.O adopt lb. word K;;! lot tho common dooi~.otio. of Ibia porIi­C1IIar-br...,b of tho Auiro-Aai.lio rooe or a_b.

l:NTROt>trCTION

who stand e.:elusively for Dravidian influence and has proved that the qnestion of the Mnl)QI substratum in Indo.Aryan ... nnot he overlooked.

Bnt the problem has other aspects too, and it has been forther proved that not only Iinguistio hnt certain cnltnral and politi ... 1 facts allo of the ancient history of India can be explained by admitting an Austro.Asiatic element. In 1923, Prof. Uvi, in a fnndamental article on P, •• A"en et ·Pri·lJra.'!lien da •• I'/nd. tried to show that some gao· graphi ... 1 names of ancient India like KOIala.To •• la, A1I., •• " m,., K aUn,a.Trilin,a, Utkala.Mekala and ·P"U"d.·K"linda, ethnic names which go by pairs, can be explained by the morphological system of the Austro.Asiatic languages. Names like Acclta.raccha, TaUola·KaUola belong to the same category. He concluded his long study with the following observa. tion: "We must know wbether the legends, the religion and the philosophi ... 1 thought of India do not owe anything to this past. India has beon too exclusively examined from the Indo.European standpoint. It ought to be remembered that India is a great maritime country ... the movement which carried the Indian colonieation towards the Far East... was far from inaugurating a new route ... Adventurers, traffickers and missionaries profited by the technical progress of navigation and followed nnder better conditions of comfort and efficiency, the ~:r traeed from time immemorial, by the mariners of ~other race, whom Aryan or Aryanioed India despised .. ..voges." In 1926, Przyluski tried to explain the name of an anoient people of the Punjab, tbe Uti_A ...... in .. similar way and affiliate it to the Anstro-Aeiatic group. (Cf. JIJrJ.",al A,;atiqlHJ, 1926, I, pp. 1.25, U" a .... " JIfl'pl. tI" PlltldjafJ-I .. UtI ... bara.: only a portion ofthio article oontaining lingui.tic ~BCnssioJj8 has been tnuWatsd

lNTRODUCTION , to' .:UU

in the Appendix of this book.) In another miolt, the ..... e scholar discussed some names of Indian towns' in the geograpby of Ptolemy and tried to explain them by Austro-Asiatio forms.'

In another series of articles, Prof. Przyluski is. trying to prove a certain number of Indian myths by the Austrl>­Asiatic influence. He studied the Mahibhirat.. story of Matsyagandhl and some legend. of the HiiJi in Indian literature, compared them with similar tales in the Austm-· A,iatic domain and concluded that" th .. e stories and legend. were oonoeived in societies living near the sea, societies. of which the civilisation and social organisation were dil!erent from those of the neighbouring peoples: the Chinese and

· Lhe Indo-Ary ..... " (Cf. La prince .. e a Pod,., de pou,an et ta nligi aan. t.. traditio .. ae I' Alie o,iBntale, Etudes A.iatiques, II, pp. 265-284. Prof. Przyluski continued the eame study in another article Le P,ologll4-cad,e dol Mitte .t une Nuit. et Ie 1'hem. du 8.a!!a""oa,,,,, Joumal AIi.tigue, 1924, ccv, pp. 101-137.)

Coming to modern languages of India also Prof. PrzyluBki has arrived at interesting results. Sa has contributed two articles on this subject, one of which on the Bengali Numeration and No .. ·,A'!!a .. 8,,6,t,.' .... has heen translated in this book (pp. 25-32). In thi •. artiole be has traced the origin of tbe Bengali iut# (twenty) to tbe Austro· Asiatic domain. In anotber article on t4. 1"g.Ii .. 1 H .. _.tion i .. India' he tries to determine tbe

1 Bull. d, III BocWU d. Ling. 1926 (28), pp. 218.919; inll's, pp. 186·148; we muat a.dmit ~at the DODclulioulOf PIof. Przyluaki ue Dot oonWloiDg.

I LG numlrat1oft, "l9 mmal., dam l'ln" publiBhed in the Roc.,.,} Orj.ftWv\rc ... ,. T. IV (19116), pp. 280-287. II reached mo too 1_10 '"

· be tranalated iD tbi. DOllecDOD. Ita alUDmal1 ia given below.

::nv INTRODUCTION

origin of the numeration by twenties. Having proved in . hi. former .. rticle tblLt the notion of twenty i. ,....I1y hued on the human body, he pointe out that, as " maD

pos ... s.. four members, each provided with 5 lingers, 5-hand., and 20 - man, are higher composite unite in the Austro-Asiatic nomeration. 5 and 20 having the same relation to each other as I to 4, the next higher number which could be qllite naturally conceived was 80 bearing the same relation to 20 as 20 has to 5. It would be interesting to note in this connection the affiniti.. of the Bengali word pan or pon-one anna:;4 pice-80 cowrie shens -80 piece, in computing for instance betel leaves or straw bundl... In Santali pO1/, or p.n mean, 80 (Camphell, Santali ])ictionary, •. v. pon); cf. 6ar pon gDcM "160 bundles of rice-,eedling." in which 6a, mean' 2 and pon, 80. The origin of the word pon - 80 can be easily determined if we obeerve that in SantaIi pon means also 4. Pon or pan i, certainly u,ed for 4 (twenti •• ). Eighty ('.e., four twenty) being tbe tetrade par ezceltence ended by being .hortened into .. four." Pon or pan thus play, in Santali the same role as 100 in ours. It is a composite unit and the highest of all. The babit of counting by tetrade, and twenties, onoe introduced, pon, i.e., 80 could be considered ... the agregate of 20 tetrad... Tbis way of counting

. is usnal in Santali in which pon, pan=80 is sa.id to be fOlIOed of 20 go04a or gao4a: gao4a means " group of 4, i.e., tetrade.

pon 20x4=80

In thi. operation 4 .. ems to have taken "capital Interest. Thi. i, probably why gafl4a not only mean.

INTRODUCTION

the inferior tetrade of 4 bnt also the aotion of diVision ( Thns we have:

po. gaftq",. = 4 tetrades = 16 and ganiJ,a gun4a "fragments, to be broken in pieces,

to be reduced to powder."

ganq",. g.~i "to divide, to connt."

(Of. A. ('ampbell, A Santali Engli." lJiction_ry, s.v. ga.q",. gu!;: "the eystem of 9004. g"~i ;. to put down a pebble or any other small object, as tbe name of eaoh person' entitled to sbare is mentioned. Then & share is placed alongside of eacb pebble, or whatever el.. was laid down.)"

It is possible to show that this system has .been known not only to tbe people speaking the modern Indo-Aryan languages but also to Sanskrit. Amongst the meanings attributed to tbe word ga'!l4a"a (St. Petersburg Dictionary) we have" c) division, separation, " certain way of counting, • system of counting by 4 (if. Benllali gato4i = 4) ; a money equal to 4 1<ao4;,."

As the Skt. word ga'!l4a". means " coin eqna\ to 4 cauris it has a greater chanco of being a loan from the Austro-Asiatio languages. First of all the word has tb. eame meaning as that of Santali ganq",. I besid .. the uae of cauri shells (c$praea monet.) as a money is not an Indo-Eoropean custom, It is the charaoteristic of a maritime civili ... tion which was developed on the aho ... of Indian Ocean and the China Sea, i.e., the region where the people speaking the Aostro-Aaiatic languag .. were disseminated. In the 18th century this money was in current use in Bengal. The seri .. containing the multiple. of cauri i. marked by the frequency of the tetnil ..

INTRODUCTION

and tIll; UIe of tbe factor four. The table of tbeir valaes are still preserved:

4. "auri = 1 gOWii 20 gaWi = 1 pa" or 80 "4Uri

4. pa,!, = I iiMa 4 ilna = 1 "il4a" or ! of a rupee approximately

. (c!. Rolno"·Job,o,,, s. v. cowry). It is possible to connect with modern Indo.Aryan

pO,!, the. S.ntali numeral pa" or po" me.ning 80, and luoh is its numerical value in the system:

. . 1 pap = 80 "au,... Papa is besides a Sanskrit word and the Sanskrit

vooabalary 'l't;lciiW"~a, III, 3, 206 teaches us that 20 cauri. = i p."a. Pa". in Sanskrit h.. therefore the same value as pan = 80 in Santali.

On the whole, tbe three tetrades at the basis of the. MUQQi nameration,-gotuja = 4, ""ri = 4 X 5 =20, pa. _ 4 x 20 = 8O-are enumerated in the same way in . Bengali and Santali and the words gawar"a) and pap(a) belong also to the Sanskrit vocabulary. The .. analogie. can be explained only by loans from M ul)<ll; In oontact of' maritime populations wbo used cauri and Counted by twenties, some Indo-Aryan group. have adopted the Austro.Asiatio monetary unit and the vige.imal numeration; I these foreign worde have also i~trodj,eed in their vocahulary along with it. , ~rof. Przyluoki h.. propo.ed to continne further biJ interesting study on numeration.

This is a1I'that has been done tilluow on the AQjtro­Asiatio substratum and loanl in Indo·Aryan. The _ultaj ii1rea4y arrived at, are .umoient to draw our attention

.', Oouuliug by ~ .... lio. ia mil ...... 1 ...... ,~ ..... 0 10.( • .... QfBeDSal.-P.O.B. ,\

INTRODUCTION

to tbis new field of inve.tigation. Beaidea the .tudi •• alroady noticed we have to refer to tbe work of 1. Hornen 1 who admits a strong Polynesian inlluence on tbe Pre-Dravidian population of tbe Southern oout of India. He think. tbat a wave of Malayan immigration must have arrived l.ter, after the entranoe of the Dravidians on tbe s.ene, and it was a Malayan people who brought from the Malay Arcbipelago tbe cultivation of tbe coco-palm. Besides, in a few papers contrihuted to the Journal of tbe Asiatic Society of Bengal, Prof. Das Gupta ha. brougbt out tbe .triking analogy between some sedentary game. of India (.pecially of the Central Provinees, Bengal, Bihar, Oris.a and tbe Punjab) and tbo.e of Sumatra.9

Finally Dr. J. H. Hutton, in an interesting lecture on tbe Sto.. AUe Cull of A"... delivered in the Indian Museum at Calcutta in 1928, while dealing with lOme prehistorio monoliths of Dimapur, Dear ManipurJ laya I tbat "tbe metbod of erection of these monolitb. is very

I Th, Origiftl and the Ethftologica! 8igni/iotlfte. 01 th. Itldian Boat deoignB (A. 8. B. Memoir. Vol. VII. 1911O).

I A Pew T,pII oj Indian 8.d.nttlf'1I OamN, etc., l.A..B.B. XXU (1998), pp. 148·U8, and 211·218. It will be noticed that tbe Damea of BOlDa of tbeBe game. end in the word g"~i (do·gu~i, t,,,.gu~, n/lo.gu~.

ba, .. gufi prevalent in the Punjab) which .1 Prot. DI. Gupta '1,." melnl, II piecel." The word il evidently the aame .a Santali ,v~i (of gan.tle gv~i noticed before by Prof. Przylolkj). The word has the chance of belonging to tbe Auatro-Aaiatio vocabulary.

* Cf. Mtln. in India VIII (1998), N~ 4:, pp. _.28~J. About the celta or atone adzes and aus discovered in Aliaam he aays tbat .. it w .. a probably bafted in the Polyneaia.n manner between two layerl of wood laabed together. By far the commoneat type i, a ,ligbtly shouldered f)"pe, derived from tbe Irrawaddy or M'oo .. Xhmer. Mon·Khmer forml allo nrvive in language aDd folklore througbout Allam. The edn ~ I. lOUDd In tb. GODges Valle" bu .... probably_,M by the emigraa.ti from the talt. '!

8

·aviii INTRODUCTION

important, .. it throws some light on the erection of prehistoric monolitb. in other parts of the world. A.sam and Madal:""car are the only remaining parts of the world where tbe practice of erecting rough ston .. • till continu ...... The origin of this .tone cult i. uncertain, hut it appears that it i. to be mainly imputed to the Mon.Khmer intrusion from the ea.t." 10 bis opinion tbe erection of these monolith. takes the form of tbe 1inllQm

and !loni. He tbink. tbat tbe Tantrik form of worship, so prevalent in A.sam, i. probably due to "the incorporation into Hindui.m of a fertility cult whioh preceded it as .the religion of the country. Tbe dolmens possibly .uggest di.tributioo from South India, but if so, tb. probable course \VBS aero.. the Bay of Bengal and tben back again westward from fnrtber Asia. Pos.ibly tb. origin was from Indonesia whence apparently the u.. of '.pari (loI'IICa nut) spread to India .. well a. the Pacific." I

• I ha.. Dol ...... .bl. 10 ...... It \he ....... publiootlon of Mi. Bobahiro Katilu.mot.o. L. Ilpo7UJi. It '" lan,,,,, Autros,faUq.", in _blah h •• pP.-1o h ... apened another naw liDo 01 AUlIzooAaiat;fo

-.Ia.

It

[So K. C.]

SOME MORE AUSTRIC WORDS IN INDO-ARYAN.

(RBAD BBFORB TBB FIFTH ALL-INDIA ORIBNTll

CONFERENCE, LAHORE, NOYaIlBBR, 1928.1

A new and a most important line of investigation hal been inaugurated hy Dr. Jean Przyluski by hi. reuaroh ... into the philology of the Austria element in our Indian Aryan speeches, beginning from Sanskrit downwards. The presence in the Indo-Aryan speeches of a considerable nllmber of AUBtria words (allied, it would seem, more to the Mon-Khmer than to the Kol or Munda group) is of very great signi60ance in the stlldy of the origins of the Hindu people and Hindu culture of Northern India. Theee words demonstrate borrowing from Austria dialect. at a time when they were spoken by m ... es of people, evidently on the Gangetic plains. The people who spoke these Austric dialects have nOW merged into tbe Hindu (or Mohammedan) manes of Northern India: thoy have become transrormed into the present-day Aryan­spesking costes and groups of the country. Tb. worda indicate the kind of objects, idess, and in.titutions .. hioh pereisted and whiah the Aryan world had to adopt in

, All rel.re .... liko [A 80(b)]. [B 858·854] in Ibeloll"";., Doles are to the 'YOCabulalJ' of Skeat aad Blagden. The letter repreleutl tb.' of the vocabulary UDder it. The names of the laugaage. and dialect • .. well .. a of authorities md IOUI'CeI us given in abbreviated lema alter _ word wi~ buckoll.

INTRODUCTION

howsoever modified a form. M. Przyluski in his very valuahle papers to th. M Imoim d. ta &c'-Iii d. Li.".i.tiq •• d. Pari. and in the JOflNlal 4.iatiq,,' has indicated tbe line of his enquiries and his methods, and has given his derivations of " lIumber of Sanskrit words which are horrowings from the extinct Austria dialects current in Northern India. The corresponding forms in the speeahes related to Mon and Khmer, and to Khasi, namely, the variouB AUBtl"i. languages of Indo­China, Malaya and in some caBes of the islands of Indo­nesia, also have been carefully collated by M. Przylu.ki, and their etymology as Austri. forms, which can only be satisfactorily explained as being built up with Austria roots and affixes, has bean given. He has made a very good case that words like liilg., lang"la, kambal., ta/lt6i/a, hsdtJli, eto., are from the Austria, and are not Aryan words. The valuable and indispensable Comparati •• r ... fmlary 'If 460rig;",,1 ])i.leet. of the Malay Peninsula, in Vol. II of Skeat and Blagden's Pagan Rae .. 'If 14. Malay P.,.i"",ta (London, Macmillan & Co., 1906) is a repository of words from the Austric speeches of the forest tribes (Sakai, Semang, etc.) of British Malaya, and it also contains cognate forms in Man, Khmer and other Indo.Chinese Austric speecbes, Khasi and Nioobarese as well as in the Austrio dialects of Malaya and Indonesia ~d the Kol epeeohes of India. Dr. P. C. Bagchi has luggested affiliating a further batch of words in Indo-Aryan to Austric and it was frolll a study of this comparative vocabulary that a number of obvious agreements with Indian forms and words presented themselves to him. I have also bean studying tbis vocabulary with very great interest and profit, and a few similarities, whicb mayor may oat be fortuitous or accidental, have .truok me alao­IIimilarities between 80me of our unexpl..ioed or uDaati __

INTRODUCTION

torily explained words in Sanskrit and in other Indo­Aryan speeches, and words and roots in the Austri. languages as noted by Blagden and Skeat. These I am tempted to record helow for what they are wortb.

Anger, angry: Assamese khanga (OfIf), Bengali' khlkhar (<1tom1) abuse, punishment, khlkhl (<11<11, in <1t<11 .'tlI 'tI~ to get furioos). Cf. khell, khill (Khmer), t5.keii (Jak. Mad.), t5keng (Jak.; Jak. Ba.; Pa.); t5ken (Jak. Sim). [A BO(b).]

Bow, arrow: Skt. 6iiTla, piniika; 60'/11' has been already treated by Pr.yluski (ef. i'!lra, p. 19). For piniika (= pin + ika) if. ig?, ig (Semang), ak (Stieng), ik (Riang), anak (Malay), etc. [B 858-3540}.

Bamboo: Bengali, blkhiirl (~"I1l""l), 6iikhiiri (m1it) = split bamboo. C/. ire (Sak. Ra.) 1; karek, tarek, =to split, to divide, in Mon: •. g. ton (dun) klrek ~split bamboo. For' bamboo' the common words are 15buih, 15beh (Semang dialects); holoh (Malay); pa-o' (Sem. Cliff.); poo' (pock), pau, (pauk) (Serau); pO' (pok) (Sak.). The Bengali blkhlrl-6iikhiiri may be either from a compound like *pok-lrarek >*bok-karek, or from bIB <.a'l".+karek >bih.karek. [B !l, 22, 85.]

Bat: Bengali biia'"J (m,,) = *6ad + allb:-uq. ·40. Cf. hlpet., sipet (Bes. Sep. A. I.). hompet (B ... Songs.), . eamet, hamet (Baboar), kawet, kowet (Sem. Stev.), kiwed, kauid (Sem. Pa., Max., Sem. Bukb., Max.). kawat, ganat (Sem. K. Ken), kiLt (Kaseng), kawa <*kawat (Mon); not (SHeng); wit-da, wit-da, wit (Andamanese). [B 74, 70].

Bird: Hindi clrjiyil, (N~) =c1-4-Ji. Of. cim, Mm (in some ~akai and Semang dialecto); ka.cim (Mon); bim (Cham); kcim (Chare}, aem (Bahnar); sim (Palaung); sim=cock (Santali). Also ciimri (Santali, Mahlo,' Mgl}<;ilri, etc.). [B 1ll6].

INTRODUCTION

Breaat (Female) : Skt . • N •• ka : if. Malay BOSU, milk: may be onomatopoeic. [B 887].

Charcoal: Skt . • ngar, Hindi inlel : if. anggu (Sem. Jor •. New); jeng.kt, jengbt (SU.), nyiog-kah (Sen.) ; embers: engong 01, ingung UB, etc. (Sem.); Firewood: Api (Jak.); Fire logs: anggeng (Bes.); hurning embers : ringiik (Khmer). [C 77.]

Cheek: Skt. "apOk: if. k5hang (Sem. Pa. etc.); bpi (S&k.); Face: kapO, kapau (Sak.); tapa. (Nicohar, Centrol and South); Cheek: lhpeal < thhil (Khmer). The Skt. word may be Austric in origin-ka-pola, pola representing the original root. [C 81] Comparel:apata head, Bengali ."11"1 .tapat. = forehead, which has heen suggested .... Oceanian" by P. Rivet, 'Le group Ocm.nian,' MSL., 1927, p. 149.

Coconut: Skt. .a"kel.: if. Malay niyor (coconut), niyor (Sak. and Sem.); fruit: pIe, phlei, etc., kolai (Tareng) ; (if. infra, p. 54), kiilai (Kontu); .aNk.la may be derived from equivalents of niyor (coconut) and kolai (fruit), comhined. [C 197 ; F 282.]

Cloth: Bengali ka.' ( .tfil) meaning a rag. Cf. Malay bin.

Crab: Skt . .fa .. a!Aa, "ar.fa!a, Bengali "ii!la ( .m ), kete «('Itt) <kii~hii: if. kiLt am (Malay); khatim (Mon), kedam, ktam (Khmer); kiitam (Sahnar); tam (Stieng); kat-kom (Santali). [C ~58.] . Female: Oriya maikinii (~i"fOofil"i), Oriy. miii".

(onn); if. kena, kna (S.k., Sem.); kinnab (-handsome woman), mai.k6nah (Or., Berumb.) ; miniab (Sem., Klap.); mlhii (Sem. Kedah); wife, woman=mabe (8em., Stev.), mabi (Sem.). [F 62, 64, 65.]

