Practical Applications of Immunology
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Transcript of Practical Applications of Immunology
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case
M I C R O B I O L O G Ya n i n t r o d u c t i o n
ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE
Part A18Practical
Applications of Immunology
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vaccine History
Variolation: Inoculation of smallpox into skin
(18th century).
Vaccination: Inoculation of cowpox into skin.
Herd immunity results when most of a population
is immune to a disease.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Bacterial Diseases in Humans DtaP
Diphtheria: Purified diphtheria toxoid
Pertussis: Acellular fragments of B. pertussis
Tetanus: Purified tetanus toxoid
Meningococcal meningitis: Purified polysaccharide from
N. meningitidis
Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis:
Polysaccharides conjugated with protein
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: S. pneumoniae
antigens conjugated with protein
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Viral Diseases in Humans Smallpox: Live vaccinia virus
Poliomyelitis: Inactivated virus
Rabies: Inactivated virus
Hepatitis A: Inactivated virus
Influenza: Inactivated or attenuated virus
Measles: Attenuated virus
Mumps: Attenuated virus
Rubella: Attenuated virus
Chickenpox: Attenuated virus
Hepatitis B: Antigenic fragments (recombinant vaccine)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Monoclonal Antibodies (Mabs)
Alemtuzumab: For leukemia
Infliximab: For Crohn’s disease
Rituximab: For non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Trastuzumab: Herceptin for breast cancer
Basiliximab and daclizumab: Block IL–2,
immunosuppresives for transplants
Palivizumab: Treatment of RSV
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Monoclonal Antibodies
Figure 18.2
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Monoclonal Antibodies
Immunotoxins: Mabs conjugated with a toxin to target
cancer cells.
Chimeric mabs: Genetically modified mice that produce
Ab with a human constant region.
Humanized mabs: Mabs that are mostly human, except
for mouse antigen-binding.
Fully human antibodies: Mabs produced from a human
gene on a mouse.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Precipitation Reactions
Involve soluble
antigens with
antibodies.
Figure 18.4
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Agglutination Reactions
Involve particulate
antigens and
antibodies.
Antigens may be
On a cell (direct
agglutination).
Attached to latex
spheres (indirect or
passive
agglutination).Figure 18.5
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Antibody Titer
Is the concentration of
antibodies against a
particular antigen.
Figure 18.6
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Viral Hemagglutination
Hemagglutination involves agglutination of RBCs.
Some viruses agglutinate RBCs in vitro.
Figure 18.8
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Viral Hemagglutination-Inhibition
Hemagglutination involves agglutination of RBCs.
Some viruses agglutinate RBCs in vitro.
Antibodies prevent hemagglutination.
Figure 18.9b
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Neutralization Reactions
Eliminate the harmful effect of a virus or exotoxin.
Figure 18.9b
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Complement Fixation Test
Figure 18.10 (1 of 2)
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Complement Fixation Test
Figure 18.10 (2 of 2)
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Fluorescent Antibody Techniques (Direct)
Figure 18.11a
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Fluorescent Antibody Techniques (Indirect)
Figures 18.11b, 3.6b
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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay(Direct ELISA)
Figure 18.14a
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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Indirect ELISA)
Figure 18.14b
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Serological Tests
Figure 18.13
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Serological Tests
Direct tests detect antigens (from patient sample).
Indirect tests detect antibodies (in patient′s serum).
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Serological Tests
Agglutination: Particulate antigens
Hemagglutination: Agglutination of RBCs
Precipitation: Soluble antigens
Fluorescent-antibody technique: Antibodies linked
to fluorescent dye.
Complement fixation: RBCs are indicator.
Neutralization: Inactivates toxin or virus.
ELISA: Peroxidase enzyme is the indicator.
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Question 1
Patient’s serum, influenza virus, sheep RBCs, and
anti-sheep RBCs are mixed in a tube.
Influenza virus agglutinates RBCs.
What happens if the patient has antibodies against
influenza virus?
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Question 2
Patient’s serum, Chlamydia, guinea pig complement,
sheep RBCs, and anti-sheep RBCs are mixed in a
tube.
What happens if the patient has antibodies against
Chlamydia?
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Harmful immune responses
Allergies
Transplant rejection
Autoimmunity
Superantigens cause release of cytokines that cause
adverse host responses.
Immunodeficiencies
Disorders Associated with the Immune System
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case
M I C R O B I O L O G Ya n i n t r o d u c t i o n
ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE
Part A19Disorders Associated
with the Immune System
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Response to antigens (allergens) leading to damage.
Require sensitizing dose(s).
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Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions
Involve IgE
antibodies.
Localized: Hives or
asthma from contact
or inhaled antigens.
Systemic: Shock
from ingested or
injected antigens.
Figure 19.1a
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Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions
Skin testing
Desensitization
Figure 19.3
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Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions
Involve IgG or IgM antibodies and complement.
Complement activation causes cell lysis or damage by
macrophages.
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ABO Blood Group System
Table 19.2
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Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Figure 19.4
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Drug-induced Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Figure 19.5
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Type III (Immune Complex) Reactions
IgG antibodies and antigens form complexes that lodge
in basement membranes.
Figure 19.6
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Type IV (Cell-Mediated) Reactions
Delayed-type
hypersensitivities due
to TD cells.
Cytokines attract
macrophages and
initiate tissue damage.
Figure 19.8
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Autoimmune Diseases
Clonal deletion during fetal development ensures
self-tolerance.
Autoimmunity is loss of self-tolerance.
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Autoimmune Diseases
Type I — Due to antibodies against pathogens.
Type II — Antibodies react with cell-surface antigens.
Type III (Immune Complex) — IgM, IgG, complement
immune complexes deposit in tissues.
Type IV — Mediated by T cells.
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Reactions Related to the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Complex
Histocompatibility antigens: Self antigens on cell
surfaces.
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC): Genes
encoding histocompatibility antigens
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex: MHC genes
in humans
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Diseases Related to Specific HLAs
Table 19.3
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HLA Typing
Figure 19.9
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Reactions to Transplantation
Transplants may be attacked by T cells, macrophages,
and complement-fixing antibodies.
Transplants to privileged sites do not cause an immune
response.
Stem cells may allow therapeutic cloning to avoid
rejection.
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Grafts
Autograft: Use of one's own tissue.
Isograft: Use of identical twin's tissue.
Allograft: Use of tissue from another person.
Xenotransplantation product: Use of non-human tissue.
Graft-versus-host disease can result from transplanted
bone marrow that contains immunocompetent cells.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Immunosuppression Prevents an Immune Response to Transplanted Tissues
Cyclosporine suppresses IL-2.
Mycophenolate mofetil inhibits T cell and B cell
reproduction.
Sirolimus blocks IL-2.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Immune System and Cancer
Cancer cells possess tumor-specific antigens.
TC cells recognize and lyse cancer cells.
Cancer cells may lack tumor antigens or kill TC cells.
Figure 19.10
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Immunotherapy
Treatment of cancer using immunologic methods.
Tumor necrosis factor, IL-2, and interferons may kill
cancer cells.
Immunotoxins link poisons with an monoclonal antibody
directed at a tumor antigen.
Vaccines contain tumor-specific antigens.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Immune Deficiencies
Congenital: Due to defective or missing genes
Selective IgA immunodeficiency
Severe combined immunodeficiency
Acquired: Develop during an individual's life, due to
drugs, cancers, and infections.
Artificial: Immunosuppression drugs.
Natural: HIV infections.