Overview chap 1
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OVERVIEW CHAP. 1
AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
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Human Geography
• Human Geography– How people organize space, interact with each other and
make sense of our place, region and world– “Why of Where” and “So What”
• Globalization– Processes that are increasing interactions and
interdependence around the world
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MAPS!
• Reference Maps• Thematic Maps• GPS Devices
– Geocaching http://www.wherigo.com/• Mental Maps & Activity Space• Remote Sensing
– http://maps.google.com/maps• Geographic information systems (GIS)
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Types of Regions
• Formal–Visible uniformity
• Functional–Product of interactions (e.g. city)
• Perceptual–Our impressions based upon what we
know
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Formal RegionThe Mediterranean
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The functional or nodal regions shown on this map were based on linkages between large banks of major central
cities and the “correspondent” banks they served in smaller towns in the 1970s
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What is culture?CULTURE OF
NEW ORLEANS
MUSIC LITERATUREARTDRESS LIVING HABITSFOODARCHITECTUREGOVERNMENT LAW
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Part of Culture• Culture regions• Cultural trait
– Attribute of a culture• Culture complex
– Combination of traits• Culture system
– or Geographic region– Complexes with common traits
• Culture realm – or Geographic realm– Generalized culture region
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Cultural Perceptions
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Sequent Occupance
Cultural Landscape: Landscape altered or imprinted by humans
Sequent occupance: changes made by humans to a cultural landscape over time
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEeQPZONYSU&feature=mr_meh&list=PL02864CBAFC1A4DC7&playnext=0
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Can you guess the location by reading the cultural landscape?
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Is this a Cultural Landscape?
Rub al Khali, Saudi Arabia
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Culture Hearths
If a cultural hearth influences the world, it is called a civilization
areas that produce ideas, ideologies & inventions
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Cultural Diffusion• Process of spreading ideas or innovations
but • Ideas or innovations can occur due to
independent invention
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Expansion DiffusionIdea develops in area and spreads.
The idea remain strong in the original area
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Relocation Diffusion
Example: In 1066, England was successfully invaded by French Norman who established themselves at the pinnacle of English society
This led to changes to the English language:
English (peasants) French (lords)Sheep muttonCow beefSwine pork
Movement of people who have adopted the innovation to a distant group
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Relocation DiffusionCan lead to:• Acculturation
– dominant innovation adopted by the less dominant
• Assimilation – two groups cannot be distinguished
• Transculturation– both groups are of equal strength and exchange ideas
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Cricket
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Origins of Pasta
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Stimulus DiffusionExpansion occurs but the idea/product is
adapted
Italians brought their food to American….then Midwest “adapted” it
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Contagious Diffusion–Expansion to all nearby areas
Examples:
•Smallpox•Measles
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Early Adopters Laggards
Innovators
The Diffusion of Innovation
Majority Adopters
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Hierarchical diffusion• Expansion to some susceptible
groups but leapfrogs others
Examples:• AIDS• Foreign Language Movies• Terrorism
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Diffusion Problems
• Cultural resistance
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Time-distance decayAs an innovation moves from its sources, it becomes
less powerful
Uruguay’s “McHuevo Hong Kong Rice Burgers
Greek Pita Mac Costa Rica side of Gallo Pinto
Chile – Burger with GuacamoleCanada’s McLobster
Germany – Beer can be purchased
No Beef Burgers in India
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Cultural PerceptionPerceptual Regions: our impression of cultures and regions
What is your perception of Britain?
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Cultural Environments
Environmental Determinism
Human behavior is determined by the
physical environment
Possibilism
The environment limits the choices open to a
culture
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Vocabulary• Human Geography• Globalization• Landscape• Formal Region• Functional Region• Perceptual Region• Reference Maps• Transculturation• Thematic Maps• GPS • Mental Maps• Activity Space• Remote Sensing• GIS
• Culture• Cultural Perceptions• Cultural Landscape• Cultural
Environment• Culture regions• Acculturation• Assimilation• Cultural trait• Culture complex• Culture system• Culture realm • Sequent Occupance
• Culture Hearth• Cultural Diffusion• Time-Distance Decay• Cultural Resistance• Contagious Diffusion• Hierarchical
Diffusion• Stimulus Diffusion• Relocation Diffusion• Environmental
Determinism• Possibilism