Frog: Skt. 6lt.eka. Cf. tabek, tabeg (Sakai), bulk (Mal.y) [F 268]. [Toad in oome Bengali dialects is 6ia..a ."..,(. ~.)-if. boi' in Mandr. Malaoo.-P. C. B.]

INTRODUCTION

Foot: Sid. jangAi, Bengali jin (.m ) : ~f, chan chong, jang, iaung; jukn (Sem., Sak.) ; jong (Mon); jung (Stieng); jong, ciing (Kbmer); jan (PalaBng); jangga (Santali). [F 220.] [Scbmidt thinks the word i •• Sanskrit loan in A nstric.]

Heel: Beng. gorlil; (~.,.): if. duldul (Sem.); dual, ka-rluol (Cham); ken-lOla, lab (Central Nicobar). But Bengali (''Iff) 104 = foot, Prakrit lotMa are to he noted. [H 69.]

Leech: Skt. ialiRi, jalau!<ii. Cf. j516 (Sen.), jhliing (Khmer); glu (Stieng, Cbran). [L 46.] (Uhlenbeck suggeet. an Indo.European origin in bis "Etymologiscbes Worterbu.h.")

Leg (calf of leg): Bengali IA,,,, ( cit!), !ffil,i ( ",""'I) means the part of the leg between heel and calf. QI. the words for leg: k5teng (Sem. Kedah, Sem. Jarum); pert from knee to ankle: skting (slUting), tin (Sem. Buk. Mak.); leg_k'teng, k'taing (Selung); k5ting (Malay). [C 6.]

Lip (Lower): Beng ~ (a1t), Skt. eN!ltIa. Of. t5nnd (Sem.); Snout of animals-tuud (Sem.); moutb­thno (Khmer). [N 208.] But see ;'If,a p. 56.

Mad: Beng. pilal (~): if. gila (Malay):; gill, gill' (Sahi). [M 81.

Mosquito: Skt. llaAaka, Hindustani .. accAa4 ( ..... ) ; if. kAmet, kAmas, kumus (Sakai); kemit (Senoi); gamit (Man); mus (Khmer); moe (Stieng); .Ilmec (Baboar). (Uhlenbeck regards it as Indo-European, comparing Litbnanian • masalti,' Russian • mosoliti,' etc.) [M 180].

Moustache: Bengali .... A (m), usually ""rived from Old Indo-Aryau .......... > Prakrit IIA •• d ... IIIAatlllu ; but if. misei, bisai (Sak.); mi.ai (Semlll!g); miaai (Malay); But if. '-fra p. 56. [M 198.]

Dil' INTRODUCTION

Mud, Prakrit cikkRilla. Old Bengali .;kllila ( fi~ ). Hindustani 1<i •• 4 (~), if. cica' (Sem.). [M 215.]

Mustard: Skt. ,,'lfIJpa = Pkt ........ which remains nne.plained. But if. Malay .~"'wi. (The Mal.y word may he a Prakrit borrowing; but it is Skt .• and not Pkt .• which furnishes Aryan loan. in Indone,ian.) [M 231.]

Mnsty. tainted: Bengali M.; (~''!) = kept over­night. unwashed: 0/. Malay basi. [M 2~2.]

Neck, Bengali g~'rJ. (,,~). Middle Bengali gAiit,a (~I ); if. ngot. ngod (Seman g). gloh (Sak); gullet. throat-gilo (Sak.). Of. Skt. gala. Bengali gala. ('I'll); [N 28. 28.]

Rat: Skt. ;ndur •• undura; if. kAndar (Khmer) ; kon (Old Khmer). [R 8S].

Rattan, lataik (Semang); Khmer loda-climbing rattan; can these be connected with Skt. lata 7 [R 86.]

Rice (hnsked) : Skt. ta'fJ4ula. Beng. cilil (~) Middle Bengali (#t I] ) tlmla. ('!'liP!) taula. ( 6~'1 ) . .. /Ii_la, if. c~ngrong. cb-er-oi. ceng-goi. ng-roi (Sakai); also Sakai cendaroi. cendroi; caudaroi (Senoi); jaroi. coroi (Sak.) cooked rice: caroi (Sok.). sra (Mon). lranv (Khmer). [R 112].

Roof: Bengsli chIc (~) =thatcb; chile-tali (~­..n) =eaves. eAo1lcii ( ,,~) in E.et .Bengal (JealOre. Daccah if. Semang cencAm. cin-com. [R 164].

Shell-lime, Bengali k.U cill' (-.fiI~): if. kilo (Sak.); kalAk (Sem.). [S 151].

Smo.ll, Beng eM!o (",tit) : if. eset (Sem.). c8t (Bea.). wnt (Sem.); bacit. macat, wa·cnt. macAt. mllcat; miljot. miloet. etc. (Sakai); cut (Achine.e) ; asit (Cham); taliet (BahnaT); [S 282]

Spleen: Skt. plUi; UhleDheck explains it as Indo­Kurope ... -;:*spel'Ybil but if. k5m-pil, k5m-pal (Semang). [8898].

INTRODUCTION UV

Stomach, belly: Bengali ~ (~), Prakrit pDffG; if. l5pooh (U. Ch.r.) ; l~pot (S.rting); lopot (U. Ind.) l5~u (B .... ). [B 164.]

Skin di ..... : Old B.ng. Ii........ (~), Modern Beng.li .tAo. (~ ); if. gas, gaoh (Sak., Sem.); gaoh, g.i (Bahn.r, =scah of .nimal). [146.]

White: biug (S.n.) ; biAg, biok (Sak.); biig (S.m.) ; bok (Sti.ng) ; b.k (Bahn.r) ; pu, bu. (Mon); c.n theae be "onneoted with Skt. 6Gka, ~da, • bird which i. white ? Qf. Assam.se 6a{/ii, Panjabi 6a!l!li white. [W ga.]

Wood: Bengali JMP (~'f l, jAor (,~). jAir ( .1"); if. jahu' (Sem.); jehiip chu (Mon); cbo (Khmer) ; etc. Tree=j.hil, jihu (Sak.). [T 211.]

II

[Po C. B.]

Skt. !lA.,,!i = bell; if. the word for a kind of drum gentang (Sak. Kor. Gb) ; g5ndang (Malay) ; rentek (Be •• Songs.). [D 175-176.]

Beng. (1) t. or (1-'1) la-Iv-special call for .tt .... t· ing a dog; see also the Jaina Aciringa IIItra (Tr. Jacobi, SBE XXII, p. 84):" Mahivl ... travelled in the pathless country of the LA<)has, in Vajjabhllmi, Subbhabh1lmi.. .many nativoo attacked him. Few people kept off the attacking, biting dogs. Striking the monk they cried ItA.HAiI (_c.l .. ccAiI) and made the dog. bite him." The word cAn-ciil, whioh h.. remained un· explained, ... m. to be no other than. word for' dog.' The region mentioned, LA<Jha (RA<Jha). Subbhabhllmi (Suhma), eto., i. still partly occupied by the Kol people who speak .n Anstrio language. In Bengal while calling a dog the wordl ... or ... e .. (more commonly e. or I.ea) i. uoed.

4

INTRODUCTION

Of. the Austric words for dog: chhlre (Khmer). chiike (Kon Tn). cho (taho). eta. (iu Old Khmer. Sedang). cho (Auuam. Sue, Halang, Bolo,-eu. Se<lang). cho (Kaeeng). sb6 ,(Churu). achb (Tareng). chiok? chft. (Sem.). chuA (S6m). chiiua, chua. chuo. chu.o' (Sak.). etc. The Skt. hakk"ra woqld seem to be of different origin (= <.kurknra). [D 143.]

Bengali COnO" ( co1Ir1. aItr) : spoon: if. coU·keh (Bes. A. !.) l coUkhe (Bes. X. L.); congkhe' (Bes. Songe) Parull_p5nuukii; to scoop up-coUkoh. [8 398.]

Beng. mt4- (C1Il1 )-" Sheep l" cf. the word for • goat' in the Xol family. mlrlm ka. merom kii (Sautali. Mahle, Mu~dlri. Birhor. Korwa. Kharia. etc.) Unguutic &",,,,, IV, n. 152; Bengali 611<4_ meaning a sheep may be connected with the same word.

Skt. g.ja-elephant: if. the word for elephant gaui, gaga (U.Kel) ; gaja (Sem. Beg.) ; gljlih (Tembi) l gazah. gadjah. gajeh (Sem.) etc.; ka.ot (Sak. Kor. Gb.): ga.~l (Bland); the word for rhinoceros in Sak. Sel. Da.-gu.sil­probably belongs ta the same group. [E 61.]

Skt. ga'!l4Or.-' rhinoceros' l the other word for rhinoceros in Skt.-.Ua4ga literally me.ning' a kind of broad sword' is oertainly derived from its weapon of defence. Can the word g.'!I4Ora be oonnected with another group of words for elephaut? gantir (Beu. New.), g5utUi (Kena. I). g5ntiil (Beudu II). soglutel (Pant. Kap. Log.), .8gAutli (Jak. Sim.). [E. 51.)

Skt. ka}>ota-literally mean. a' pigeon' but a.!so DBed in the general sense of bird. Of. the word for bird kIlw3d (pr. kll.wSdd) (Sem.). awad (Sem. Ploe). kawot (U Pat.). kawau. kIlwau eta. [B 215.]

Skt. Wka-crow [Bengali Semi.tatsama ... ,tilg. tad. bbava=.tiIua ~ I if. Cbattsrji, 0,.,0., II •• , of B,.,tJU

INTRODUCTION Jinii

I,'''If'/II'' I, p. 820]. Of. the words for erow, gagak (Mal.), wliklg (Sem. Pa. Max), aag (Temhi), gaag (Seran), gaik (Sem. Buk. Max.), daak (Ben. New); da'ak (Bes. A. I.), agig (Sem. Skeat.); kaek (Khmer), lk (Annam), ik (Bahnar), ak (Boloven), ak (Jarai), khill:.lik (Mon.) ete. [0277].

Bengali 60il (~), Late Skt. .adila = a kind of big fish with teeth: if. the words for 'crocodiIe'-buaya (Mal), bayul (? Pang. U. Aring); bayul (Pang. Sam,), baul (U. Kel.), bayah (Sem.), baya, bajul (Java.), ete. [C 270.] Can the Skt. word for crocodile, """,bAtr., Pkt. "" .. bAtla, be connected with this group T

Skt. AalaAal.=poison : if. the Austria word for snake (cobra)-hiile.(hali) (Sem. Buk. Max) ; jekop halek (Pang. U. Aring) ; ekob p~lai? (aikub plAi) (Sem. Buk. Max). [S 818.]

Bengali karat (.m )=saw (*k.r •• oat. <MIA k.r.­.. Ita, OIA k.rapatr., Mara~hi, Gujrati karv.t, Hindi kara.t, karat: Cbatterji, op. cit., p. 886). But the Skt. form karap.tr. may be a Banskritised form of the AUBtria words for 'cutting,' 'ohopping,' ete.: k~rat (Malay), Urat (Jak. Malac.), krat (grat) (Sak. Kor. Gb.), y .... krod (pr. krodd) (Pang. Gal.); to elear a jungle-krat (KeDa. Stav.). (C 295, 80 I.]

Bengali di ( 111)' dao ( lit'll ) = Bkt. ditr., chopper: on this word, Cbattarji (op. cit., p. 265, n. 1) adds the note-u 111 -' di' is explained by Grierson as being from a form '*drtota' attested from Ki§mlrl; it i. found in Hindi aB 'daID, di.,' bill, Bickle, and the occurrence in Skt. of the forms' diti,' .iakle, saythe, • data,' mown, oat off, 'dilr' -mowing, mower, .hows that the 80Uroe

of the NIA word is not ' dat,a' but rather lome form like 'dalr' (although the Kill word' daw.- ' .ickle, evidently lID olel Ar)'MI borrowilli' woald .how that 'diilrll' _ 'laite

Dviii INTRODUCTION

a popular OIA vocable)." But may we not conneot it witb another series of Austric words for" cntting "?­Of. ~t (Man), tAb (Stieng), tieh, tih (Kaseng), toit (Bes. Malac.), tOyt (Bes. Sep. A. I.), tii,vt (Mal.), katoyt (Bes. Sep. A. I.), tiet (Boloven), tiih (Kbmer). [C 217.] OJ. Burmese dab.

Skt. ~litimglV(l4, ~li"ga'C'o, Bengali bi'igal}, begun (~, ~ .. ~) = brinjal. Cf. the Austria words for brinjal : tiong, tiung, ting, etc., in different Semang dialects. Tbe word for fruit in tbe same language is bib, bibo, bOb, etc. Skt. ~iltimg.'C'o or viitiga'C'. might be derived from a group bih+ tiong. [S 339, F 284.]

Skt. dli4imbo, ~adamba, Mmba, .imb., r ... Mii, liib., olii6o, nimbu(ko), j ... b .. , jamb"ra, Bengali .eb. or l.b" jilmb(A)i,a,jiimi" etc., this whole series may belong to tbe same group. The last patts of the above words, all of which .... names of fruits seem to represent tbe Austrie word for fruit already noted in tbe case of .litirhgaf'". Tbe variants of tbis word in different !'Iemang and Sakei dialect, .re : bllh, bub, bob, bu.h, if. F 284. There .re indeed in tbese l.nguages names of fruit. in whieb bih, bub, etc., form a part. Of. b.n.n.=bu.b .ugub ; cooonut=M .. b pal.u; pomegranate=blb d5limii (bab dlim.) if. F 284, B I 7~. Of the series mentioned, liib .. and .llib .. bave been already treated by M. Przylaski

. (i.f,a p. 166ff.). If we st.rt witb tbe word for fruit 'bah, buh' we can explai n the words in the seriee by prefixes like k, t, '. t, j, etc.-prefixes admitted in tbe formation of Austria words,-.nd the n .... l infix. In kad ... 6a.. second degree of prefixation is visible-ia + I.+ .. +bo, and inja .. b .. ,o, a suffix, ora. Skt. 4i .. ba~egg may belong to tbe •• me .eries. Tbe word for egg in Sakei (Sel. Da) is lOO.t. Of..lso Skt. sta .. bo, I .... b •• , ... 60,.., IIIId also rId_.ra treat.ed by Przyluski (irifra p. It9).

nix INTRODUCTION

Skt. g.qa=mol ...... ; cf. the Au.tric word. for '.ugar I: gula (Sak. Tap.); gala (~ijm); gull (Sak. Kerb.); giila (Darat); hUlB (Jelai); gula (Malay). [S 512.]

Beng. pagar ('f~) meaning 'a water channel' 'ditch,' for rai.ing a sort of obstruction (if. Skt.

·pral:iira; Bengali gaq ("") i8 used in th. same o.ns.. C/' the Auotric words for f.nc.: pagar (Sak. U. Kam.) ; pogor (Mal.), pogor (Santali). In Santali p.g'4. mean. 'to con81mct a water channel' ( ••• A. Camphell­Ba.tati-E.gI'.,. Dictionar!l)' 0/. a100 l'rzyluoki i_/,II pp. 143-144.

PART I

NON·ARYAN LOANS IN INDO·ARYAN

BY

JEAN PRZYLUSKI

Non-Aryan Loans Indo-Aryan

• In

In India the people speaking the Aryan languagee. have been in oontact with those who speak other langnag.. sinos ancient tim... B .. ides the Dravidian language., which apparently have no affinity with other Iinguistio group., we find in the north the mas. of Tibeto-Burm .. e language8 and in the east the acattered i.lets of Thai, Mon-Khmer, and Mu~QI. The Tibeto-Burmese family is generally oonnected with the Chinese and the Thai languag... The MOQQi (or Kol) Iangoagss, on the contrary, are related, throngh the intermediary of Khaei, to. Mon-Khmer and the dialectB of the MalaY" Peninsula. It has even been recently affirmed that thi. 80uthern group of Mon-Khmer, Khui, MUQQI, etc., mu.t be connected with the Sino-Tibetan gro\lp (Conrady in A.ljjiiit., .ar- A .. It .. r ., .. , Spracltg .. eAiel;te wo",dlllUcA Ik. 0 .. .,.", E",,, Killin Ge",itl ... t. '" pp. 415-50~), but it i. a bypoth .. i. yet and not a proved fact. In the following articl .. , I would call the ...... bl. of the MaQ~', Kbasi, Man-Khmer and Annamite languages as

1 ThiJ Imele ftrs$ .ppured in 1991 iu JlMMi, .. de I. BooWtI 4. Li",.illig •• do Po... XXII, 6, :pp. iIOI-iI08. Bi ... tho. tho procreoo i. m1 -..II b .. compellod mo 10 mocIif1 ii,

4 PRE.ARYAN AND PRE.DRAVIDIAN

the" Austro.Asiatic family" according to tbe terminology of Father Schmidt. It will be frequently oeeessary for me to consider the Indonesian languages .Iso in this IlOnnection as they have very great affinities with the above family.

When the Aryans came from tbe temperate regions and spread' over t';"'pical India, tbey had no word in their vocabulary for a large number of plante, animals and unknown products of the new country. Tbus it can be supposed a priori that they acquired important loans from the languages of the non· Dravidian populations with whom thsy first Came into contact. I propose to show that Buch wa. reaUy the ca.e. Instead of trying to multiply proof. of rapprochement., I shall confine myself be .. to .ome typical ex.mple.; I may however come back to the examination of this question subse· quently, with moredevelopmente.

SANSKRIT kadali

Skeat and Blagden have already cl ... ified all the name. of ;, banana" occurring in the languages of Malaya Penin· sula and the languages related io them. I will reproduce § B.4.2 of their admirable comparative vocabulary: . Banana, plantain: Ului ? (gehii ; or glni), Bak. Kor.

Gb ; t~luwi or k~luwi. Bem. Jarum; tlll;;i. Sem. Kedalt; (telni). Bale. Br. Lo",; (telooille) [1 misprint for telouilleJ. 8cm. $e •. ; (tOIOl.'), Som; (tolou'i). Sak. Kerb.; ( tlou'), f$~l.. Oroi,,; telui, teloi. Temb;; telei, Sera,,; tel •• , JeEai ; teli; telai, Darat; tell, 8ak. Em.; tel;;, 8em. Per.; tlllAy. 8~k. U. Kam; tlliai. Tan. U. Lang; tlii, tilly. ad. U. p'ere; tlai. Sal:. Sung; t~.I@. Se •• CEij}; kle, Bol:, Blanj. S .. i (spec. Mal. pisang mas) telei mas, 8.,a,,; (species unidentified), telui puntuk '; telai lele1 [i.e., of lelai] ,

NON-ARYAN LOANS IN INDO-ARYAN 5

Temb; [8o"thern Nicoba, tal;;i, "plantain"; Khmer tnt taloi (tont taloi), "banana tree" (tut appears to mean " tree ") ; Palallng kloai " plantain "J.

All these forms present a root with initial I provided with a complex vocalic element in which i generally appears. This root is preceded by a prefix sometimes syllabic ke-, g6-, tn_, lii-, t;', sometimes reduced to k-, .9-, to. It is probable that, amongst tbe syllabic forms of this prefix, ke-, to-, t.: are already reduced forms of *ka-,

*to-, which are more archaic and are often found in the Austro-Asiatic languages. On the other hand, it appears that the root originally possessed a long i which had bsen converted into diphthongs in different way.. We can, therefore, restore two ancient forms of the name of banana: *ka-ti and *Ia-I •.

We have in Sanskrit "adal. and "andali, both of which mean banana or the banana trce. These forms, inexplicable in Indo-European, can be explained if we start from *1&a-li. It seems tbat ~ simple infix -da- in lea-da-li and a double infix -n-da- in -ka-n-da-/i have been inserted between tbe prefix and the root. The existence of infixes, -d(a)- and -n-d(a)- have been already recognised in the Austro-Asiatic language., but their role i. still undefined. I sball sbow later on, th.t tbey have actually entered, into some of tbe names of trees, like the" cabbage palm."

Besides "adali and kaadali there had heen doubtless, a third form *tandali in Indo-Aryan. In -fact one of the eight kinds of syrup allowed hy the Buddha to the monks is the coca paM. According to the commentary of the Mahilvagga, VI, 85, 6, coca would be a kind of "adaii, and cooapiina would mean plantain syrnp. Now Yi-tsini in Ejafatalr:ar1llan, VI, explains coca hy-

6 PRE.ARYAN AND PRE.DRAVIDIAN

t .... d •• li (..4 RmmI of tA, B"ddAiIt R.ligion, translated by J. Taka"" ... , p. 125, n. I, and p. 220). '/'andal. can be explained by .tarting from ta.l. in the .. me .... y ao

ka.dali from t •. /i.

SANSKIIIT 6ila., "amb.t •• , Bimbala·.

Among.t the word. which mean the hair of men an,1 animal. in the longuagoo of the 'ar Eaot one may quote :

Malay v

Cam Jaral

b.l .. bata .. bol ...

Batak. Dayak Dagal Malagaoi

bul" polok

volo,'

The oame root explain. some nam.. for "cotton" in the Indo.Chine.e language. :

Jaral' Sek

"iip.1 "iipal

Annamite Laotian /4y.

