PRE AP- WORLD PRE AP- WORLD HISTORYHISTORY

CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1

CHAP 1-1CHAP 1-1geography is the study of people, geography is the study of people, their environments, and the their environments, and the resources available to themresources available to themby showing how people lived by showing how people lived during various times, during various times, geographers have added to our geographers have added to our knowledge of human history, knowledge of human history, many time drawingmany time drawingconclusions from limited evidence-conclusions from limited evidence-it is not an exact it is not an exact sciencescience

Five themes sum up the Five themes sum up the impact of geography on impact of geography on human history; they are:human history; they are:

1) 1) locationlocation-can be determined by -can be determined by

longitude and latitude, the longitude and latitude, the exact exact location, or by the relative location, or by the relative location- location- where something is in relation where something is in relation to to another another2) 2) placeplace-can describe places in -can describe places in terms terms of their physical features and of their physical features and human human characteristics (ex.: landforms, characteristics (ex.: landforms, bodies of water, languages) bodies of water, languages)

3) 3) human-environmenthuman-environment interactioninteraction-shows how -shows how people people have shaped, and been have shaped, and been shaped by, shaped by, the places in which they live the places in which they live4) 4) movementmovement-spread of people, -spread of people,

goods and ideas; causes goods and ideas; causes cultural cultural diffusion diffusion5) 5) regionregion-divides the world into -divides the world into many areas; can be based on many areas; can be based on physical characteristics or physical characteristics or political, political, economic, or cultural features economic, or cultural features

PREHISTORYPREHISTORY-the time before -the time before people invented systems of writing people invented systems of writing

prehistoric people had no cities, prehistoric people had no cities, countries, organized central govt., countries, organized central govt., or complex inventionsor complex inventions

anthropologyanthropology-the study of the -the study of the origins and development of people origins and development of people and their societies; began about and their societies; began about 200 year ago200 year ago

archaeologyarchaeology-a specialized branch -a specialized branch of anthropology that studies of anthropology that studies people and cultures through people and cultures through artifactsartifacts

historians study how people lived historians study how people lived in the past, usually relying on in the past, usually relying on written evidencewritten evidence

HISTORY began about 5000 years HISTORY began about 5000 years ago when people began keeping ago when people began keeping written recordswritten records

a historian must evaluate the a historian must evaluate the evidence to determine its evidence to determine its reliability, often interpreting the reliability, often interpreting the evidence which can lead to evidence which can lead to disagreementsdisagreements

PRE-AP WORLD HISTORY PRE-AP WORLD HISTORY CH 1-2 NOTESCH 1-2 NOTES

PALEOLITHICPALEOLITHIC-refers to the Old Stone -refers to the Old Stone Age, the earliest period of human Age, the earliest period of human history-dates from about 2 million BC history-dates from about 2 million BC to about 10,000 BC to about 10,000 BC

early hominids were discovered in early hominids were discovered in 1959 by Mary and Louis Leakey in 1959 by Mary and Louis Leakey in Tanzania Tanzania (Homo hobilis (Homo hobilis was the first to was the first to make stone tools)make stone tools)

in 1974 Donald Johanson found the in 1974 Donald Johanson found the oldest, most complete skeleton of a oldest, most complete skeleton of a 3.5 million-year-old fossil he named 3.5 million-year-old fossil he named "Lucy""Lucy"

this evidence suggests that the this evidence suggests that the earliest people Lived in East Africa earliest people Lived in East Africa

they were hunter-gatherers who lived they were hunter-gatherers who lived in bands of around 20 or 30 people in bands of around 20 or 30 people and lead a nomadic way of life and lead a nomadic way of life following their food sourcefollowing their food source

they made simple tolls and weapons they made simple tolls and weapons our of stones, bones, and wood our of stones, bones, and wood

they developed a spoken language, they developed a spoken language, believed in a spiritual world and life believed in a spiritual world and life after deathafter death