In J ara' and: Sek, the root i. preceded by the prefix iii. In Annamite and Laotian the final liquid i. changed to Yi as it OCCurB freqnently in the Auotro.Asiatic language •.

For the origin of th... forms we can, therefore, snppoee a root *b.I •• , *bll/.. meaning "hair, wool." We have in Sanskrit biila·, oiil.·, oira which have the &&me .en.e. The word is ancient, and oiira i. already

. found in.llg 1'.da,2,4,4. Th. preaence of I in bila, •• ta points out to a popular form and the analogy with the nOD.AryaD worde, which we have just DOW referred to, suggeot an Au.tro·A.iatic origin. The loan can he explained by the importance of wool and hairs in magic and popular religion. It i. not at .11 doubtful

, Of. Bengali pilok. !.he f •• lhor or dow. of • bird. The word baa been poinlod oullo !DO by Dr. P. O. Bacchi.

NON-ARYAN LOANS IN INDO-ARYAN ?

that in this re.pect the Indian thought has been always influenced by the belief. of tbe aboriginal populations. One can, for instance, refer to the cult of the h.irs of

Buddha. In the legend of Rima., Bill, the famous monkey-king, tbe brotb.r of Sugrlva, owed biB name to the fact tbat he was horn from the hairs of bis mother.

However, the Anstro-Asiatic origin of b.ta- would

remain doubtful if tbis Sanekrit word bad not formed the

p.rt of a group of which the other elemente are certainly non-Aryan. We willse. just now, tb.t "ambala, , ... bala

are ineep.r.ble from bila .nd foreign to Indo-Ary.n.'

The Austro-Asi.tic root *bala was susceptible to have prefixe. lik. l:a+n .... I, in order to form. subetantive meaning "a shaggy being." We should not therefore, be .. tonished to find in S.nekrit • word "ambala, which means .. kind of deer and more precisely, "a sort of deer with a sbaggy b.iry coat," according to the definition of Monier Williams. Ae one finde, tbe deecription of

the anim.1 conforms to tbe etymology of the name. From tbis tbe use of the word l:am6ala for woollen stuft

can be e .. ily explained. Ka .. bala-in the sense of " woollen stuft "-occurs in the Atharva-Ved. (XIV. 2, 66, 67), This word, is doubtless of non-Aryan origin, and h ..

been introduced in tbe Sanskrit vocabulary prior to the redaction of tbe Atharva-V ed •.

On the other h.nd the name of .. silk-cotton tree"

or /JtnMa" H eptapk,U ... i. in Pali Hi.bali or Hi.bola and in Sanlkrit S.tmali or SilfIIala. One CIIn recognise bere

l 1D Tibetu. bsZ me.nl the hair of certain aDimals. the wool. A oompooite adiecti •• alibi. word bl. _ IormecI 'bal-'bal wbiab 8aratchandrl n •• traDllate, by II IbagO." It i. difficult to decide if theae form. .r. in their origin Tibeto-Burm.e, or if ho! h .. been _ hom Indo.AJ1 ....

8 PRE-ARYAN AND PRE-DRAVIDIAN

the root *bala which forms a part of the name of cotton or cotton-tree in some Austro-Asiatic langnages.

In Pali the root has the prefix .i .. , as in limbola, limbaii •. Si,.6ala already exists in Vedic and means, according to Siiya~a "the flower of cotton tree" (if. GELnNER, redi.cM Stndien, 2, 159), that is to say, its bud having the appea­ranee of a big white flower while it is still in its covering.

Skr. '.lmala, Balmali correspond to Pali 8imbala, 8imbaii, and equally means the Bom6a~ Heptapkltlum. These words, hDwever, cannot be the same. Salmala seems to be the Sanskritisation of another form. In the Austro-Asiatic languages, between a root *6.1. and .. prefix sao, 8i-, one might bave intercalated a nasal and a liquid. 8imbala contains the nasal.... Salmalo which h .. got the liquid I seems to be the Sanskritisation of *8aI6ala.

The Sanskrit words bata, kambala, Balmal. form a

series in which the idea of hair or wDol can be discovered all tbrough. They are differentiated only by the prefixes, i.e., by a process which is foreign to the morpbology of Indo-Aryan. It is thererore the Austro-Asiatic root *6.10, which we should suppose to be the origin of ali these word •.

SANSKRIT langala, langul., linga.

The plough is designatsd by the following terms in the principal Mon-Khmer and Indonesian languages:

Khmer v

Cam Khasi Tembi

ankal lanan, lanai lanar

k~-IIn1,or

(.ngala.

1 Cf. Memoirl8 dB la Bocie'te' de LingUtBtiqU.6, xxn, p. 905 I.

NON-ARYAN LOANS IN INDO-ARYAN It

S.tak Makassar

trir,gala, ".1lgiil. lin!J.t. Jtail.Nala.

How to explain these different forms? One can auppoae pither that they have been borrowed from Indo­Aryan (c/. Sauskrit tan!Jala .. ), or that they are .11 derived from an ancient Austro-Aaiatic word of which the begin. ning and the end might have undergone .everal modi­fication. while the middle part remained more stable.

The first explanation is suhject to serioua difficulties. The word lo1lga/a .. has DO etymology in Indo-Aryan and i. certainly not Indo-European. Besides, the CouDte'part of the words quoted above is found in Annamite, i.e., amongst • people which h.. never been Indianised like their w.stern neighbours.

In Annamite the word etly (pron. kai) ia both a verb meaning" to plough" and .. noun signifyi.":g the" plough." It is poosible that in ancient time this word waa longsr, as we know that in Annamite the tendency towarde mon08yllabism h .. been .trongly active from early tim ... Previous to the modern form "iiil au ancient one *&61. O&n be supposed. In fact, the final ~ replaced hy i in Ann .... mite, i. preserved even to-day in .. veral Muong dialect. :

I Annamite Muong

u tree " I ka. kot

II to be hungry" I " I I

tlo' tot ,

I :

! I I

~ ,

"two" i hai i

" to fly (of bird) " I ! , bai I pal, pol I "

2

10 PRE.ARYAN AND PRE.DRAVIDIAN

Annamite *kiit "the plough," and" to plough" reduced to aile Byllable, i. very similar to the AUBtro.A.iotic forms, with tbi. difference that they can he separated, and as t.he Indian inflnence here is out of queBticn we are brought to supp""e that the Mon·Khmer and Indonesian namee of the plough have not got an Indo-Aryan origin. Lingalam is found already in tbe ~g Veda, hut the two I .• in tb. word indicate a vernacular form of it.

Tbe only alternative left to us is to admit tbat langalnm hal been borrowed from t.be non.Aryan people. of the E •• t .ince the Vedic time.. The same conclu.ion i. inevito.ble, if one handle. a problem of a different kind.

Be.ide ... tbe plough," the S.n,kri! word langal ... designatee al.o th. .. peni.... On the other band, .pecially in tbe ~litras and in the Mahiibhiirat., a form lingil. i. found to mean both the" peni," and .. tbe tail .. (of an animal). If tbe equivalenoe lii',gala-liingila is autbori.ed, then tbe semanlic evolution of the word would be easily understood. From U penis" one caD pus, without difficulty, to the sense of "plough" and rt tail." 'rhere are evident analogi •• between copulation and the act of ploughing by which one dig. up the eartb for depositing tbe .eed.. The problem becomes more complicated from the fact that, almost inevitably, the word linga which .trongly re,emble. the two other word. and ha. the meaning of U penis" comes in.

Such .quivolence i. phoneticftlly impo •• ible a. long 88 we are in t.he Inuo-Aryan domain, but the," are fully ju,ti6ed in the neighbouring group.. In 'bam, for in8tan~~p-, the sco]opelldra iM called lilpan or lipan.

In the .ame 1.n~u.g., kalik and leulilt, lu§;. and ~.va", ia6at and "ubut .re equivalent forms [E. Aymonier and A. Cabaton, D'etionna'" o..";fral1fa"]' In the Malaya

NON.ARYAN LOANS IN INDO.ARYAN 11

Peninsula, the tree "pal.i" according to Skeat and Blagden is denoted by tbe following word. :

til/Ok ..

t·"Ok.1 t .. gkol

/';"0";1 t;'Oklll.

T;'9";' is to t;"O,",,1 and tingk" withont final is to t;"g"ul what langal. is to lailuMa and linO' to langala.

One is thus led to sunpose that th •• e milltiple and suspicions forms, lin!),'l, la,¥\lJalo, liin//alrt, la?\guia, lang(lllJ,

represeut divl'J'l"e aSpt'cts of the same word, bOI'l'owed by Inuo-ArJ'li.ll frOID the Anstro-Asiatic languag~ •. Thi. hypothesis \Vould be still strengtheoed if it can be .ho\vn tha.t i,'nga in the sense of "penis" has equivalents

in the Don-Aryan languages of the East. Here are th. princi p.1 names of the 8exual organ. in

the Au.lro.Asiatic language. :

Malay Peniosul. Stieng B.bDar Kba.i Santali Ho Mundari

Ink, la, 10. kt ... k·lao t.lo~

loc 1'lC' tfJ.c'.l

All these forms appear to be derived from Id still foond iD tbe Malaya PODinsula. The final "i. sometim .. palatali.ed into ~ and .ometime. di.appears completely with the resalt tbat the vowel i. changed into a diphthong.

t Rev. P. O. BoddiDg writes to me: The word 100' i8 by the Baptale CQDlidered indecent aDd ja Dot used bef()l'e WOOleD. TheIl; i& aoother word (of HJe &1l1l?8 root lie'l used about tbe orlu 01 WlaU

11071, but 01 ..... oidered improper.

l~ . l>d-AIlYA~ AND PRE-DRAVIDIAN

Here also the hypothesis of a loan from Indo-AryaD is excluded on account of two reaaon.. Tbe vowel • of linga i. neVer found iool.ted in any of the Austro. Asiatic words derived 'rom a form in 4. Be.ides the name of .. penis" Can be found in Ann.mite with tbe word k;k (Quoe·ngu: c;c) wbich doubtless comes from an ancient *k.l.k. We know that the initial consonantal gro"p. were all reduced in Annamite, some before tbe XVIIth century and the others mucb later.

On tbe wbole everything tends to .how that an

aDeient AIl6tro·Asi.tic root *lak bas given rise to the QOmi •• 1 derivatives ending in .ola., .wla.. The existence of a final witb vocalism w is not solely attested in Indo­Aryan and oDly by the word lingUla. Skr. laur4>, lak,,!a, appear to be copied from I.ilgilo, and it. meaning of tI stick" can be very well deri ved from" peni .. " Parallel to Skr. liilgil. "tail" (of an animal) we find Malay .kOf', and in tbe Malay Peninsula, 'kul, .k"". dor, .ior, witb the same meaning.

A certain number of forms which we have examined cODtain a n ... l element which seems to haye been inserOOd in the root.. Now we know that in the majority of tbe Aostro-Asiatic langllages, the iofix n seems to form tbe names of instrument (if. Fatber. W. Scbmidt, .u. p •• pl •• Mon-Khmer, French translatioo in B.E.F.E.O.,

l,iI07, p .. 237lf.). I wiII quote ooly ODe example, similar to the ca.. studied by me: Khmer ~4nUut " helm II derived, by adding an infix from, r.U:4ul .. to obstroct,

ti; move against the helm" [E. Aymonier, Diclwanai .. KAmt,-:fronrai., p. xvi]. Hence it is to b. noted that UIlongot the non-Aryan· words qlloted above, the nual infix i. wanting in tbose which designate & part of the body: .. penis II .. tail" (of an animal), while it is fwnd

NON.ARYAN LOANS IN INDO-ARYAN IS

in the names of instrument, for instance in the names of "plough." On the other hand, a. to be espeeted in tbe cae. of loan wordo, Indo-Aryan ha. no r.!tolarity

at all in tIli. ..opoet. The contrast logucln-langila hI. no morphological value at .. u.

N ... l jnfix and suffix in -il(a) oeem to eo-exi.t in Kbmer. 10 this lang",,,,,e, bo!> .igniS.. "to drive in (a poot) " and MM.l meano tbe .. poot." If from Kbaoi

I-I.!> " peni." one g08l back to the root *laA: from wbich 1§1l.I:or .. plough" i. derived, one can aloo go back from bo~ .. to drive in "to a root *baA: which explain. 61nA:il .. poot." The first root *ld i. not however entirely hypo­thetical. One can reeo!tni •• an alt.rnation of it in Khmer

III" .. to drive in (the band or tbe finger)" (Die/i.ona;" Ta.dart). Be.ides, tbe Santal. have .. common wurd I •

.. to d~ or make a hole." The derivativH like lis • .,."""" etc., expre .. the penetration of plough into female earth. Tbe names of .. peDis" and of " plough" tberefore, .ignify

reopecti"ely in the langllages in queotioo : "tbe limb whicb one d.ri"ea in" and II the instrument which one driv88 in."

The ino.rtMln of all infix in tbe body of the root ha. tbe efect of lengthening tbe word, of making it .tand wear and tear. Tbe length of the non-Aryan nam.. of plough can he thO! explained hy referenoe to other word. of the .lUIle group derived from the same· root. Compare for inotance :

Malay: ttngala "plougb," .A: .. , "tai)."

Khaoi : ~a-lynA:or " plough," I t-lo!> " peni •. "

I Indo-Aryan bas borrowed .ven the prefb: 1t4 of naai krJ·lrMor: ID tho 14ohibbln.la III. MS, kal4t1vol4 .pp .... to deoigoole 0 kind 01 weapon. Thi. way of oiog the Ih&rp end of plough iJ 1100' ihe onl,. inltaDC6 ill the epic. Balarlml i. armed with 14'8'~4J'" and fol: tbi. ~1OIl, named 141\".,...

H PRE·ARYAN AND PRE·DRA VrDIAN

It may seem strange that tbe Indo·Aryana bave borrowed .0 many word. from the Anstro·Asiatic languages. Various circumstances have contributed to this result. Some Austro·Asiatic peoples use even to· day, not a plough to furrow but a simple pointed stick for digging hole. in which they place the seeds (Skeat and Blagden, Pagan R .... of the !dalay Pe ••• ",l., I, p. 34~). There the analogy between the penis and the farming instrnment i. as clear as possible. Profs. Hnbert and Mauss point out to me that in M.lanesi.. and Polynesia the farming stick has often the form of a penis. In some Polynesian langllag •• the same word d.signates the penis and the "digging' stick" (af. Treg.ar, Maori eo"'parati.e Dictionar" under ko and Violette, Diction.a'r. S.",o •• ;/ranfa'" under oga). It is poasihle that tbe aborigines of India, at first, knew the use of this stick and that the name of the instrument for digging the soil has not cbanged after the introduction of plongh.

The persistence of old notions helps us in explain. ing the legend of tbe birth of Slta. In the Rim'ya~a I, 66, it is by furrowing the earth with a plongh that Janaka gave birth to Slti. The nam.. are transparent here: J anaka signifies " procreator" and Sltl meane a "furrow." The ftlrrow has been personified eince the Vedic times. In the MahAhhirata, VII, 105, 3,945, l!lti is a goddess of the harvest. The legend of the birth of Slti conceals the ancient myth about the produc. tion of grain. The same fore.. are manifested there and the lole action which gi ves play to thew i. the penetration of the plol1gh.penis in the female earth.

On the other hand the phanic cults, of which we know the importance ·in the ancient religious of Indo-China, are generally considered to have been derived from Indian

NON.ARYAN LOAN'i IN INDO.ARYAN 16

Saivism. It is more probable th at the Aryans have borrowed from the aborigines of India the cult of If"'" as well as the name of the idol.' The .. popular practices, despised by the Brahmans were ill·known in old times. If we try to know them better, we will probably be able to B.e clearly why eo many non.Aryan words of the family of l.ng. have been introdncod into tbe language of tbe conquerors.

III

THE N ums or BETEL, I

We know that the betel. leaf, with some other products, is used for the composition of • m.stiaatory much appre­ciated by the Indian and Indo.Chinese peoples. The following words designate the betel in the Austro·Asiatic languagea:

Alak 6alu Kbmer ml"fJ Bahnar Mlii. Rongao 6016. Sue' molrta

v

Lave tIItl. Stieng .. Iv Kha 61" Palaung pie.

I While writing this a.rticle for I lin guiatie review I have been led to develop the idea atill further. It is clear from what haa been written that the hiatory of a word like li'gtJ i. Dot; without importance faf the study of religion. I have begun in 1928 a eerie. of Itudy meani to prove that a certaiD Dumber of myths. leA'enda Ind talea of Aryan India have bet'D borrowed from. the Austro-Aliatic people. The tint two of these artil"lea will abortly appear in the pUblication of the Bcol.,. Francci" tl'Ezt,Im.-orimt (tbe JubiJee volume) and in the JClfl.m41 AritJtiqfl ••

• Cf. B.lIrii. d.l. S .. UII .u Ling.;'liqo., XXIV, 8, pp. 255.i168.

l~ PRE.ARYAN AND PItE·DRA VIOIAN

All tlu!oe form. ean be rednced to 0119 type * .. nli ~D having for the initial the alternation m/6. The long linal i. sometimes redoubled into MO. ihI, flO. 'I'he .vowel is pal"talised into e, ij or e.en rednced to zero.

Siamese h ... ,,/t/N with another modifieation of the initial which remains 1.61at but beeomeo an aspirated surd.

The Anuamit. dialects have the .. forms: tr4'., pitt'" which app.ar to be very different, but the diiference is attenuated if we go back to the middle Annamite: in the XVII century Father Alexander d. Rhodes .till

noted b14'" in hia dictionary. The following word. are more complioated :

Halang Mon Malay Peninsula

1 ... 1. id/a c~m!JlJi a.iIi

lav",,6ai

In the first two names the element .. 1 .. /61a reappears preceded by a prefix: la.mla, j;.6Iu. In the Malaya Peninsula the p!'8fix is co;.. c..... or j;m and the ancient root, in which the I becomes i. is reduced to .. ai. 6.i. bi.

From that it is possible to explain the Indo·Aryan forms:

Slln.krit PaJi Prakrit

tiimOill«. t.mbul., t ... bil.", ta .. 6010f/', tamboli.l.

I The Persian tGmUl aDd Arab lIl-tllmbiJ are, liD doubt, toaDI from l.do-A., ••. On tho coni .. ., the Chin ... trans,ripli •• f.·I;" (Arst me_.d in • _k of the Ihird or lhe beg;Dui.g of lhe 4tb osutlll7) correapondl, a.. Laufer baa well remarked, to the Indo­O __ ior ... (S ..... I' ...... , p. !1118, nola III.

NON.ARYAN LOANS IN INDO·AllYAN 17

We have here a radical 6ula/601a preceded by the affix lal4 or liim. The Indo-Aryan element hila differs from Austro.Asiatic bali only by the permutation of vowel.. Moreover, we know that in the Mon-Khmer language., tbe prefile. la, ea which are u.ed forming the names of animals and plants are often ClOnneated with tbe root through the intermediary of .. n .... l: la .. , ta,a, etc. Tbey are doubtl ... the .ame affix whioh, under tbe form. of 10"" and do"", normally precedes the names of tree. in Stieng, Bahnar and Cambodian.'

The Indo. Aryan limbula., I, .am, whiob are not known to be Indo.European, i. tberefore Austro·A.iatio like the oreeper itself. Thi. conclulion can be .till more Itrengtbened if we go back to the origin of the Indo· Chinese forms.

Por preparing the quid of betel, the leaf i. rolled up like a cigarette paper. The following words deoignate in Cam. bodian the action of rolling up and the connected notion. :

mUT " to roll np " pomiel " to oau •• to roll up" mut U round " lomu" fO",1I1 If roll."

We have in Stieng al.o mul " round," mo, "to roll up (a cigarette)" and Father Schmidt connects theo. worda with: Babnar M .. "I "zusammenschmieden" (Gru.deiige doe, LaulleAre tier Mo.·KAmer-.pracAen, p. 61).

1 Many of tbe Mon.Khmer languagea have pruerved the Roint prefix eveD in tlae Dlrme of tree: Nia-hOn tam-l04, La,., tont-li"t. PhBODg TOfIl.ochi, Prou tom·la', etc. In CODsequence of tbe tena.., toward. m0D0811labiam, this ancient prefb: haa been IIOIIletimea ( .. in Khmer) w8IOOiated from the root aDd ha. got In iDdependent eu.HnOl, pI.1m, the role of .. nWJleral of the DUDn of tree IoD4 "811 ,aiD, 10 far loa to have sbe force of auba'a.Dti,e,

18 PRE.ARYAN AND PRE.DRAVIDIAN

In the domain of the Mn~<l& laognages of India which are related to the Austro·Asiatic group, we have in Sant.1i :

gul .. • .... l" " to make round by ruhbing between the palms of hands, round, spherical"

gur .. "';. "round, spherical." 1

In the Anstro.Asi.tic languages, there is, therefore • verbal root ... 11 ... r which means "to roll up." The betel leaf, that is to say, the objeot which one rolls up takes its name probably from this root .

.. The equivalence of Indo.Aryan and Indo-Chinese forms helpa us to explain a Bengali expression, pointed out to me by Dr. S. K. Chatterji. A Hindu caste of Bengal, which bas for its main occupation the cultivation aod the sale of betel, is called 6.rll.<6ara' formed from *6.r. a word which is no looger in use in Bengali, and the sullix -a-j which marks appurtenance. The name ooour. in a village name Biirayi-pa4i in a copper.plate grant of Viliva.riipa Sena, c. 12th-13th cen. Barlli, when Elans. kritised, gives 6aru·ilVin "who lives on *6ar •. " There is aleo the word 6aroj which means the kind of pergola in which the betel vine is grown. Bar-, 6ar- evidently designates betel and is clearly related to the Indo-Chinese forms bal .. , etc.

The comparison of words, we have made, is insunctive. In the Bengali and the Indo-Chinese forms of the name of betel, the vowel " follows the liquid. *6iir., bal .. , 61., eto. On the oontrary in Sanskrit and in Pali .. precedes the liquid, as in the verbal root ... r , ... 1.

1 Nota tbat the element g"l. is fOIlDd in IocJo.Al1aD, c/o Skr. ,,,Jtft4, ,.Ziki, etc,

NON.ARYAN LOANS IN INDO.ARYAN 19

Tile ancient Indo.Aryan has, therefore, in tbis respeot an advantage over modern languages. Sanskrit and Middle-Indian have preserved tbe prefix whiob bas dis. appeared from tbe modern names of betel and i. noted .. tim in Sanokrit, ta", in Pali and Prakrit. Tberefore, Indo-Aryan ti",lnila is probably the moot exact trans· cription of the ancient Anstro-Asiatic name of betel.

IV

SANSKRIT 6ii'l'4. I

In GrNnil.;;ge ei.er L.ulleAre lIer M on- KAmer Spr4c4en, pp. 30-31, Fatber W. Sohmidt bas compared the following word. : -.

Yon Kbmer I

BahDlr

II to throw the f p.h .. to tbrow I shoot to I stone. with bnsk (tb. colton)" a bow" poll bo ••

.. Card for coUon ,I II to draw {PkGh I. thi. bow tt pnoh ph, •• the bow ., PAft/lh

A verb po", pa4, witb inAxe. gives rise to the following derivatives: pand, po.d, pho~ pno4. Tbe derivation is regular, bot it is not a priori clear why the 88me root is used to me.n 8ucb operations .. drawing tbe bow and bu.king the cotton. 'rbis remarkabl. fact becomes clear if one observes: 10 that in Stieng tJ.t designates an instrument used for preparing the cotton

I Cf. Ban.tin. de 1& 800wU d. Li1lf1'iatiqlU, XXV, 1, pp. 66-89. S The initial whioh I tr&D8Crilte here a. t, and which Bather 8ohmi4,

h .. wriiteo p il aD ancient labial OOOlOBive iotermediate betWMIl p and II which 11'. G. llHpero call. U mad ooo1uaive." (OrGtll .... III I. I&\lfO • .1[11""" p_ 615),

20 PRE.ARYAN AND PRE.DRAVIDIAN

before tbe spinning;. and 2° the same word is a name of bow or Dross· bow in otber Mon·Khmer languages (Danaw .k ; Riang ai "bow" ; Alak ." "cross.bow "). t

On tbe otber band amongst the Makassar of Celebes, the word prtlla designates the bow for shooting the arrow. and a kind of bow which is also used for washing the ·cotton (NIBIIWRNHUIS, Der Ge6r •• e" von Pfeil .nd Boge • •• f den g.'018.,. Sund.-I""l", in Internatio •• I., A,eM. f., EtA.ographi., XIX, pp. 10-11). Sonnerat has observed and sketched a .imilar instrument in Inoi. (r oy.ge. a.,. I.de • • 1 a I. Ohine, PMris 1782, vol. I. p. 108 and pI. 26). U The machine for carding the cotton," says he, U is extremely .impl.. It i. made of a piece of long wood of six to seven feet. To each of its ends is attached a strong string of entrail. which, when touched, makes sound like th.t of the violin (our batters also have a macbine almcat similar to it called the a,.lIet or fiddle.stick). Tbe violin i. s"spended by B· string to tbat of a bow attached to a plank. The worker hold. tbe violin by tbe middle in one hand and in the other, with a piece of wood with a pad at the end, stretches quickly the eatgnt which .lips out, strikes the cotton, throws it out, 611. it with wind, separates the dust from it Bcd makes it fit for spinning. The elasticity of the bow, which sustains the violin, affords the worker the facility of 'CI>rrying it from one place to another on the beap of cotton which they come to thrash." Tbe instrument, on tbe whole, is formed of two bows superposed, because t~. lower part of the violin which Bonnerat compares

1, Tbe I.Diu.,et or the Mal&,& PeniDlul& han the forml ig, ig, It .. a lb. oquJ .. lonl 1/. "biob II prelervod in Kbmer where il _,Ibe bow bod agaln,llb. ,Iag-fty (I. ihllftg). CJ. 01 .. 80111a1i ell_It bow."

NON.ARYAN LOANS IN INDO-ARYAN zl

witb tbe areA.1 is essentially a vibrating strine .. ttaebed to the end. of a piece of wood. Sir G. Grierson has de.cribed a similar but more simple macbine in .BiAa, Pea, •• t Lif., pp. 64-66. 1

If the bow for carding the cotton i. used in Indo-Cbina as in the Malaya Archipelago and India, it will be shown just now tbat tbe words of the same origin similarly designate the sbooting, the bow or the arrow, and the cotton.

The tendency of making words monosyllabic has often had the ell'eot of reducing tbe ancient forms :

MOD Khmer Stieng I Rongo Muong Ann amite

--~---I

II to draw tbe bow It . • pin I p;tI . • pan b ... po. ban

These words dill'er from Babnar pa •• ", ponall, by tbe lOBS of the final and by certain alterations of the nasal. Moreover it is to be noted that tbe initial of the Khmer form is a b, an unstable pllo.eme, intermediate between the sonant and the surd and of which the equivalent is 6 in Annamite while most of tbe otber languages have p.

As regards Mon po.A "bow for throwing oton.o" we have :

Curu : panan U bow " Kon-tu : panm " cross-bow" Sedang : po1lt'il, "0"'" "cro .. -bow" Halang ....... "cross.bow."

~ Cf. Qanekrit: tila.-~ii'mukr tiEa-caplI, ti'a-dh4ftU' II cotton-bow I

• bow or IimilarJy Ibaped io,tru.meut tiled for cleaDing. cotton II

)fouler.Williams). In tbe Himalayan dialectl we baye 1110: in ~ In ... u. make aoitoD be wi\h bow, to carL"

~~ PRE.ARYAN AND PRE.DRAVIDIAN

In the Kiil or MUI),!ii languages, Santali oanam mean • .. violiD, to play on violin"; the last operation requirllS the use of an arc4.e or a little bow.

On the other hand the Indonesian forms cau be reduced in a large number to the type of panan. This word designates the bow in Malaya, and in Java, the bow aDd the arrow. Amongst the Dayaks of Borneo, the bow is called p •• ak. In numerous languages of the Philippines, p;.; is the name of the arrow, and in Mindanao panok is the name of the bow. Lastly in Madagascar falla, faUa, designate both the bow and the arrow. M. Nieuwenhuis who has studied the.e Indonesian forms reasonably admits that pana! must have me.nt, in ancient times. both the bow and the arrow in all ,ports of the Malaya archipelago (Art. already referred to. p. 19).

The comparison of the Mon.Khmer forms thus teaches n. that p'''o4 is derived from the verb pa4. po1l "to draw the bow" by adding an infix. One underetands that the name of instr\1ment. thus formed. designates both the bow and the arrow, i.... alI that is required for dr.wing the bow. The orillin of the Sanskrit word 6,,'1'" cannot be. therefore. any longer doubted. It is a loan from the A.ustro· A.siatic languages aDd' a very ancient loan because the word can be found in the~· ·veda. VI. 75. 17. The sonant initial of 6,,'1'" was surely not used to translate an Austro.Asiatic p in Indo. Aryan. The 6 of tbe Vedic form is therefore, of a nature to prove the antiquity of II still found in the Cambodian writing of our days.

The Aryans however, certainly knew the ule of bow ,before their entrance into India. Why have they then borrowed from the Austro-Aeiatica a word for the arrow?

NON.ARYAN LOANS IN INDO·ARYAN 23

Probably the arrow made of bamboo was unknown to them and this is why they borrowed the name as well as the instrument itself from the aborigines of Indi.. In fact, in the Malaya Archipelago, the arrow called panall is made of bamboo (Ni,,, .. ,nA,,i., pp. 9 and 23). In the eame way 6all<' designate precisely an arrow of bambuo or of o&ne in India.

V' SANSKRIT karpii.a.

The verbs poA, pOh, bo/.! which have given origin to the name of the bow and the arrow probably do not represent the ancient form of the root. In the Austro. Asiatic languages, a final h rises normally from an ancient 8. In Khmer. for instance, am'hOl}. "cotton" bas another form amba.. One 0&0 suppos., ther.fore, that tbe verbs paA, poA, bo/.! bad originally a root *ta. which meant the action of handling a bow either for throwing projectiles or for carding the cotton.

We now know enougb for understanding the formation of the following name. wbich designate cotton in tbe Austro-Asiatic languages:

Khmer Bahnar Sedang Kuoi K;o

Crau POf, 60f

Stieng paM

amba., ambii/.! Rade kapa. kiipoin Malayan } kO':n' J kapa. r" avanese kobo. Balak kopa. Cam

l Sullllin, XXV, L pp. 611-71.

hop"R kopo~.

U PRE-ARYAN AND PRE-DRAVIDIAN

At the base of all these forms, whether they have a prefix or not, one finds the root bal, of which the very unstahle initial generally becomes p or 6 and the final has been sometimes softened into .4 with .. compensatory • In some eases. Tbe name of tbe cotton fibre, tberefore, properly means "that which bas been husked, cardecl."

In moet of tbe Austro-Asiatio languages, the prefix is simple: k. or kii. But we know that in this linguistic family a nasal or a liquid is frequently inserted between the prefix and the root. This can prohably explain Khmer: (k).",ba" (k).",bii~ of wbioh the initial h .. disappeared; and in the same manner we can account for Banlkrit k.rpiillJ "the cotton tree" whioh cannot pal he e:dned by Indo-European.

Under the form xd".,._ the word has entered into the Greek vocabulary aud in the book of Esther I, 6, the Hebrew word ".rpa, appears to designate like Greek )(0""""'" a fine stuff of cotton or flax.

SANSKRIT JIII!a, ".rpa¥'.

Besides Sanskrit karp •• a whioh comes from an anoient root baa preceded by the prefix kar, it is strsllge to find in the same language fl'!" and karp.!. both of which signify •• cotton stulf:' The existence or p.!" and karp.!. side by side permite us to isolate, without hesitation, the prefix kar, and points out onee again to the Austro-Asiatic domain.

The phonetio and semantio resemblanee of karpilO and k"JIII!" makes u. think tbat these words are exaot counter­parts. The passage from , to ! i. unexpected in Indo-Aryan but il> lewrai IaDgnapl of Indo-China e

NON.ARYAN LOANS IN INDO-ARYAN !6

~or .... pond. regularly to • of the common family of Mon·Khmer:

I Moo Khmer SIiOD, Saba.r I ADD.mite

'hair' y y ,:,,' y y IO. 'ok ,ok 10k

In face of Khmer 'bO. "to wash, to aweep," we have i1l LaoLien p;t.

Skr. karpi.4 on one side and po!a, larpa!I> on the other, therefore, muat have either heen borrowed in auccessive perioda or come from the popuhltion apeaking tbe different dialects.

VI

BaNGALl NUI4BRATlON AND NON·ARYAN Sl'BSTIlAT1IJL

In .. aeriea of articles published since 1921 in tbe .Itemoirel and the Bulletin de In Soci./. d. Ling.i,/jiM tie Pari., I bav. abown the importance of the Auafro. Asiatic languages {or the study of Sanskrit and middle Indian languages. By extending the same researcb to tbe modern langu.g.s of India Prof. S. K. Chatterji bu recently indicated that a eertain nnmber of aubstantivea in Hindi, PanjRbi, Bengali, etc., were borrowed from the Kal (or Mu!)r:iI) languagea. Aceording to tbi. scholar tbe Hindi verb jim·n. "to ~t" wonld be of tbe .ame origin (TA. St.,I, '!! K.t, Calcutt. Reriero, In28, p. 438 ff) I propose to go a littl. furtber aud to pro\". that a nengali numeral can be explained by the Auatro.Asiatic languages.

For .. twenty" there are several won1s in Bengali , tbe Indo.Aryan {orma MI, 6jl' and other forma of nil'

26 PRE-ARYAN AND PRE.DRAVIDIAN

certain origin: Ju .... kwri. ".eIi; the latte. ones are fonnd in the Kollanguagea.

Mahle .tiff

Birhar kliTi

Juang ko4'. The question arises if the Bsngali "uri ia a loan

from the Auatro.A.iatic language.. But a different expl .... nation requires to be di.eussed at first.

Skr. ko~ which .ignifies "summit" designates the highest number, ;.t .• 10 million. in ancient Indo.Aryan numeration. It may be asked if it is not the •• me word. whicb under the form kuri, has taken the meaning of "twenty" in Bengali. This hypothesis ia absolutely improbable. One can imagine that a numbsr like twenty conceived at first as the high .. t number of numeration amongst peopl .. at a lower state of cultnre came to be used by their most advanced neighbours for designating a greater number. 100. 1000. etc.; but one can never understand, by what chance a number like 10 million. could be diminished in value and fall down to 20 in " language like Bengali which po .... ses very large nombers. If I:.ri " twenty" and hI' I 0.000,000 are. after all. the aame word which has successively taken different valu ... the meaning. "twenty" mnat be then the mo.t ancient and this is just the case where we can repeat what Codrington aaid about· the number.limit in Melanesian. "A word which. though we may not he able to trace ita original meaning. is used at first to signify the highest number and subsequently risee •• s the practice of counting advances, to the signification of a higher number than it expressed at first" (11el .... ia. [,."go.g •• , pp. 248.49). We know th.t in common Indo-Eurol'ean bigh8f

NON.ARYAN LOANS IN INDO.ARYAN I' numbers up to !O existed. If we suppose that iu,..: .. twenty" is the same as the numb .... limit 4~i, it cannot b. therefore Indo.European; and if it be independent of ko!i w. do not see any otber Sanskrit word with which it can be connected. It can b., therefore, susp.cted to b. a loan-word. Its origin now remains to be determin.d.

What strik .. us, at first, is the analogy of the Bengali number kuri with the same numb.r 20 in .ome Kol languages and witb the number 10 in the Austro-Asiatic family.

gO 20 10

BeDgali kuri Mahle kiri PllanDg M or , .. lei, •

" Icuri Blrhar kiri Riang ,·k'"

" ""til JUlng ko~i SlotaIi gill

Let us go back to the MelAnesian facts quoted by Codrington. "In Savo tale or .ale is ten, which in Torres Iolauds is hundred; the word is no doubt the .amilt As tini may possibly have meant tbe complete numeration as 'three' in Nengan., and bave risen to ten in Fiji, and ev.n to ten tbouaand in Maori, so tale may bav. lignified at first the last number counting wben no other number beyond ten was counted and have retained the meaning of ten in Bavo wbile it has been raised .. numeration has improved to signify one hundred in Torre. Iolande" (i6id, p. 240g).

It may be likewise imagined that in the domain of Auatro-ABiatic languages the same word migbt bave signified" ten " and taken later on, IInder • little dilferent form, the valne of " twenty."

It PBE-ARYAN AND PRE-DRAVIDIAN

Tbe practice of counting by 20 having been preened i .. Bongal, tb. Auatro-Asiatic word ""r; might have been retained for m.aning .. a lear." by the .ide of Indo­Aryan (,i.<e;1f'ila(ti) which .igniS .. " twenty, twice ten/'

An exactly parallel fact is observed in U I'per Burma I the Siyin., who have the 'l'ibeto-Burman numeration, pcIsesB a special word for" score" and it is "ul:

It Ten" I '~m. Akan, 'lkat

It EleveD." I .4m I. hka' I

II Tweit'." I dm 14 '"

H Twenty" I 1lkam~ni, 16m.fI', kId

.. TweDtY.o .... j hul la llkat I

Tbe name of " .core" common to .everal Kol languages, Dengali and the language of the Siyins, therefore, goes beyond the An,lro-A.iatic domain and encroacbe. npon the IndO-Aryan and the Tibeto-Burman lonel.

Tbe Anatro-A.iatic origin of tbe Bengali number !.... can be proved with .till more certainty if we can .how that this word, beside. its numerical value, bas • concrete .en •• in tb. languages from which it has been borrowed.

Dr. ~. K. Chatterji has already indicated (TM Stud, of Kot, Cal .. Ua R..,i ... , 1~2:\, p. 455) that tbe word Kol ia probably an Aryan modification of an old word

, CI. 0.._ of Up/>" Bu",.a alIA ,., SU • ...,.,1, p. ...

NON.AB\'AN LOANS IN INDO-ARYAN it

_ning .. man." Here are the principal forme of the .. ords signifying "man" and .... oman" in tbe Moqrja languages:

.. man If hG!'. ',ar, hara hor koro haral MrDr

-----"womaD" kiil'i ira kari tori kol

8esides tbese .. e may compare .. son" and" daugbter " in Santali :

" BOD tt = lora Aopaa . .. daughter "=.ill" Aapa ...

Without inoi.ting on tbe treatment of the initial, which I sl,a.l1 study elsewhere later OD, it can be admitted that a root ~nr, kor io dilferentiated in the Mnl}lj. language. for signifying: man, woman, girl and boy.

That in some cases tbis root h.. taken a relatively abstract 8e08e is proved hy Santali "o4a, .iora, whicb lignify "one" as in the espr8llion .. ko4a i, .io4a" .. each single one."

Thus one caD easily understand tbat the same root bas served the purpose of d .. ignating tbe individual not .. aD indivisible unity but .. a numerical wbol •• W. know besid .. that amongst a large number of peopl., said to he primitive, it is tbe name. of the parts of body wbicb are often UBed for numeration (cf. L/'I.BriiA1, L., fOllCtill .. aental" dD ... I" IDCiItil 'a/IN, ..... , p. 216). I n a recent communication to tbe Frencb Institute of Antbropology, M. Julien b.. stated tbat amonget tbe fdalagaeis, tbe word .. finger .. is added to several nnmbers from I to Ii, tb. number Ii being expl'ellOd by" word whicb originally meMt .. hand!' It ISO be thai flliagiMlt

30 PRE-ARYAN AND PR.E-DRAVIDIAN

that amongst the Allstro-A.iatic people. al.o, for expre ... -iDg 10 or 20, one has thought of "mao" provided with 10 fiDgers if hi. hands oDly are con.idered Bod with 20 fiDgers if all the four members 1 of his body are counted.

Th". We can explain the analogy between tbe root /tur, kor U man," the number 20 in MUIJQi Bari, kuri, kOIl; and the number lOin tbe Austro-Asiatic family ko, •• _kIlT, ,kall, giil.

Similar facto can be ob.erved in other parts of tbe Austro-Asiatic worl~. In Annamite mo; wbich signifies " each, all," like Santali A:04a, mea.ns also "tbe .avage"; this word is hardly different from muo; wbich is the Dumber 10. In Khaoi there i. u 6riw "man" and ,Ai p4ew "teo." The conooDallt.1 grol1p 6T has been bere contracted iota ph as it generally happen. in the monosyllabic language.. It seems, therefore, tbat iD Annamite and in Khasi tbe word "man" and tbe nl1mber "ten" are two forms of the same root.

The identity of the number ~o Bnd the name of man, can be al.o ohoerved in Mandingue, one of

the most importBnt languages of We.tern Africa. " In this language, as Proiessor Delafosse writes to me, the number 20, wben it i. not multiplied, is called 11/uy; (Illougnall), a word wbich can be connected with moyo or IIIOpO (m~gA~ or m~/'n~) signifying "man" in tbe Be;.: of h~';," being, without any consideration of sex. When the number "twenty" is multiplied, ... yii is no longer used bat .. oyo or mopo; thus" sixty" is called "'0'y0 .a6a,

.. ... v. ... ...

t Broke tell, al bow .. Daytk of Borneo, before oouDting up to 4:" ulld the flnger. of hi. haudl. and then thOle of his feet. loud wben be bad uhauat&d the fiogerl of biB teet be came back to tbe Harem of htoDa.. (f", r I." ;a 8., ....... , I, pp. lag.,O.)