NEOLITHICNEOLITHIC-refers to the New -refers to the New Stone Age which began about Stone Age which began about 11,000 years ago (9000 BC)11,000 years ago (9000 BC)

people settled down, started people settled down, started permanent villages, and invented permanent villages, and invented new tools and specialized skillsnew tools and specialized skills

during this during this agricultural revolutionagricultural revolution people domesticated animals and people domesticated animals and became food producers which led became food producers which led population growth and more population growth and more interaction among human interaction among human communitiescommunities

civilizations will emerge from civilizations will emerge from these communitiesthese communities

PRE-AP WORLD HISTORY CH PRE-AP WORLD HISTORY CH 1 -3 NOTES1 -3 NOTES

EIGHT FEATURES OF EIGHT FEATURES OF CIVILIZATIONSCIVILIZATIONS

►CitiesCities►Organized GovernmentsOrganized Governments►Complex ReligionsComplex Religions► Job SpecializationJob Specialization►Social ClassesSocial Classes►Arts and ArchitectureArts and Architecture►Public WorksPublic Works►WritingWriting

1.1. CitiesCities-the birthplace of the first -the birthplace of the first civilizations; the center of trade, civilizations; the center of trade, probably began as religious probably began as religious centerscenters

There are four main ancient There are four main ancient civilizations that began in river civilizations that began in river valleys:valleys:1.1. Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the the Middle EastMiddle East2.2. Nile River in EgyptNile River in Egypt3.3. Indus River in present-day Indus River in present-day

Pakistan Pakistan 4.4. Yellow River (Huang He) in Yellow River (Huang He) in ChinaChina

2. Organized2. Organized governmentsgovernments--leaders leaders emerged to maintain order emerged to maintain order among among people and establish laws; people and establish laws; priests priests held power first then were held power first then were replaced replaced by warrior-kings who's right to by warrior-kings who's right to rule rule came from the gods; came from the gods; bureaucracies bureaucracies will emerge as govt. becomes will emerge as govt. becomes more more complex complex

3. Complex3. Complex religionsreligions--polytheistic polytheistic communities worshipped many communities worshipped many gods gods and goddesses; had complex and goddesses; had complex rituals rituals and built temples and sacrificed and built temples and sacrificed

animals to ensure divine help animals to ensure divine help

4. Job4. Job specializationspecialization-people -people didn't didn't need to master all the skills need to master all the skills needed needed to live, others could do it for to live, others could do it for them; them; metalworking was the most metalworking was the most important; trade and bartering important; trade and bartering will will develop develop

5. Social5. Social classesclasses-ranked -ranked according to according to your job; priests and nobles your job; priests and nobles were at were at the top, followed by wealthy the top, followed by wealthy merchants, artisans, peasant merchants, artisans, peasant farmers, and slaves farmers, and slaves

6. Art and6. Art and architecturearchitecture--expressed expressed the beliefs and values of the the beliefs and values of the people people who created them; temples and who created them; temples and

palaces dominated the city palaces dominated the city reassuring people of the reassuring people of the strength strength and power of their govt. and and power of their govt. and religionreligion

7. Public7. Public worksworks-ordered by the -ordered by the rulers, included irrigation rulers, included irrigation systems, systems, roads, bridges, and waits; meant roads, bridges, and waits; meant to to benefit the city benefit the city

8. Writing8. Writing-began in temples -began in temples where where priests needed to record daily priests needed to record daily activities; earliest was activities; earliest was pictograms; in pictograms; in time, symbols were added time, symbols were added

as rulers gained power, they as rulers gained power, they conquered territories beyond their conquered territories beyond their city wall city wall

this expansion led to the rise of this expansion led to the rise of the city-statethe city-state

rival leaders often conquered rival leaders often conquered many cities and villages, creating many cities and villages, creating the first empiresthe first empires

cultural diffusion occurredcultural diffusion occurred