NON.ARYAN LOANS IN INDO.ARYAN 31

(literally .. man three,.. three men) and sixty men, .. ~ .. oyo .da, exactly" three men of men." Lastly, for the number "forty" the word debe is often used; it properly signifies a mat for bedding: the natives of the country say that the reason of this i. that tLe mat evokes .. couple of human beings (man and woman) who lie down togsther on it; a man, with his 211 fingers, represents " twenty" ; a mat on which two men lie down, represent u two twenties."

The habit of using the word" man" for designating the numbers 10 and 20 is not, therefore .peeial to MUl)fji language., not even to the Aootro·Asi.tic family ooly. The fact that in MUQ<i1 giil " 10" dilfers much more than kilti "20 "of the root kUT, lOT .. man," indicate. quite olearly that the.. words have not certainly the s.me history. Besides the need of distinguishing 10 and 20 for avoiding confusion, other cirt'omstances might explain the deviation obeerved between gal and kiri. In Cambodia one counts still by 5, saying 5'1, 5'2, for 6 and 7, ete. In most of the Auotro.Asiatic languages one still counts by ten but I do not know any language of this family in which one count. by scores, outside the domain of MUQI!ii. It ,eemo, therefore, that the sy.tem of nomeration ha. been transformed by innovations which, no doubt, go back to different periods and probably radiate eaeh from a certain family. The analogy of Riang ,.k;, and of Sant.1i giil I .esm. to indicate that one should

1 Conrady baa tried to establish • relatiob between the vlDlformatioD of initial SODant. into lurd. and tbe phenomenon of coPtzactiOD of 10 prefix with the root in Tibetbo. Hi. tbeoryshoald not be accepted without reserve (cr. Lu Ltlflgue, du Monde, p. 864). It ia pollible that we may bave bere .. tact of the lime order but in all iPverae aenae.

311 PRE.ARYAN AND PRE-DRAVIDIAN

_reh in the Mon.Khmer langoagee for the origin of the computation by tep, while ,tfjli "20," very similar to the name of man in Mu,!~1 or Kol languages woold be an innovation properly Ko\. Unfortunately we .till ignore too many things for beiug >able to determine the hiawry of language as well as that of civilisation with certitnde in this case.

PART II

SANSKRIT AND DRAVIDIAN

BY

JULES BLOCH

5

Sanskrit and Dravidian I A good illustration of the influence of substratum in

the evolution of languages may be found in certain tra nsformations undergone by the Indo.European language in India. A category of consonants-the cerebrals in Sanskri~orresponds, in a striking manner, with some consonants in the phonetic system of the two other families of language. Now to which of the two Non­Aryan families must one attribute this innovation in the Aryan language? Of the two Non.Aryan families one, the Munda, is the language of a people scarcely civiliaed who now forms barely a hundredth part of the entire population of India. Tbe other, the Dravidian, is spoken by about one.fifth of the entire population. The South. Dravidian again is the vehicle of .n oM civilisation. Another member of the same family, the 8rahui now existing isolated far to the west in the heart of Beluohistan, is an evidence of the ancient area of expansion of Dravidian before the Indo.European invasion, at least to one who knows how to interpret geographical indications. In the absence of direct historical evidence these considera­tions have generally led one to think that Dravidian i. the language which has been replaced by Indo.European and that the peculiarities of this language explain the innovation. in Indo-Aryan. The two points on which

1 B.n.tin d. IG HoWt4 cU Ling .. ilUqu. d. PW, XXV, If p. ll.q.

:16 PRE-ARYAN AND PRE-DRAVIDIAN

we would like to make some observations are these : the value of the proofs brought forward in support of this thesis (and summarised as far as phonetics and g .... mmar are concerned by Prof. Sten Konow in the LinQui.tic Survey of lndia, Vol. IV, p. 278 .eq., to which we refer here once for all) and tbe sources of information available on this point.

Before we discuss the value of the alleged evidences we would like to point out certain difficulties of a general eha,·acter. In the fir.t place the geographical isolation of a .... hui is susceptible of several interpl'etations. It is certainly not impossible that the Brahuis for long centuries might have inhabited the place where we find tbem now and from the same barren plateau might bave watched tbe migrations and historical incidents in tbeir neighbourhood without being affected by them. But in a country like India which has been incessantIy distarbed by mig .... tion. it is equally possible that they have come to tbeir present locality in a eomparatively recent epocb (cf. Denys Bray, Gens". '1f India, lall, Vol. IV, Belucbistan, p. 168 .eq.) as a result of the movement of tbe same kind and perhaps due to the same causes which have brought the Omans and the MaIers of Dekhan to 0hota-Nagpur or the nomad tribes of Dekhan studied by Prof. Sten Konow in Vol. Xl of the LinO,,;'tic Sltrvey to all over Northern

'India (the first of the two groups speaks the Dravidian language and Prof. Sten Konow is incliaed to attribate a Dravidian origin to the second al,o (J. A •• , 1925, I, p. 185). The Brahuis of to-day are not absolutely sedentary; they go out of their coantry for temporary emigrations aad for foray. and even for true emigraFoos (D. Bray, i6id, p. 45 seq.). Some peculiarities of their language woald also seem to show that tbey have come from elsewhere:

SANSKRIT AND DRAVIDIAN 37

specially by tbe substitution of initial 6-for v 'in Dravidian Brahui is connected witb Canara, Kurukb, and Malto (tbe last two are spoken by the Oraon and the Maler mentioned above) but it i. different from the contiguous Iranian (Afghan. Belncbi) and the Indo­Aryan (Punjabi. Sindhi) languages. Similarly the absence of cere!>ral n.s.1 in Brahui connects it with the orient.1 dialects, eitber Indo-Aryan or Munda (J. A,., 1911, I, p. 165).

Even if in onr imagination we fill up the entire gap between Beluchistan and the Dekhan the natural link. would be the coastal regions of tbe lower Indus and Gujrat; in ract certain invasions have actually followed tbc .ame path. The plains of the Punjab and tbe valley of Ganges which are pre-eminently tbe . lands of Sanskrit will however remain outside the continuous zone thus reconstructed, and nothing stands in tbe way of support­ing tbat this territory has been occupied by non-Dravidian languages before the J lido-European invasion. The consideration of the phonetic substratum seems to support tbis bypotbesis. Tbe regions in question ignore the use of cerebral ? whicb is current in tbe rest of India from the lower Indus to Ceylon (Jules Blocb, Langu. Maratke, p. 147). Some languages b.longing to a family, now unknown, might bave been actually in o.e in tbis region in ancient times. But even without appealing to the unknown we kMW tbat tbe Munda dialects in which ? is wanting are to-day disseminated over tbe table-lands on the northern border of tbe Dekhan. Might they not have heen driven back there by the Indo-European f Prof. Przyluski haR already given some examples of the contribution to the SanRkrit vocabulary made by the dialootB of tbe AURtro-Asiatic family to whicb Mnnda is

88 PRE·ARYAN AND PRE.DRAVIDIAN

connected. t (MSL, XXII, p. 202 ,eg., BSL, XXII, p. 118, p. 255 .eg.) This proves eitber tbe substitution of one language by tbe otber or their mutual contact in ancient times. The geographical evidence is therefore ambiguous.

On the other hand certain necessary precautions have not been taken in utili,ing properly the linguistic data. The Dravidian language which has almost always been chosen for comparison is Tamil, which in fact i, the best known of all the dialects for various reasons. Even if we admit that from the Vedic up to the present time Tamil has changed very little tbere still remains the fact that the domain of this Dravidian dialect is the furthest off from the region of Vedic civilisation. On this principle alone, it should have heen the last one to be taken into consideration for the .ake of comparative study. As Mr. E. Tuttle bas very well said (Americall Jour".l of PAil., XL, p. 76) : "If we want to understand the history of the languages of the South we should begin from the Northern side." In fact, our knowledge of the Dravidian languages of the north is very imperfect and certainly has heen very recently acquired, so much so that when it is poasihle to recognise the interchange of vocabulary between Dravidian and Indo·Aryan it is very difficult to determine which i. the lender and which i. the horrower though it is absolutely necessary to know the

1 When ibis WI. in the press an important a.rtiele by Prof. Sylvain L6vi baa appeared in J. 048" July.Sept" 1928, in which be hal BbowD that I certain number of ethnic namel of ancient India can be 6'J:plaioed by the morpbological system of the Autro-Asiatic languages. Lack of 8ufti.eient fixity of Sanskrit lorma seem. to be the rerut of diverae eftona to traDlCl'ibe namel still in ole ana H IUeb i. &D.

.vidence of the late surnv.1 of thOle 1&.DIU&£81.

SANSKRIT AND DRAVIDIAN 39

common form of Dravidian (in a general way). We know it very little and we search for it still less. In fllCt Tamil represents very badly the common Dravidian language. Evidence in support of this statement will be found below. With these general reservations, however, what is the value of the alleged proofs about the inlluence of Dravidian on Indo-Aryan.

It is through phonetic innovations that the influence of a linguistic suhstratum is most clearly visible. ThuB the consonant mutation of Armenian can be directly explained by a comparison with southern Caucasian (Meillet, E,q.i ..... de I'ar ... cla88., p. xiv; Oaract. d .. ta.!!. German, p. 40, MSL, XIX, p. 164, Introd. " p. 11). Similarly in India, the co-existence of cerebral consonants next to dentals in Indo-Aryan, in Dravidian and also in Afghan, an Iranian language contiguous to Indo-Aryan and to Brabui, cannot be easily considered as a mere cbance.

But tbe Armenian and Indian cases cannot be eXlICtly compared with each other. In Sanskrit tbere is no change in the articulation of an entire series of sounds. Tbe cerebral series bas not come out of the total trans­formation of the dental series but has come into existence along witb it under determined circumstances tbrongh several stages of evolution. As regards tbe most ancient period, tbe first question is tbat of the adaptation of the two Aryan series to tbe two indigenous ones. For in India the dental eerieB properly so-called bad added to it the series wbich rests on the existence of an ancient Indo-Iranian ; (d-sound); to tbis (.4-Bound) were added consonants whioh lICCommodated themselves to it; moreOTer ~

replllC8d the sonant lA-sound (;) and through IICCOmmod .... tion brought new consonants into existence in the same ~es ,'the whole of this Beries was pronounced as cerebrla.

400 PRE-ARYAN AND PRE-DRAVIDIAN

Later on, the oeclusive"! and 4, I,he naeal 'l'/. and I bave replaced the ancient intervocalic dentals under different historical and geographical circumstances (if. Lanflue

Mara/lie, pp. 95, 125, 187, 147); the withdrawal of the point of articulation in theBe C&l!es is the sign of the weakne.s of the consonant. Finally the initial dental occlusive has heen, but rarely, cerebralised (ibid, p. 12~l.

Such is 'in general' tbe history of the cerebrals in Indo-Aryan. In the greatest part it i. sufficient in itself and Dravidian does not throw any ligbt on it. On tbe BOntrary it contradict. it in certain cases.

Let us p .... on to the fact tbat cerebral I form, which represents normally in Vedic intervocalic <1, disappears from cla •• ical Sanskrit, while it is still in current use in Dravidian. It was simply an archaism according to M. Meillet (11', XXXI, p. 123): all archaislll wbich was perhaps necessary in the Ganges basin where I was lacking, as was seen above. But here are sOllle of the Illore characteri.tic facts.

The exten.ion of initial cerebral ocolu.ive. which is the Illost ohecure event in the history of the Indo-! ryan consonants, suggests at tho very first instan~e explanation by the suhetratum: but Dravidian does not allow tbe nse of the cerebral initials. On the contrary, Dravidian

. allows final cerebral nasals and liquids, wbicb are unknown in Sanskrit.

There is, therefore, nothing to justify the assertion tbat Indo-Aryan cerebrals are of indigenous origin. Tbe local pronunciatiou has rendered the development of tbis class poasible; and in tbis sense the action of the subBtratulll i. undeniable, But it i. necesaary at once to insi.t upon the fact that the Munda languages have dentals and cerebral. just like Dravidian, and

SANSKRIT AND DRAVIDIAN 41

nothing, therefore, stands in the way of attributing theoretically the origin of tbe Sanskrit pronunoiation to tbe action of a .ubstratum of eitber Munda or 80me other language connected with it" if not of a fourth linguistic family still unknown.

Another fact alleged is the progre .. ive extonsion of I in clas,ical Sanskrit at the expense of T, used almost exclusively by Vedic in accord with Iranian. But it i. known that t in Sanskrit is not reaHy aD innova.tion ;

it marks on the contrary the cropping out in literature of the dialect. more conservative on this point than the mOBt ancient Vedic and Iranian (Meillet, IF, XXXI, p. 124; BhanaaTkar Memorial, p. 357); it is Iranian and Vedic which form the e.ception and for which the question of the substratum must be put, Here, too, Munda po"ess.s I just a, Dravidian.

It will be seen lat..r on that the Dravidian languageS­have, in the course of their history, eliminated consonant groups either by accommodation or by insertion of vocalic elements; on the other hand tbi, is known to be just tbe characteristic of Middle.lndian. But in the Aryan group the evolution in question, although it was to reach its full development only in middle.lndian, is not only anterior to tbe Vedic period but goes farther hack; without referring to the law of Bartholomae, one can attribute to it at least the origin of Skr. cch. Besides, if the tablets of Kikkuli of Mitsni (Jensen, Sit.b., Berlin, 1919, p. S68 and in the last place Forrer, ZDMG', I, 2, p. 252 ff,) reaUy show the existence of a dialect belonging to tribe. akin to those who brought Sanskrit to India, •• tbe .uffix of Aik~ "one" .eems to indicate, proof will be found in lera "three," ;atla ".even" of this old "Middle. Indian " that tbe tondency in question had .risen long before the contact

6

~2 PRE-ARYAN AND PRE-DRAVIDIAN

of Aryan with Dravidian: unless, adding a new hypothesi. to others, we want to make Dravidian come frQm the same region as that of Aryan and almost at the same time. The hypothesis is not absurd J the origin of Dravidian has already been looked for in thi. direction J

but it hao not sufficient ground to serve aa an explanation.

On the contrary, the unification of the sibilants which equally characterise. cla.sical Middle-Indiau is very recent J

even to-day it haa not been corried out either in the languages of tbe mountainous regions of the N orth-West nor in Gypsy. It seems to be due to the action of the substratnm (cf. Michelson, 1408, XXXIII, p. 146) J

but this substratum cannot be located in the North­West since in this region we find first of all Vedic, thell the dialects of the inscriptions of Asoka and last of aU, .he modern languages-aU of which distinguish at least sibilant. and .A-sounds. It can be Munda as weU a. Dravidian aa the documents of the Linguiltic B"roe1 show that Munda like Dravidian has only one series of sibilants.

Dravidian, as we know it, admits opirants like Iranian J Indo-Aryan has not any and according to M. Meillet (IF, XXX, p. 120) that is the pre-eminent characteriltic of IndO-Aryan as di.tingui.hed from

. J ranian : if this pre.eryation is to be explained by local circumstances, then amongst the known languages, Mund. only must be referred tu, sinc8, unlike Dravidian (and like Aryan), it haa aapirate oeclu.ive. and lacks spirantl.

A ourious fact that might be noted here is the conti­nuOUI character of the Sanskrit sentenoes, which has ginn risa to the rules of ,aadM, becaule Tamil and Canar ... admit a rigorous .aad!i in writing. But the Rille

SANSK.RIT AND DRAVIDUN 48

language, in their 'poken form ignore it; Gondi and Kurukh also ignore it. In so far as thes. literary language. admit this .and!;, it i, certainly dne to the influence of Sanskrit; and .v.n in Sanskrit it is probable that the u.e of the rule. in q uestioll h.. very mucb surp ... ed in extension the real us.; Mob ignor •• tb.m absolut.ly.

There is, therefor., no cl •• r phonetic proof of the action of Dravidian on Indo-Europ.an, at any rate, in a.ncient times. Some agreements can be diBcovered at pr.sent, on the frontiers of tbe two domains. Thn. the diphtbongisation of initial (y)_and (ID)O in Marathi and Telogu (Langut Marat4., p. 33; Prof. Turner also, has pointed out, Ind. Llntiq., 1921, p. 9Y, the same . . phenomenon in Nepali) or the alternation 0: • according to the nature of the following vow.1 in Marathi and T.lu"u; a Munda language of the sarno r.gion still

~ " affords an alternation of c and c in a similar way. There ia a great diff.r.nc. between fact. like these, recent and quite local, and the supp ... d influenc. of one language family on another at tb. tim. when the Aryanl enter.d India.

Phonology th.r.for. c.nnot throw any ol •• r light on it, morphology will n.c .... rily throw .ven Ie.. hecaule at th. time of the sub.titution of I.nguages the grammatioal sy.t.m horrow. much more thoroughly than t.he phonetic system. Inspit. of all thi., are there in Indo-Aryan some exc.ptional fact. revealing oertain grammatical uses which might have survived the ruin of the entire sy.tem ?

Th. reduction of the v.rbal .ystem of the Vedu aDd the inv.... .xten.ion of nominal phrases ba.e been uplr.ined as the action of Dravidian. Bnt it mns~ be

440 PRg-ARYAN AND PRg-DRAVIDIAN

DOtiCed that the DravidiaD system is the .ame for ,,11 teD .. S aDd that iD SaD.krit, the pa.t teD.e. only have dis­appeared. As far as the perfect is cODcerned it may he remarked with all preci.ioD that DravidiaD ignores re­duplication aDd the reduplication iD Munda ha. only iDteD.ive and coDative values (Ling. Sur •• , IV, p. 46) ; on the ccntrary, the exi.teDce of teDS •• uffixes in the.e two tamilies (ibid, pp. 409, 172, etc.) would have been rather a support at least for the Aorist .tems. In fact the process by which all tbe.e form. have beeD replaced by Dominal ODe. is fouDd al.o iD lraD. There is therefore, DO occasiOD to iD.i.t uDreasoDably OD the very outward resemblance of the two isolated form. of mBBCuliDe nomi­Dative siDgular, Skr. krtav;;'n "who has done, he has wade," from a stem-ta-Dant, known in Iranian (Brugmano J

Grundri", II, I, p. 463) aDd iD Tamil .. y-d-avan, which is formed on a very differeDt principle and -moreover ha. not the same use: it is in fact ley-d-;;'n which has the functioD of a verb; the relation i. -the same in Kurukh between i8'U8 "the breaker" and e8'a8 "he has brakeD," where the alterDation of the stem emphasizes the difference of value.

The reduction of genders of the substantive which char8cterises modern Indo-AryaD, does DOt admit any further local explaDatioD, although it is posterior to SaDskrit. The questioD therein is of a tendency commOD to all Indo-European which is however far from ending in such a rapid aDd downrigbt manner as Armenian and Persian where the disappearance of geDder is due to tbe substratum (Meillet, E'gu;"e ... d. l'arm, cl."., p. xiv; a etatemeDt which is to be a little modified as far as the ArmeDian is concerned, B. dOl It. Armin, 1928, pp. 8-4). In India gender disappears completely from the eastern

SANSKRIT AND DRAVIDIAN 45

languages only, and in fact tbere and there only the question is undoubtedly of the action of a Tibeto-Burman sub.tratum. Though on some points the distinction between the animate and the inanimate exi,ts in some isolated ca,es, the question is of a human fact of which the equivalents can be easily found outside India; finally, the classification of Dravidia.n nOUDS into maAat "great I, and a,nahat .. small" (the first category includes gods, demons and men; the second, animals and things) differs from the Mund. cl.ssitication into animate and inanimate

(whatever haa been s.id on all this in LanD'" Marathe, p. 199, should be corrected).

If Dravidian cannot explain the alterations of the Indo-European system can it inversely account for the abnormal preservation? Indo-Aryan is the only one of the Indo-European languages which h .. retained the relative pronoun. But Dravidian ignores the relative; Munda also equally ignores it.

The only thin~ left is to consid.r some general facts of recent date in the two families due to a fundamentally analogous structure. Dravidian in fact operates only by the addition of suffixes, differently from M uDda which uses prefixes and infixes. To illustrate the oouree of a parallel evolution nothing more is necessary than to mention that the determinative elements of nonn come .fter an obliqne case in the two families (Munda baa aleo postpositions which are suspected of being partly borrowed from modern Indo-Aryan, Lin? SUI"f)., IV, pp. 41, 85.) The resemblance of Tam. Tel • .tu II to," Ca.n. Re, Kur. ge, wit.h Hindi !to, lee. etc., is accidental unless it is admitted, on the contrary, to be a borrowing by Dravidian from Indo-Aryan. Even all

ioolated expre.sion, like the use of a word signifying

" PR.J-ARYAN AND PRE-DRAVIDIAN

"having eaid to in Indo-Aryan, to mark the subordination of propositions, is not to be invoked here; henause it is not only in use in Marathi and Singhal .. e, languages in contact with Dravidian, but also in Nepalese and Bengali and at least in one language of the Tibeto-Burman group, the BOlio (La.gUll Maratne, p. 272 and Errata).

One is, therefore, ultimately led to searob for the Dravidian el.menta of Sanskrit only in tbe vocabulary. But the bistory of vocabulary is ab,olutely different from phonetic Dr grammatical evolution, and the loan of words i. ....nti.lly different from tbe facts of a substratum. Tbe fact. of a substratum r .. "lt from the unconscious bl.nding of two systems existing amongst the S.me people; the loon resulta from a willing effort to add elem.nt. tak.n from o"tside to tbe mass of tb. voca­bulary. Tbe loan proves the contact of tbe two languages .nd not tbe substitution of tbe one by the other. On the otber hand it i. often difficult to recogniee in .wbat sen •• the borrowing is mad. between two given languages and to make sure that it has not been made by each of the two languages from a third one, known or unknown.

Lastly, where it becomes clear that Aryan is the borrower, it is necessary to determine from what gronp of Dravidi.n the loon h.s been taken and also to draw from it information for the bistory of Dravidian iteelf. Tbere is no question of undertaking that work here, which i •• till impoasible, but we only Wlnt to point out by some examples, the inter .. t and the present aspect of the question.

The Vedic (I/ld Indo-European) name for boree, a~.a, is no longer represented to-day in Indo-Aryan e"cept on the confines of the Iranian world where the corresponding word i. stm Jiving (Griereon, PilicIJ La_page, p. 73,

SANSKRIT AND DR! VIDIAN 47

aDd the lilt of Liflg. 811'.'1, No. 68). The word whioh hll replaced it in all other porta of the oountry oooUrl

iD the Srauta Siltra of Apaotamba_ text which appearl

to he of southern origin (if. Biihler, 8BE, II, p. ""x) under the form gRo,.. Mr. J. Cbarpentier hll tried

(KZ, XL, p. 441) to identify tbis word witb German

g,.l; this eqvivalence would be strange by itself; Prof. Sommer hll shown ~IF, XXXI, p. 862) that tbi.

Germanic word hll its correspondents in Slavonic and

not in Indian. On tbe other hond, tbe similarity of g'0!4 with Borne Dravidian forms with the same meaning has long been recognised: Tel. gU"amN. ; Can. ku,lnre ; Tam.

Eudi,..; (Gondi Eiir_ is sUBpected to he borrowed from Hindi ghor_ like Kui ,iiq.); the Dravidian form which bas preceded the Hindi word amongst the GondB is undoubtedly tbat which accounh for Gadaba K,.,.tii and

Savara kllrtii, alone of their kind in Munda. The Brahui lulU is Ollt of the question; on the value of initial 4, cf. on one band Br. nal II rat," AJ~ n goat," Ain U to deposit" and Tam. eU, a4u, in; on the other Br. Aur and Gondi Aiirk, kui.!i4 (if. Tuttle, Am. J. PAil .• XL,

p.84). It i. easy to reconstitute the common prototype of

all tbe.e forms. *glllllr-. In the ssme process one gets some important data for the history of Dravidian

phonetics : 1st. The consonantal group has been eliminated in

Telngn by total assimilation, iu Tamil and Canarese by vocalic insertion.

2nd. [n the last two languages, the intervocalic surd

is changed into a sonant. In Tamil. at any rate, the

date of this alteration i. rather late, if. M8L, XIX, p. 89 ; for Canr.res8 an indication iI to he found in the faot that

PRE·ARYA~ AND PRE.DRAVIDIAN 48

tbe name of Ma.ski, tbe village where an in.cription of Aaoka bu heen discovered is still Piriya.ma.ang; in a Ca)Qkya inscription (H. Krishna Sbutri, TAe Madi Rock Edict, p. 1).

Srd. In the same language. the initial consonant is cbanged into a .nrd. Here from the Dravidian stand­poiut the rQle is not clear: there are two s.ries of corres· ponding forms. In fact M. SQbbaya in hi. article. in the lndian A"tiquary, 1909 (where he alway. attribQte. wrongly the surd to common Dravidian) has given a .eries of equivalent form.: 'fam. k-Can. Tel. g­(pp. :05, 217; qj: for the dental p. 200). But in hi. Dictionary of Canare.e, Kittel gives a good number of examples of the Tam. Can. k, reI. 9 similar to that in the name of hOrBe: thus Tam. Can. kadal "love," Tel. gild'l. ; Tam. Can. kir. "to .cratch," Tel. 9iw ; Tam. Can. kuri "sheep," Tel. n gorre" ; Ta.m. Can. Kttli II hole," Tel. "901yi." The interpretation of the facts i. difficult; but the antiquity of the sonants in Dravidian remains undisputable.

If it were certain that the Sanskrit word was borrowed from Dravidian one could have rightly deduced at once a fourth observation, more importaat than all the previous ones, In that CaBe the mo.t ancient Dravidian, in fact, would have had •• pirate cOD.onants, either a dialect in contact with Indo-Aryan having developed aspirates in some cases or the a.pirates having belonged to common Dravidian. There is nothing inadmissible in this view; the interval i. extremely Ion g between the epoch when gAo!_ wu admitted into Sanskrit and the late date-very likely the 5th century A.D.-when the alphahete of the North were borrowed by the principal Dravidian languages: in fact it i. known that the

SANSKRIT AND DRAVIDIAN 49

chal'&Cten; which mark the aspil'a.tes in Indu.Ary&ll are wl\oting in these iilphl\~ts. But ill this case it must be askeu if Drtt.vidian itself itJ nol a language brought to the Dekhan. it. pre.ert, area: be .... u.e the I""" of aspiration i. one of the,. typi",,1 faots which immediately mak .. one think of the aotion of the substratum: this .ubst.ratum could not hal'e bean Muuda whioh pos ...... aspirates. Dravidian, the langua.ge of th~ Dekbao, therefore. would have been at fir.t a language nf the North and the horse, iD fact,. is in India really an animal of the Nortb: it h... bsen discovered in a fos.i1 .tate in tbe Siwalik mountains; and the Veda. specially mention the horse. of Sind .. od the Sarasvati (if· Crooke, TAing. Indian. p, 253 If.; Macdonell-Keith, r.die Ind .... under a9va). 1'hu. Doe would again fall back OD a hypot,he,i., .imil .. to the Doe already mentioned. about the contact of two languages in the pre-historic period in anterior Asia; but it wiIJ h,.,ve this time another degree of histori",,1 probability; the history of ancieDt India can be explained to • great extent by the successive flood. of invasions of which the fir.t is only an aDtioipatsd oonsequeD" of the second: the Dravidian. might have preceded the Aryans, as the &kas preceded the Ku,aQ" and as later on the Kutal}" agaiD preceded tbe Hun •. The difference would be this that the Dravidians and Aryan. impoaed their languag .. on India.

Thus qu .. tioDs that are brought forward are important at l ... t in the hypothesis that gho!a was taken from Dravidian. But the lIame of the horse is essentially a name subject to renewal and DO Doe can foreeee whence the new name would be taken. One may think of '018, pf.,d and gaul without speaking of .. <IA,. and of .t.t. and, in another domain, of calJall... and

7

50 PRE.ARYAN AND PRE.DRAVIDIAN

ma •• ..,. If Dravidian b. tb. borrower, or if both language. took the sam. word, perhape along with tbe specimens of a particular br.ed, for instanco, of Iran or of Arabia' tbe entire edifice, phonetic as well as historical, will collaps •.

Tbe 'llame of the" ass " suggests.. problem a.nalogous to that of tb. "horse." Th. id.ntit.yof R. V. gardaMa

(on tbe suffix Skr .• 6Aa-Gr .• ~-, etc., of tbe names of animals, see Brugmann, Grund,.,., II, 1, p. 389), Hindi [ladkii, etc. (borrowed freely in Dravidian, in Munda and ·in Assam by the Khasi; ,ee the list. of Ling. 8.,ve,.74) on the on. hand, and Tel. gii4id~, Can. kalte, katee, Tam. k.l.d.; on tho other hand ia evident (Kllrukh gadra, ..

'f to bray." I. it Dravidian or Arlan? In tbe Celebee tbe language of th. Bug tribes has a form borrowed from tbe Dravidian. kaledde) ; a prototype *garrl acc,mnt,. for all tbe forms if only because the rule concsrning tbe consonantal groups previously stated admits of an alteration in tbe case of a liquid preceding the occlusive instead of following it. In faot one fiods the use of the Can. kaUe, katIe, in the word for" ric .... ·Can. akki, Tam. arir', forms of wbich the comparison is sufficient to suggest an ancient tarki, or in the word for tb. "cat" (admitted in Sanskrit at tbe time of tbe epic. Skr. /Ji4-al.-, bit-iil.-. bir-ala-, Ka.;m bra,. Syrian Gypey bl.N. Hindi biliiN, Wayii, b;lli, eta., f",m wbich secondarily Can. .tc. pilli; .ee the li.t. of the Uog,

I M': !.utrlon would like to expla.in the Egyptian word ttr which meaDB the carriage and the borse IS a loao from an unknown language of Southern Arabi.. We know that horse appeared in Egypt onl,lowordl tbo 16111 oeD. II.C.

SANSKRiT Alii D ORAVIDIAN' 51

SUrlMY, No. 71), Cao. 6erku,6./ekll, Kur. 6erl'i, Goodi 60"ii, Tam • •• rugu. t

What i. the origin of this *gard common to Indo­Aryan and Dravidian? The pr •• ence of this word in &oeaa has led etymologists to search for an Indo­European origin. Some connect it with the Romance word for" mule" admitted very late into Latin (0. Walde, under 6urdo; if. Ernout, Eltf1ll. aiat. a. ooeo6. latin, p. 132); Prof. Wackernagel has thought of English cott, which ·primarily designates the little ones of an animal, aJld particularly in the Bible and in Middle English the young one of a ca.mel or "D &ss; agreements which are very poor and far-fetcheu-th. ass has no Indo-European name. The .. s. is an animal of Asia; it is rare in rndia except in the We.tern regions (qf.

Levi, DEFEO, IV, p. 568). The Mediterranean name

of &8S, Gr. ~ etc., appears to come from Western Asia; k.iara-. which is wanting in the most aucient Sanskrit text., is known only in India and in Iran; hence It is not at all astonishing that the Vodio words oaraa6ia _nd rii.aMa-have not any corresponding Indo­European terms, just as it is naturol that Bmhni has a name, whioh as far as we know, belongs only to it, . .

(6;.). The probabilities are, therefor., in favour of *oa,a

1 Tamil baa Inother word piDei, pi9ei; one ia inclined to CODDect piyu, Can. pilu t and Tel. Pit'''. II to .mear " with one anot.her : the 8emantic relation will recall classical Bkr. miir/tiro. (which hal the IIml8

luflis .. I bir·ala); hut we Snd in Kunda pili, in Tibetan p;,"i (beside b,iZG borrowed from Iodo--AlJan. c/. Laufer, Tibetan Loon Wardl. n.

64:). in Afghan pi;o, in PerBian f'u;ek; in the Nortb·West of India

,.ii, aDd b~i (Grienon, PU. Long .• p. 66) in Brabui pd .. The words are iDdopeudeut of Bach other and are lUuliB of ottoml»

poeia j the same it found in Europe. puI'. etc.

at PRE-ARYAN AND PRE-DRAVIDIAN

being a local word existing on the confines of India and Irall. Hence we are again faced by tbe fundamental problem: bas Dravidian supplied the werd to Aryan and is it the first language that the Aryans met with in India 1 Or have both Dravidian and Sanskrit borrow­ed the name of tbe ass from a third language which, at &ny rate (to judge by tbe list. of the Linguistic S8f'1111j'), can be neither Munda nor a language related to the mysterieus Bur";.,";? 0 .. lastly is it not Dravidian which took the word from Sanskrit? It is imJK>Bsible to give an answer for t,he time being.

ThAt the two fa.milim~ have been in contact with each other for IOllg, there is no room for doubting. 'fh.r. are facto which prove it but which raise lie ..

problems too. One has identified (G. A. Jacob, J.R.JS. 1911, p.

510; D. R. Bhandaror, Anc. H,;.t. 'If ["d,a, p. 26) ma(ac. found in the ChiDdogya- U pani~.d with Call. mitj,ict " grass-hopper." Tbe relatiou between Bkr. ma- and Can. fI'- is not without analogy; it is, for instance, difficult to separate the different words for "black pepper," Skr • .. arica, Tam. milagu, Can. melo.u from each other. But one is led to ask if a family of Dravidian words express­ing size i. not entirely borrowed from Aryan, Skr. mahi, Can. 1II;g6, Tam. migft "abundance," Ta.m. Can. Tel. ",i,,;. mi"j.... u greatneu, excellence," Can. ",ikku "~xce .. ," ete. (ef. Caldwell, Compa,. Gr.mm.", p. 602); Kur. mecAi "high," meg,o "elder." If it be BO, then of the two languages Aryan may be conBidered as baving the most prestige and very likely as being the least open to borrowing and all the more to the phnnetic and morphological influence of • Dravidian Bubetratnm.

~A~SK RtT A~D DRAVIDlA.N 5~

There are cases in which a language would ."bmit to the influenco of another without borrowin~ complete words. It can be a.ked whether the word for" wheat .. wbich is found from the Yajurveda onwards, •. g., godhulua1J, (in the singular in the Satapatha BrAhma9a) does not owe it, form to such an influence. Thi. word apparently signi­ficative but having an absurd signification (" Bmoke of the cow"), cannot be separated from the Iranian ga.du .. , which being in no way significative, is necessarily the mo.t allcient. Cannot the deformation undergone by .the word in India be explained by the presencr of a word with the same meaning in Dravidian, Can . . '1olli, 'I'am.

kUlli, Tad. kO/li? One would be inclined to explain, loy an inverse contamiua.tion, the double aspect in classical Sanskrit of the word for U fan "-v'ijana and v.vajana­.Iternat ing in an .bnormal way; it looks as if that a word expr .. sing the instrument derived from the reot of Can. biNU, Ta.m. 11ifU, Tel. vicu, vtsaru, and vivu t( to swing, to fOil, to blow" was at the time of its introduction into Sanskrit, formed on the model now of vii. and now of

.,-a)-. The.. diverse •• pects, presented by the problem of

loans are not the only on... There are others in which non-Munda languages must be counted.

Let no at first come back to the names of animals. A name which has a good cbance of being Indian is that of tbe " peacook" and it would be in no way astonishing if in f.ce of Rv. mayiira and in the forms supplied hy Alioka, mora-at GirDar, maJura-in tbe North-West, ... jila .t KaIBi aDd Jaugada, we find a group 01 Dravidian forms: Tam. maySl, Can. mayl. and Mvil, Tel. mali

Gondi ",al. The identity of the names is evident; but

it is difficult to determine the ancient forDL If' it is

64 PRE.ARYAN ANn PII,E-DRAVIllIAN

admitted with Mr. T. Michelson (J.A.O.B., XXX, p. 84, n. R) that the oj, of the inscriptions of the North. West is " Magadhism "one still remains embarrassed by the co.existence of the forms with .1. and -r·. Should one say that the contact, took place between Dravidian and the Eastern dialect. of Sanskrit? It would he a further definition of g ..... t value. But Eastern Munda possesse. a word of similar appearance, with r; e.g. Savara, mira, Santali marak' ; and tbis word re-appears in Indo-China: Mon IlIra", Bahnar mra (to tell the truth, Father Schmidt connects these two forms witb Skr. Pali barki, derived from barAa-another word of unknown origin). One does not know if the two series should be put together or not.

Is the Tamil word palalll .. ripe fruit" copied from or the original of the Vedic pUla-? Here the difficulty is mauifold. One can imagine the Indo-European etymologies (if. Uhlenbeck, s.v,; Wackernagel Altind. !lr., I, pp. 120, 123; M. Meillet proposes Old Slav. ploi .. .. fruit "). But one can also refer to Can. pap, Tel. pow .. Kur. panjnG "fruit," possibly even to Ilrahni pira­"to swell up;" the nasal does not caus. any aboolute, dilliculty, Canores. has .. ena ... by the side of mela ... quoted above &8 the designation of U pepper"; it gives tmlJ'u in face of Tam. "Zalek.i, Gondi udii/, Toda .... k· .. pestle." If the connection were proved it would be most probable ·that pAaZ. was borrowed from Dravidian. But" fruit" i. called in Khmer pAl!, in Kaseng pZ;;, in Bahnar pZ"­in Stieog pl!i ; and Prof. Przyluski who communicates these word. to me adds (hot, in his opinion, they conld not have been harrowed from India, becau.e Annamite, in which there is no Indian influence, has Irai which goes back to 61.i attested in the 17th century by Father

Rhodes.

SANSKl!.lT AND DRAVIDIAN 55

It is very curious that the same problem aris .. about a word which is the name neither of an animal Dor .. plant, nor the name of auy ordinary article. Of the ancient Indo-European word for" mouth" occurri"g in tbe ~gveda under the forms, a.-, iisaR-, iiar()ya, there remaina no trace to-day except in the dialects of the mountainous regions of the North-West (if. Grierson, pi •. .Lang., p. 75 ; and the lists of the .Ling. 8" .... ,y, No. a6). Besid .. this word and the' mysteriou. praty a..am I, 62,'15, 81 (from which the word ii.ika .. "faee" iB derived) the !,logveda ofers BOme exam pi.. of a new word .. ';'Ha-, the use of which appears to have been already current: it is applied to the author of a hymn IV, 39,6; to Agni VIII, 4.8, 10 (if. Yi91latomnkRa, I, 97, 6; X, 81, 8) ; to the Puru"" X, 90, II; it designates the point of the arrow VI, 75, 15 ; in a comp ..... tively late h)mn I, 162,2 muthatal! i. tranBlated "by the bridle"; which presupposes that .. "kRa was uBed for the mouth of the hors.. W hence comes this word which i. u.ed everywhere in Indo-Aryan to-day (except in Sindhi in which there i. a representative of Vaktra-) and which the Afghan has borrowed (ma .. ) 1 The Indo-European word. which are usually referred to, Lette mute Got. m".pa, old High German milia (and even Skr. mita­" root" if the conjecture of Prof. W &ekernagel i. accepted. 8#.6.,. Be,li., 1918, p. 410) are of known formation; but one would search in vain for -!tha- amongst the normal suffixes in Sanskrit (mayiMa. "'nail," "peg" is BOlitary and recalls modem Iranian, Persian me"" ete. [See the works of P. Horn, and Hiibschmann under No. 1006] without it being possible to propose a common ancient form).

Now, if we admit that Iodo-Europesn of India bad aoy derivative of original *,.u. then its deformation might

58 PRE·ARYAN AND 1'!tE.DRAVIDIAN

be attributed to local influences. By a still simpler proc •• s, the old word •• might have beeu replaced by a popular form borrowed from the native tribes. One will therefore, be inclined to accept witb sligbt modification, the identification already proposed by Gundert and Kittel of mttkha- with the Dravidian words for U nose." Can. 7IIi911, alou~ with 'tni, 1'el. mukku, Tam. lIlikA-u, Gondi, 14 .... ', Malto m",oth, Brabui Mm!t' (where 60. is the Dravidian term for "mouth"; see the list of LinguiKl;c 8url>8:9, No. 36; for the word. for" nose," No. 34), Kui mU1If/eli i ; t,hese na.mes a.ppear to he authentic beca.use they are connected with .11 the words expressing the idea of "in frontJJ (Can. Tel. m;, Ta.m. m'ID Kur. mund-J

Rmh. mon U in front," Ca.o. mit1:, "face, mouth," Toua mi'" "face," Tam. mudal, Kur. ""uldn " first" et.c.). That tbe term for "mouth" or "face" would be subject to renewal, is not at all astoni'hing; mHOha- it,elf h .. in modern Indo.Aryan anotber rival in: Mar. /'o"!-rt, Guj. Beng. tUM, Singh. t"'J. tol.; this word was previou,ly applied to animals; in Pali and in Sanskrit t"'!I,Q,a,­designat.s "trunk, beak, ,nout"; it i. evidently the same 80S 'ram. tuMi "bea.k," Gondi tudeit' U mouth, face" ; probably Malto toroth" mouth" (on the cont.rary T.1. 10Mam" "trunk" appeaTO to be a loal: word, and

Can. t1ef:i U lips" recalls too much Ben~. !.hom~, deforma.­tion of the term for "lips," Mar. etc. oth, Skr. ~!h •• to be taken into consideration).

In the first pi ... , therefore, the probabilitiee would .tand for "."kI.· being a loan word from Dravidian.

1 It is curiolls tba.t KA9miri muk means "Bhort a.nd Oa.t (nose) .. while Bkr. mi1l.- (Mar. mukd etc.) "dumb" is related to the family of

Gr. ,,"UXOS, Arm. tIlvn/, Lat. mi&ul.

SANSKRIT AND DR.\ VlDIAN 57·

In sucb a """. one would be convinced that Dravidian had certainly, as tbe bistory of gh*,- made us .uspoot, aspirate occlusiv.; and hence ono would be justifiod in sugg .. ting now equivalence8 for it.'

Bllt it i. not confirmed that mukAa- com .. · from Dravidian. Lot u. coo.ult the Muoda. liota of tbe Lingui.tic Survoy. On tho 000 band the North-Ea.tern. group gives for" mouth" a word moca.; we cannot .ay in the pre.ent .tete of ollr knowledgll if it haa any­tbing to do with Vodic makA.- but it curiou.ly reminda UB of the modern na.mes of "moo.Btaohe" in two other ramilidS: H. mn"'cAi muciJ, Mar. Mid, and Can . •• e" Tam. ..;~ei On tho other band, the word for no.. i.· ev.rywher. "" or m;i; and Prof. Ste. Konow haspointod: out in bi. Introduction, p. IS, that Babnar has .. u.i; and Prof. Przylaski commuoicate. to me tho following Ii.t: Khmor cra;"~k, Stiong Iro";i!-, Annamite ... ui (UM substitution of i for 80 ancient final is regular in Annamite), Mr.n and Bahnar muk, Sedang ... ",and I&ltly. Curu and Semang (th. last of the Malay .. Penin.ula). ",uk which v.ry likely preeerv •• the !Dost anoi.nt form. W. c.n .... rc.ly... how to cl .... ify all th ... form.. R •• ide., '

I For instance modern Indo-Aryan (Gyp., included) -phi, . .. tllrD,

change," i. of unknown etymology (what il .aid in Langue MIJTatA., p. :r.ii, and in the erratum on p. 181 iB hardly more Batiafaot.ory thaD before). There might be reiatioD between Can. Plrll, Bondi pifjtl "behind. in the back" (Can. pen teg, "to draw back," "to come back "), Tel. pera;" .. Jar;Gde in the back," Tam. pira, Tel. Pll', Brahui pi1I. "other I. (Brab. Pit'. "roll up" mUlt be rather related to Xur. PH U pick up "). Of coune there exist. in Tibetan au adverb f'hwir .. newly. 1'8-," bot P,of. Przylnm flllB black OD Lepob. bril " recommence" aDd other aDalosool forJDI, and lug,.. thU. root

Iud or h • ., meaniDji{ U to repeat" m1llt h .... e been at the bAlia ..

8

58 PRE-ARYAN AND PRE-DRAVIDIAN

it is good to bear in mind that at the root there i. an onomatopoeic word, on account of which the agreements are possible. One knows indeed the difficulties presented by the etymology of the words like Gr. 1';;0 ... Lat. milg;o, mit.'J French mUItaU, etc.

The conclusions which are drawn from all tbat baa

been said and which it is necessary to formulate in order

to oppose a tendency to which one has been tempted hitberto to yield too easily are above all negoative. In the present st,ate of our knowledg., there i. nothing which permits 'us to affirm that the aspect assumed by Aryan

in India is due to its adoption by a population speaking

Dravidian languages. If there is any substratum at all, it can be .earcbed for equally well in other families,

especia.1ly in M unda. On the other hand the vocabularies furnisb a proof

of very ancient relations between the popul.t.ions .peaking

Sanskrit and Dravidian. Bllt in what did these relations consist: superposition and oubstitution from Sanskrit to Dravidian, direct contact or indirect e.chan~ .. 1 It is impossible to determine that. So far as tbere is a chronology of the Sanskrit texts these relations can be dated at the earliest by the end of the Vedic period and would be localised at first in Northern India. One 'would like to ascertain which dialeots, Dravidian or

Indo-Aryan, wele involved in it: unfortunately the evidences are confusing. Th. initial 6- of 6i4.ta confirm­ed by Ki~miri and Syrian Gypsy is to-day in Dravidian the charaeteristic of tbe Can.r .... Knrukh_ Brahui group;

the ~ of Yija •• -<YQ,a.a- (if the interpretation suggested above i. taken into conoidal'ation) chsracterines the Telegn_ Gondi-'ramil group; aa tha di .isioo of 6 aDd • bel ween

tbe Weotern and Eastern dialects in D/lIVidian correspond,

SANSKRIT AND DRAVIDIAN 59

witb tbat in Aryan, one Muld say that he ... is a proof of the two ways of exchange: it is possible, becau.e the.e loan. do not count among the mo.t ancient one •. On the other band the name of the "peacock," for instance, would give the OOCasiOD for 8 discussion OD the alteration I : r; but it has been seen that Eastern M unda contradiots Dravidian.

Perhaps the principal intereat for ourselves in the study of anoient loon. (and it would be nece .. ary to try both ways since Dravidian has borrowed much from Aryan) would be to form an idea of prehistoric DravidiBn ; because e •• n those Dravidian languages which bave a past. are only attested in a definite way, for the /irst time, a few centuries after tb. Christian Era. Moreover the compliaa· tions we have met with, .ugge.t that Dravidian like Eanskrit may have taken loans of vocabulary from Munda, which must b. at least as Bncient as Dravidian in India. As far a. the borrowings made by Sanskrit are concerned, we have •• en that I,h. notions formed up till now are to be either revised 01' further defined. and with the advancement of re.earth new snares and problems do arise. If it i. no reason for giving up this rea .. reh it is one for bringing into it much caution and for leaving necea.ary room for po .. ibilities to which hitherto too little attention has been paid.

PART 11I

PRE-ARYAN AND PRE-DRAVIDIAN IN INDIA

IlY

SYLVAIN LEVI

Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian in India'

The geographical nomenclature of anoient Iudia presents & certain Dnmber of terms ooDstitutiog almost identical pairs. differentiated bel ween themselves ooly by th. nature of their ioitial COOSODaota. I propose to examine BODle of them hel'e.

I. K08ala-TOIala.-The name of Kosala i. familiar to the Sanskrit epics. The Ramlya!?a begios with tbe eulogy of the couotry of Kasala. on tbe banks of the Sarayii; DaSaratha, tbe fatber of Rinia. i. king of the country of Koaal,,; the mother of RAm. i. Kausalya " the Kosalian"; tbe city of AyodbyA. tbe capital of the kingdom of Ko.al.. i. commooly desigoated ... Kasali. Tbe M .. bibhirala of tan mention. tbe people aod the city; it .... oci.t.. the Kosalaus witb KiAI. Matsya, Karii,!". Cedi. aud Pu qljr... 10 tbe accouota, conoected with the life and tbe teacbing of Buddha, Kasala also, occupi .. a great pi ... ; it is the mo.t important kingdom of Nortbern India; the Kiog Pl' .... oajit. the contem­porary of Buddha. has his capital at ~rivastl. Tbe name of Ko.ala goe. back even to tbe Vedic tim.s; it. i. mentioced. in association with Videha. in the Salapath. Brlhmaqa. I, 4. i, 17. Of tbe Kowaos. tbe M.bil­bhlrala distinguishes those of the Eaal (Piirva', Prik') and Ibose of tbe Nortb (Ullara') ; the RimAya,?& di.tin­guishes those of tbe North (Uttara') ... the Kasalans par

• loumal Aoialique. !om. ocjii (191181. pp. 1057.

64 PRE.ARYAN AND PRE.DRAVIDIAN

<zeeU..... (VII, 107, 7). Later on, Kosala proper (KoOal...deta) or Great KoAala (MahiO) received the designation of Southern KoAala (Dak,i9aO); it is under this name . that Kosala is frequently mentioned in the epigraphy of the Middle age.. While tbe Northern Kosala is the country of Oudh to the North of the Ganges, the Southern Kosala extends on one .ide up to Berar and Orissa and on the other up to A marakantak and Bastar. The region of Chbattisgarh along the upper ODurse of the Mahllnadi i. its nucleus.

The name of Tosala has not acquired the same celebrity as that of Koeala. It is met with, coupled with the name of Ko.ala and probably saved from oblivion through the prestige of its twiu, in AtkaT.a.reda PariAi~a, Chap. 56, in a list of people connected with the South­Eaet; the Kosala of this passage is, therefore, Dak,iQa­KoAala; it appears in the same way in r.he geographical lists of some of the Puri!}"S (Jlaloya P. 118, 58; Harkatl4eya P . . 57, 54. .r.y. P. 45, 188: ToAalil] KoAalll) ; it is still the same even in the curiou. ,bume of Indian geography introduced by Vigbbaj;a in the commen· tary on his art of Poetry (KaDyan .. Aa.ana, ed. KivYamill, p. ~, 4): VaTa!'ll,yal]. parata/]. pi",atl •• a/].! Yatr Anga KaUfiga KOIala TOIala.Otkala ......... ; Hemacandra has reproduced the same list in his tre"tise on the same subject, which bears tbe same title (Kavy .... Aaoana, ed. KlvYamili, adby. 8, p. 127). Tosala or Tosalaka, or the native of Tosala," is the name of a wrestler vanqui.hed by.K",!}a (Hari.arMa, II, SO, 50 ; 48 ; 55; Yin ... puri!V', tran. Wilson', Vol. V, p. 89). Toealiputra, Prakrit Tosaltplltta, "tbe son of tbe Tosalian," is a J.ioa ACArya, who was the teacber of luya Rak,ita or Rak,itasvimin, disciple apd. successor of Vajr&, tbe last of tbe Daiapllrvin

PRE.ARYAN AND PRE.DRAVIDIAN IN INDIA 65

(Ava.yak.; .nijjutti 8, in Ind. Stud., XVII, 63; Hem.candr., PaT1:iIi~(aparvan, XIII, 88). The nalllt! of To •• 11 (in the feminine) is hardly known to Indianiota except from th" inscriptions of A&oka; two of the different edict., of Dhauli, are addres.ed to the Kumii.,. alld the M.hiimiitra. at Tosal! (2'o'l/liynm M.hii1lliita noga1'ar .. i.lffJltalaka, 1 ; Tosnlt§am K1lmale Alahamata ca, 2). The name of To •• ir mu.t havI! heen applied to a region, beeau.e we find the mention of Northern Tooall (Uttara. To.ali) anel Southern Tooall (D.k~i9.·Too.ir);

the King of Ori.sa Subhakaradeva, who reigned towardo the end of the 8t,h century, while presenting to the Emperor of China his own copy of the Gav4a"yiUla in 795, issues a. document conveying the gift from Uttara­Too.1! (Ep. !ud., XV, p. 3). A deed of gift by Sivarij. in 283 (Gupta) i.e., 601 A.D. (Ep. Ind., IX, 286), di.cov~red at Patiakella, mentions Dak~il)a-Tosa.ir in a rathel' obscure context, ~ither as the residence of his Bllzernin, which if! the way the editor of the illSCri()tion, Mr. Banerji, takes it or as the dist,rict ill which Vort.noh whence the document. issues, was situa.teu. Both of these documents have been discovered in Orissa in the district of Cuttack. It is also in tbis district that Dhauli is fliluated at a distance of 4 miles South. South. West of BhuvaneSvar; the inscriptions of Asoka. are engraved there on a rock called Aswastama, near the summit of a low hill. It i. therefore evident that Tos.11 occupied almost the sam. site as that of the Dhauli of to.day. There i. no accounting for the indication furnished by Ptolemy who places Tiis.l.i . or TiisaJe in India beyond the Gang.s, at 1500 East and 230 20' North, on the way from th. Gangeo to th. peninsula of Gold (Khrus. Khersonesos), in th. vicinity .• of the Kirit.. (Kirrhadia, Tilad"i), in the centreol ... ,.

9

66 PRE.ARYAN AND PltE.DRAVIDIAN'

region which corresponds to modern Sylhel, and Manipur. To add to our confusion, Ptolemy place. at 50 South and 4,0 East of TOsaI.i, a city called Trilingon or '1'riglypton, which he qualifie. as {jac,.'>"",. "the royal r •• idence," and which may very well be Trililiga, of whicb we .ball have to speak later on, a region situated in fact to tb. South of Tosab, ratber to the Soutb·Soutb.West, along the Western coast of the Ray of Bengal. in ci.-Gaogetic India according

: to tbe division adopted by Ptolemy. The other town. euu· merated by ptolemy in the ... me paragraph have not yet been identified: Rhandamarkotta. wbere tbere i. an abundaoco of nard; Athena gounon. Maniaina (Maniataia). TOsaJei, Alosanga., Adeisaga, Kimara, Pari8&l'fl.. Tougma. wbich i. a capital (metropolis). etc. For the first oft-hese names a suggestion may be offered en pa""ol. which may lead to its definite identification by discarding at any rate'all tb. previous identifications wbicb McCrindle bas summari.ed in an important note (lnd, Ant .• XIII, 882). "Rbadamarkotta (v.I. Rbandamarkotta). Saint Martin has identified tbis witb Ra6gAma~l. an ancient capital situated on the western bank of tbe lower Brahmaputra. and now oalled Ud8pur (Udayapura.--cil.v 'II 8un,ire). Yule who agrees witb tbis identification, give. as the Sanskrit form of tbe name of tbe place. Ilangamrtika. Tbe pa.sage about .Na,d wbich follows tb. mention of Rbadamarkotta in the

m'-jority of editions is, acoording to S.int Martin (Elude. p. 852 and note). manife.tly corrupt, Some editor. correct lIoU"t/', much, into 1tO'),.n~J citiell, and thus Nardos becomes the name of a to .... n. and Rbadamarkotta the name of a district to wbicb Nardo. and the towns that come after it in the table helong. On tbis point we may quote a pa ... ge from Wilford, who.. views ngarding Rbadamarkotta were diff.rent. He O&y"

PRE.ARYAN AND PRE.DRA VlD1AN IN INDIA 61

(.A.iat. UtI.arcll, Vol. XIV, p. 441), • Ptolemy bas delineated tolerably well the two branches of the river of Ava and the relative situation of two towns upon tbem, which still retain their anoient, name, only tbey are I,ranlposed. The.e two towns are Urathena, and Nardo. or Nardon J

Urathen. is RhMana, tbe ancient name of Amarapur, aod Noodon is Nortenb on the Kayn·dween ...... ' He says that· Nartenh was situated in the country of Rhanda­markola, literally, the Fort of Randamar, after which the whole counlry was designated.' All the e"egetists appear to me to hOTe gone wrong; Wilford, however, had a glimpse of one part of the .olutioo. Tbe Sanskrit name of nard is nalada; a metathesis, always easy in the case of , in Sanskrit, bas given rise to la .. (a) da and tben randa. It may be a. well noted that the a.pirate which accompanies the iaitial , of rhando' or ,hado' i. a purely Greek feature, and does not imply any aspiration in the original word. As to the alternation of I and, in the

, name of nard we have a sure trace in the ga~a "'.arid' on Pi9ini, IV, 4, 58; the grammarian prescribes that for designating tbe merchants of certain perfumes ooe must have a derivation in ilea from the name of the perfume. The ~pi~ha gives immediately after Ki,a,a the words .. a,ada and •• lada; B6htlingk, P.WI, nnde. ".,ad., doe. not hesitate to recognise in it the name of nard. I find that Candragomin in the corresponding ga9a (ad Ill, 4, 55) bas omitted nar.da and retained only Mlada. Thus the anDotation which accompanies tbe name of tbe locality in Ptolemy i. occasioned by the nlme itself, whicb it e"plains. I do not know how one should restore the final syllablee. Tbe Mt.da in botaniea1 nomenclature is NardOlt&chys J.tamansi or Nardns Indieus ; Khory and Katrak (MaW .. , II, 3U) indicate

68 PRE.ARYAN AND PRE. DRAVIDIAN

the alpine HimAlaya as its habitat; Yule and Burnell likewise (Hoh,OIi.Job,o_, under •• rd) indicate that the plant Nardostachys Jatamansi IS "a native of the loftier Himilaya." If Rhandamarkotta abounds in nard, it must, therefore, be situated either in the Himalayan heights or must be in such a vicinity as to be able to serve tbe market. Rbandamarkotta, therefore, leads U8

towards upper Hengal; we may ask what error of informa· tion could have red Ptolemy to locate To.ali (T6salei, To.alii) and Triliilga (Trilingon) to the east, of the Gauges. And yet Ptolemy was not ignorant of the importance of Tosah, for be has himself termed it a capital (metropolis).

However that may be it remaiDs certain that TOBal1 was situated in the district of Cultack, in Ol'issa, and that tbe present village of Dhauli stand. on a site near to, or iden tical wi th that of Tosah. It can be then asked whetber the very name of Dbauli do.s not represent tbe ancient name Tosah; the two names sound so strangely alike tbat mere chance seems out of tbe question. The transformation of Tosall into Dbauli is not a phonetic impossibility. The intervocalic sibilant of Sanskrit can, and in certain cases must become a simple aspirate in PlAkrits (Pischel, 264.), for example dia""=di.aI. and still better dihala beside dQ •• T. "un· fortunate" =d.~.aTa. If Tosall could likewise develop into TohalI,l this unintelligible name could suggest Dhauli "the white." Nevertheless, it must be admitted that the widening of the intervocalic I is frequent only in the North. Western group: Sindhi, Panjilbi, Kasbmiri; it

1 Let me point out, without any intention of drawing any argument from it, ib.t V &riha Mibira, Brh. 8. XIV. 27, CIIlBeI amongst the population!! of the North, beside the Hu'}O, the Koha1a for 'Which the commentator U~pala. aUbltitutea Xoiala.

PRE.ARYAN AND PRE-DRAVIDIAN IN INDlA 69

is already rarer in Gujriti and in Rijputinii (J ules Bloch Langue Jfarnthe, § 160). But tbe phonetics of place. name. leave the gate widely open to fancy.

A text which bas 1I0t yet been mentioned will perbaps help the solution of the problem of the site of 1'osall; I have found it in tbe Gal,,,!avyiiha. 'fhe Gal![)avyiiha is a Sanskrit·Buddbist work preserved in Nepal and not yet published. Rij. Mitra has given an analysis of it in his catalogue, The San.krit.Buitith .. t Literature of Nep~l, p. 1.0. Its extent is considerable. In reality, however, it is only a fragment; it forms the last part of the vast collection which bears the title of Avatarbsaka, the entirety of which is preserved in tbe Chinese and Tibetan versions. On account of its importance the Avatarbsaka has been, on two occasio,," completely translated into Chinese under tbe direction of Buddbabhadra between 398 and 421; and under the direction of Sik'iinanda between 695 and 699. The .ection wbich forms the Gal;lIjavyiiba bas heen translated a third time into Chinese hy Priijiia, between 796 and 798, from a manuscript wbicb bad been sent to the Emperor of China by King Subhakaradeva of Orissa; tbe official letter which accompanied this present has been translated at the end of the work. Thus we know that the last seotion of the AvatadJsaka was already treated as a separate work in tbe 8th century in Orissa and that· it was in special favour tbere at tbat time. A Iso about tbis time, Sintideva repeatedly cit ... tbe Ga9cp.vyiiha, by tbis very name, in his 8ik,ileamuccaya ; it is even with a quotation from the G&9cjavyiiha that thi. treatise begin •.

The Ga~Qavyiiha was well calculated to gain popu· larity. For his exposition of the Mahiyanist theology, the

70 PRE-ARYAN AND PRE. DRAVIDIAN

author b .. succeeded in devising an ingenious and striking framework wbich could not fail to attract tbe reader. Tbe bero of tbe work Sudhana is a favourite disciple of MaiijuBrI wbo, under tbe direction of his. preceptor, make. circuit of India, .tage by stage, .eeking les.ons DOW from a king, now from a. sla.ve, from ancient sage or from innocent children. After having in.tructed bim ae mucb.. .be could, tbe U pisiki Acalastbiri eaid to him: II Now young mao, go 00 your way J in this Dekkban where we are, there i. the country of Amita· Tosala; in that country there is a city called Tosala; there dwell. .. wandering monk of the name of Sarvaglmin ...... He, therefore, ·went away to tbis country of Amita-Toeala, to .... rob for tbe city of To •• la and be reached tbe city of 'I'o .. la by srage.. At tbe tim. of sunset, be entered the city of Tosala; he .topped .in the middle of the city .quare, and then from lane to lane, from place to place and from cart-road to cart.road, at I .. t he found Sarvagimin and when tbe night w.. draw· ing to its end, he perceived to the north of the city of Tosala, tbe mountain called Surabha of whicb the summit w" covered with lawns, bowers of trees, plants, groves, and garden •.

Tbe Chinese translations present singular divergenCes on Gbe points which interest us here. The mo.t ancient translator Buddbabhadra (ed., Tokyo, 1,9,48") give. tothe Amita.To,ala of the Sanskrit text the name of JI" k. tck'en,' which is, according to the Mahavyutpatti, 246, 116 and 241, 128, the equivalent of atulya "incomparable " ; if need be this m ... ning can be derived from Amita, literally·" un.measured, without me .. nre:' bnt the DOrmal

PRE-ARYAN AND PRE-DRAVIDIA.N IN INDIA 71

translation of the word Jmila in Cbinese i. "" 1"1If/ I

wbiob, in fact, can be found in the traslations of Sik"nanda (I, 4, 28') and Prljfta (T, 6, 52'). Sik"nanda and Prijiia tranaoribe the name of the town .. t..-IfJ-I. '; Buddhabhadra tran.lates it by ecke-t." S which serv .. as equivalent to the word .,.ml~a " ... ti.fied" in Mahivyutpatti, 145, U. Buddhabhadra thought be recognised in the name of Tosala the root e., "to ,atisfy" ; in fact, tbe Sanskrit manuscript. of the Gal)~avyiiha,

which I hove e"amined, contain in the text of tbi. lingle passage the tbres alternative forms: Tosala, To",la and even To.ara. Buddbahbadra doe. not give the name of the mountain; he only .ays: "To the north of tbis city, there is a mountain which sbin .. as brigbt as the rising sun." Sik,ananda and Prijiia agree quite unexpectedly in locating the mountain to the" east of tbe city;" both of them tran,late the name in Chinese; aikl!inanda give, Bien 10' "good virtue" which pre­supposes a San.krit form "'gu'!"', Prajfta translates as _tao Id siang Ii It marvellous auspices" which is Doe of the equivalents of the name of MaiijuArl. It appears that on this point of local onomastic, tbe official manuscript of the king of Orissa, whicb served as the ba.is of Prlljiia'. translation must be believed. An enqniry on tb. spot perbapa will settle the question.

It may he obeerved that most of the proper name. belonging to tbe type which we bave under oonsideration bay. never attained a stabl. and constant form in writing

'., 'i

. t~ Ii ~ • *-'1

. '£0 1.

~2 PRE-ARYAN AND PRE-DRAVIDIAN

their appearance has always an aspect which diaconcerts the scribe. The dental .ibilant of the words Ko.ala and Torala, preserved in the middle in spite of the vowel 0 is a sort of defianoo of the rigorous laws of Sanskrit grammar ... hich enjoins in such CBSes the modilication of the dental (I) into the cerebral (~). 'l'he form Koilala, with a palatal sibilant bas also been adopted for general use; this had the advantage of avoiding tb e difficulty; it bad still more appreciable advantage of connecting this embarrassing ethnic witb a family of common words, KoiI., Kulia, K" •• ta, which contain tbe palatal sibilant. TOlala has been no lee. affected; it has been attracted by the analogies of the words to~., etc., which express satisfaction; we have therefore more often 1~ala, but sometimes 1'oil.l. also BS Koilala.

2. Anp.-Ya,;,ga.-These two names are so familiar throughout Sanskrit literature that tbey hardly need explanation. Auga is already mentioned in Atkor.a-Peda, V, 22, 14 by the side of Magadha, as the eastern limit of the Aryan world. Vauga (Bangs) still survive. in the name of Bengal (=Banga+ila). Allga and Valiga, most often coupled logether, have ordinarily as tbeir eompanion Kaliuga to which we shall return presently. All three, with Puq<Jra (and Suhma), which we sbal1 also have to consider, are represented (.MaII.Marat., I, 104) as five hrothers horn for the benefit of King Bali, from a union aceompliBhed, at hi. roquest, between the queen

Sude~~i and the blind old ",i Dlrgbatamas; the wbole ch"pter has snch a singular Bcent of ,avagery that the Indian translator, the author of the English version published by P. C. Roy, has been obliged several times to take recourse to Latin fOI the sake of decency. Here w~ are doubtle.s confronted by old local legendS which

PRE.A RYAN AND PRE.DR:\. VIDIAN IN INDIA 78

the study of folklore will dillClOver in the Austro.Asi .. tit!i domain. Auga and Vanga had long remained suspect to the Aryans of Indi... Baudhayana, so rich in curious features, presoribe. (I, 2, ;4.) a sacrifice of expiation after a travel amongst the Ara~~, the Kiraskara, the PUI}<Jra, the SauvIra, the Vallgo., the Kaliuga, and the Prinlioa (.l.a!!i" K.Ta.learan Puf/4ran Sall.i .... Panga.Kaling ... p ••• inan iii ea gat.a p .. 4a&tQmUa yajeta .aruapr~!koy • • a). It will be noticed that Vadga and Kalinga are united in a compound noun while the other people. are mentioned oDe by one. In the stanza which precedes this one Baudhlyan.. had related a verse whioh classes the Aug. amongst the halfbreeds: Auantayo'nga Magatl"a~ Bur.~!ra Dak,i'!l.pat4.~ I upa'rt Bi.d" ... a".,.a .t. .amlci"!l.'yonaya/.l. 'rhe very reasons wbich attributed to these countries a bad reputation in the Brihma'}ical society assured them a privileged raok in the heretical cburches. For the Jainao, Aliga is almost a holy land; Campi, the capital, is tbe residenoe of "mrge nuU)ber of holy personages of Jain legend and hiltory. The BhagavaU places Anga and Vanga at the bead of a list of sixteen peoples, before tbe Magadha (Weber, I"d. Bt., XVI, 804). On. of tbe Upillgaa, the Prajliipanl, classes Adga and Vallga in tbe Ilrst group of Arya peoples whom it calls th. Kk.U.ri,a; tbe lilt begins thus: Ri,aui". MagaAa, Oampi A7hga taka, Timalilti ranga ya (iMd, p. 397). Buddhism incorporates Allga iu the classical li.t of sixteen kingdoms; Vanga occupies an inferior position. The Allgutta .... nikiya makes mention of it only once (I, 213) in the list of sixteen kingdoms; everywhere olse tho place i. occupied by the Varhsa ("Iaosk. Vatsa); tbelator Buddhi.t Iitsrature constantly put togetbor Adga .. 04

10

74 PRE.ARYAN AND PRE.DRAVIDIAN

Vallga. Allga corresponds to tbe district of 8bagalpur and Vanga to tbe districts of Birbbum, Murshidabad. Bordwan, and Nadiya in Bengal.

S. Kalilil.ga.Triliilga-" Kalidga compri.ed all the Eastern coast between the Utkalas, on the north and the Telingas on the .outh. The Vaitara91 flowed through it; tbe Mahendra mountains (tbe Eastern Ghats) were within its .outhern limits. Kalinga comprised tberefore, the modern province of Oris.a, tbe district of Ganjam and probably also that of Vizagap.tam." (Pargiter, Marie. P., p. SH). We have just ••• n the close relationship which hind. Kalinga with Anga and Vanga, and the nature of the reprobation which they received in common from the Brlihma9ical schools. Kalidga had even the honour of having a special verse devoted to it in the code of BaudhAyana, a traditional verse which the legislator adopts on his own account (I, 2, 15): "The adage i. cited: it is to commit a sin with the legs to go to KaJillga; for its atonement, the aaints prescribe a Vaisvlnara libation (atrap, It/laharanti, pad6h,am 'a Rur.te papam ,a~ Kaliilga .. prap.d,ate Ina,. ni~krtim t,..,a prahur ra;Allij •• ram h.vi~). The juristic compilations of the last centuries continue to regi.tsr, as an echo of this reprobation, another traditional veree: "If one goes to Anga, Vanga, Kalinga, Saurli,~ra and Magadha except for a pilgrimage, it is nec .... ry for him to receive a. Dew sacrament!'

Ailga Vailga KaM.ge~u 8aurii~!re Magadhe~ ca I tirtAa. ,atram .ina gaccha" puna~ .a'IiIB!caram arh.1i (cited hy R. P. Chanda, Sir A.utosh Volumes, III, 1, 10,7).

Regarding K.Ji6ga the Mahiibhirata present. a corioos h .. itation in course of the same canto, at an interval of some verses ill VIII, 44, 2066; the Kalillg&ll

PRE.ARYAN AND PRE.DRA VIDIAN IN INDIA 75

are enumerated amongst tbe tribes wbose religion is bad (durdAarma), pAle.mAle witb tbe Kiraskara, tbe Mibi".ka, the Kerala, tbe Karko,aka, and the Vlraka; but in VIII, 45, 2084, tbey are counted amongst peoples who know the eternal law (dA.rmcm jiinanli ilii •• atam) in the com. pany of the nations who are the bighest of Brabmanism, Kuru, Palleila, Silva, Matsya, Naimi~a, etc. Tbis cbange of attitude is undoubtedly due to the impcrtance held by Kalioga since tbe time when the Indian civilisation spread along tbe Bay of Bengal. We know tbat tbe conquest of Kalioga, at tbe cost of streams of blood, provoked the moral crisis from whicb the Emperor Asoka came out transformed. After him, under Khiiravela, Kaliliga became tbe centre of a pcwerful empire of whicb tbe cbief assumed tbe title of Cakravartin. Buddbism bad one of its boly places in Kalioga: tbis was tbe capital of tbe country, Dantapura, "tbe city of tbe tootb" whence the boly relic was later on transported to Ceylon, Pliny mentions on several occasions tbe Calingae (VI, 18; 19; 20). ptolemy enumerates a city of Kalliga (VII, i, 98) amongst tbe Maiseloi, between tbe Kistna and the Godavari. Kalingapatam, port of the district of Gaujam, still preserves the old name of the region. The appellation of Kling, applied to tbe Indians of all origin all through the Malayan world, attests tbe brilliant rale of the men of Kalinga in tbe diffusion of tbe Indian civilisation in tbe Far East. (See Hollllm-Jo6,on, under KU.g).

The term symmetrical to Kalillga appears in tbe written documents only at a later date; it takes diverse forms whicb present tbe terrible perplexity of the scribes in face of a kind of monster. The P. Jr. records the form. 'l'riU".,1J and Tail.ng.; the Mlrkar!<!eya P., 58, 28 and the Viyn·

76 PRE-ARYAN AND l'RE-DiLAVIDlAN

P., +5, 111 write: Tilanga. We fiDd in the insCl·iption. aloo Tilinga (Ep. 1.11., XlV,90), Teltl7hga (;bM, XIV, 271). Tinlinga (ibid, XIV, 861), 7'riltalingo (ibill, XII, 208 and p .... ). Th. .~ rah and Persian authors write Til.ng, Tiling, Tiliilga •• ; in the nomenclature of the languages of India, the language oC this couDtry is called Telugu. An inscription of the 14th century thus traces the limits of the country: "To the West and to the East, two famous countries, Mabir"tra and KaliJiga; to the 80uth and to the North, PaQr!ya and Kanyakuhja; it is that country which is called Tilinga" (pa .. at pura.tall y"ya de'a. U,ata. Ma!ti.ra.!ra-K4linga-aamjfiau I aoag udak Pii'l!4yak. Kany.k.6jau 1I"a. a. latraoti 1'iIi1lflanama. SriraJigam Plat .. , S&ka 1280 in Ep. Ind., XlV,90). Ths region thus dsfined covers the gr •• test part of easterD India According to the notic. on the Telugu in tb. Ling,,;.t;c 8urvey, Vol. IV, p. 1i77, "Th. T.lugu country i. bounded toward. the East by I h. Bay of Bengal from B ..... in the Ganjam district in the north to near Madras iu the South. From Barwa the froDlier line goes westwards through Ganjam to the Eastern Ghats and then South-westwards cross .. the Sabari aD the border of the Sunkam aDd l3ijji Taluk. in the Slate of Basw, aDd thence runs along the range of Bela Dila to the Indrivati; it follows this rive,' to its confiuence with the Godavari, and then runs through Cbanda cutting oft' the soutliem part of that district and farth.,· eastwards, including the southern border of the district of Wun. It then tums southward. to the Godavari, as its confiuence with the Minjira, and thence farther south towards Bidar, when Telugu meets with Kana .... e. The frontier line between the two forms of speech then runs almost due south through the dominions of the Nilllom. The Telugu

PRE.ARYAN AND PItE.DltAVIDIAN iN INDiA 77

country further occupi.s the north.east.rn edge of 8.nary, tbe great.r .astern part of Anantapur, and tb. e.st.rn corner of My.ore. Through North Areot and Chingl.put the bord.r line th.nco runs back to the .ea." If the Teluga country has such an extension, on. understands why TimnAtba (p. 264) d.signates Kalinga as m.rely a part of Trilitiga. But on the other hand it i. astoni.hing that the name of the country i. not met with till a late period, only after the year 1000 A.D. By a singular anomaly Ptol.my i. the only guarantee of the name for all tbe •• rlier period. He records the city of Tritingon, the royal r.sid.nce wbich be plac •• in the trans.Gang.tic India (VII, 2, 23), at 1540 Ea.t X 180 North; the city i. al.o can.d 'l'riUtyptoll (var. 1'rigtypAon); in the region wb.re it i •• ituated, "it i •• aid, adds Ptolemy, that the cock. are beal'ded, the crows and tb. parrot. are white." If tb. wbite parrots refer to tbe cockatoo., wbicb i. yery probable, the indication can only point to tbe further region. of the Far Ea.t, as "the cockatoos are confined to tb. Au.tralian region, to tb. Pbilippine., and Suln; the cockatoo galerita which i. completely white is pecnliar to Australia and Tasmania." (Ca,driduc Natlt,"l Hi.tory, Vol. IX, Bird., p. 312.) Th. white crow. lead in anotber direction altogether; if th.y refer to the .peeie. caned Dendy.ciu. teucoga.tra, wbicb "ha. tbe top of tbe bead, tbe n.ck, tbe b .... tbon., the abdomen and the covering of tb. tail wbit., tb, .peei •• belongs to soutb India, particularly to Malabar (P."". 'If Briti'R l.dia, Bird., I, p. 31). W. would b. tho. bro to Indi. ond to the v.ry bord.r. of th How.ver, tbe plac ... signed to T' of Ptolemy i. very far from th modern Arabo, io tbe interior of t;bI'Ial ••

78 PRE.ARYAN AND PRE.DRAVtD1.4.N

of Akyab. The name would not be unexpected there, because it is still pre.erved in that region under the form of Talaing. It is kn own that the Burmese designated under this nBme the Miln race which had preceded them in Pegu and disseminated there &

oivilisation, trihutary to rndia. According to Sir Arthur Phayre, it can be generally admitted that Talaing ~ Telinga : Forchhamer has proposed to replace this interpretation by another explanation drawn from the Mon language where t.laing signifies" trampled over by fest; " the derogatory term might have replaced the proper ethnical name of the Mons after their defeat (if. Ho~,. •. Jo~.on, s. v. Talaing for the texts and the references). Phayre himself notes that though Kalinga figures in the Peguan annals, " the word Telingina is never met with there." The case is therefore exactly parallel to that of

India; we have before "0 a name of very ancient aspect, which the literature has ignored for a long time. It is possible, even probable, th.t the liter.ry usage has preferred to maintain the old denomination of Andhra, applied by Brahmanism since the Vedic time. (Ai tareya Brilhmal)a), and consecrated by its mere .ntiquity, rather than to employ a v"""hle of unPertain form. The other name given to Trilingon in Ptolemy, Triglypton or Triglyphon, appears to be an attempt at interpretation, conforming

. to that which the medieval usage in India had already furnished.. The term is composed of tri = Sk. tri " three " +gl¥pto" or gl¥pAon, both of which has the meaning of "ohiselled and engraved," the "triglyph" (trigl¥p~ .. or trigl¥PioN; its gender is undetermined) i. a term in architecture which designates a feature of the frieze in the Dorio entahlature; the triglyph is oomposed of the parallel groovee grouped by threes, with the II drope "

PRE.ARYAN AND PRE.DRAVIDIAN IN INDIA 79

below, represented by the tip. of cones, which symbolise drops of water ftowing from the roof through the grooves and resting in suspense. Nothing could better recall to a Greek, by a familiar image, the stone linga decorated with vertical g.'Ooveo by which the water of .acred asper. sions drop down. ptolemy's informant had picked up an interpretation which is known even to.day; one contiooes to explain Tiling", etc., .till by Trilinga and Tri/iilg. would be the cOllntry of thrpe Lingas, divine manifestations of Siva on the three mountains which mark the frontier of the Telugu country, Kiil,jvara, SrlAaila and Bhlmehara. Killehara i. situatecl on the Ki.tna, at the entrance of the pas. by which it flow. into the plain; SrlAaila io at the conftuence of the Wainganga with the Godavari in the district of (,handa; Ilhlme!vara i. in the Western Ghats, at the point where the 'I'elugu couutry touches the Maratha country and Mysore. In Pliny aloo WI! have another evidence of the interp .. tation Tilinga.Trilitiga (Pliny VI, 18 ["""I" in Gange tat M ognoe amplit1'ulinill gcnf,em rontinct18 Imam hOmi". Alodogalingam), if on(' admit. with Campbell (Gramma/' qj' the 7'eloogoo, Introd.) that Modogaling .. mu.t be analyoed .. Modog. + linga; Modog. would reprpsent the Telngu mirjupa, poetical form of the word mii4u "three." But Caldwell (Comp.r. Grammar, Introd., p. 82) contests this explanation: the use of Mii4uga would"" pedantio, acoording to him; the ooly analysi. wbich he would accept is Modo = Mitju= 3, gatinga= X.linga, i. •. the three Kalillga., the Trikalitigo of so many epigraphio documents of the middle age.

We hove indicated that the position .. signed by Ptolemy to "the royal resideoce of Trilingon," in modem Arakall is not iml'o88ible, but we have had already

80 PRE.ARYAN AND PRE.DRAVIDIAN

occasion to explain, BB regards To.alei.Tosal! mentioned in the ... me list, VII, 2, 28, that Ptolemy had carried by error to the EBBt of the mouths of the Oanges an itinerary really directed towards the South·West of tbe delta. The question Dlust remain open pending further discoveri ...

One iB tempted to cl .. s side by Bide with the peoples of Kalitiga and Tilinga the people of Bhulioga wbo are know.n to us from numerous souroes .. Pliny, VI, 20 names the Bolingae amongBt the Beries of peoples wbo succeed one another up the course of the InduB. Ptolemy, VII, 1, 69, places the Billingai to tbe east of the mountain Ouindios (Vindhya) with the cities of Stagabaza or B.stagaza and of Bardaoti., on the right bank of the SOa, i.e., the SOQa (San). The GaQapi\ha annexed to tbe grammar of PIIQini names on different occasions, the Bhauliligi: on II, 4, 59; IV, 1, 41; IV, 1, 173; the rule enunciated in the la.t Butra is applied to the eonotituting elements of th~ tribe of the Silva" and consequent.ly appears in tbe traditional verse, collected by the KiiAikii and the Candravrtti (on Candra, II, 4, 108) which enumerate. the six oeetions of the SilvBB :

Ud.mba,aB 'I'itakhal' MadraleaT. 1'.la"d4ara~

Bh.liil!Jii~ Sarada"q,ail co Billva.ayava .amjllitii~.

The Sillvas are well known (if. Pragiter, M.,Ie. P. 84U); they inhabited the vicinity of tbe Kuru and the 'i'rigart.., at the we,tern foot of tbe Aravam. And, consequently, in the RimiiyaQa It II, 70, 15 tbe messen. gers, BCn t by Va9i~tha to recall Bha .. ta hack from the Kekaya country where he was the gu .. t of his maternal uncle, had to traverse at first tbe long road whioh went

from Ayodhy' towards Kuruqet .. and the Saruvatl i

PRE.ARYAN AND PRE·DRAVIDIAN IN INDIA 81

I hey croa.ed the sacred river, they next passed the river SarodaQqa, and" then entered into the town of Bhuliftga." The Bengali recension shows here again its superiority over the two others; the Bombay recen.ion, and tbe Southern recen.ion, II, 68, 16, give the city tbe name of Kulinga. The name of Kulingi .... ppears this time in the feminine, in the two r800nsions of Bombay and of the South, II, 71, 6, when the poet describe. the itinerary of Bbarata returning from Kekaya to Ayodbyl; it i. there the name of a river which waters the Doab between the Gange. and the Yamunil. The Bengal rooen.ion ha. bere an altogether different text. The Mahil Bhilrats does not mention Bhulillga as an ethnic name; the word appears there to d .. ig.­nate a bird wbich live. on the other .ide of tbe Himill.yas and 01 whicb the cry "mil alh .. am" warn. men to move witbout prooipitation, II, 44, 1545. But the edition of the South, II, 67, 28, wrile. the name of this bird as KuliJiga. The Bhulioga birds are again mentioned in the Itreat epic, XII, 169, 6826, a. "the bird. of the .ea, .ons of the mountain. " (8ii ... drii~ partlalodMa.ii~). In the corresponding paIS.ge, Ihe edition of the South (XII, 168, 9), .ubstitut .. for the bhulinga tbe bhirul)<!. bird ••

4. Ulkala-Mekata.-The two name. are eonnooted together as intimately 8. Atlga and Vatlga. The Rlmiya!)a which mention. them only once IV, 41, 9 B. ; 41, 14 G., refers to tbem together: M.,t.lii" Utkalii'lll1l. cai.a, by tbe .ide of Kaliftga ; K~emendr., in hi. re.ume (Riim. ...IIj., IV, 284) combin.. them .till more intimately ; M.".lot"alikii~. The Mabl Bhira!a does the .ame, VlII, 22, 88~ : M."alolk.lii~ Katin,ii~; elsewhere it jUlttaP0888 them: VI, 9, 848, Md.l.' cotkalai+ .d. i

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