[PPT]Race and Ethnic Relations - Bakersfield College · Web viewChapter 7 Race and Ethnic Relations...

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Chapter 7 Race and Ethnic Relations

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Myth or Fact? The Civil Rights Act,

affirmative action, and other social policies have eliminated racism in the U.S.

Of all American minorities, American Indians remain among the poorest.

Myth Fact


Minority Groups

A minority group is a group whose members share distinct physical or cultural

characteristics, are denied access to power and resources

available to other groups, and are accorded fewer rights, privileges, and

opportunities.


Race and Ethnicity

Race a group of people who are believed to be

a biological group sharing genetically transmitted traits that are defined as important.

Ethnic group a group of people who share a common

historical and cultural heritage and sense of group identity and belongingness.


Racism

Racism is the view that certain racial or ethnic groups are biologically inferior and that practices involving their domination and exploitation are therefore justified.


Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination

Prejudice an irrational attitude toward certain people based

solely on their membership in a particular group Discrimination

behaviors, particularly unequal treatment of people because they are members of a particular group

Prejudice and discrimination result from social and psychological sources.


Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination Merton demonstrated that sometimes

prejudice and discrimination do not go together.

Discriminates Does not discriminate

Prejudiced Prejudiced Discriminator

Prejudiced Nondiscriminator

Not Prejudiced

Unprejudiced Discriminator

Unprejudiced Nondiscriminator


Social Sources

Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one’s own group or culture

as an in-group that follows the best and the only proper way to live.

Competition Competitive situations can lead to prejudice and

discrimination. A split labor market is one in which there are two groups of

workers willing to do the same work, but for different wages.

Internal colonialism refers to when a subordinate group provides cheap labor that benefits the dominate group and is then further exploited by having to purchase expensive goods and services from the dominant group.


Social Sources Socialization

Once patterns of prejudice and discrimination become legitimated, they can then be transmitted to new members through the process of socialization.

Institutionalized Discrimination Institutionalized discrimination is the inequitable

treatment of a group resulting from practices or policies that are incorporated into social, political or economic institutions and that operate independently from the prejudices of individuals.


Psychological Sources

Stereotyping Stereotypes are oversimplified images in

which each element or person in a category is assumed to possess all the characteristics associated with that category.

Frustration and aggression Frustration and aggression arise when

people become frustrated by their inability to achieve sought after goals.


Psychological Sources

Authoritarian personality Authoritarian personality refers to a rigid

adherence to conventional lifestyles and values, admiration of power and toughness in interpersonal relationships, submission to authority, cynicism, an emphasis on obedience, and a fear of things that are different.


Consequences of Discrimination

Discrimination forces some groups into a disadvantageous

position in the stratification system and adversely affects their life chances

may cause those who feel it to accept the devalued and stigmatized view of themselves

creates tense, hostile, and sometimes violent encounters between dominant members and minority group members

undermines our social and political values and institutions


Racial and Ethnic Minorities in the United States

The United States is composed of many racial and ethnic groups. African Americans Hispanic Americans American Indians Asian Americans Arab Americans


Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Group Interaction

Genocide Expulsion or population transfer Colonialism Segregation Acculturation Pluralism Assimilation Amalgamation


Genocide

Annihilation of an entire nation or people.

In the 20th century Hitler led the Nazi extermination of 12 million people in the Holocaust.

In the early 1990s ethnic Serbs attempted to eliminate Muslims from parts of Bosnia.


Genocide

In 1994 genocide took pace in Rwanda when Hutus slaughtered hundreds of thousands of Tutsis.

Currently in the Darfur region of Sudan, the Sudanese government, using Arab janaweed militias, its air force, and organized starvation, is systematically killing the black Sudanese population.


Genocide

In 1994 Hutus in Rwanda committed genocide against the Tutsis, resulting in 800,000 deaths.


Expulsion or Population Transfer

Occurs when a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave the country or to live only in designated areas of the country.

The 1830 Indian Removal Act called for the relocation of eastern tribes to land west of the Mississippi River.


Colonialism

A racial or ethnic group from one society dominates the racial or ethnic group(s) of another society. Examples: European invasion of North

America, British occupation of India

Puerto Rico is essentially a colony whose residents are U.S. citizens, but they cannot vote in presidential elections unless they move to the mainland.


Segregation

Physical separation of two groups in residence, workplace, and social functions. de jure ( by law) de facto (in fact)


Segregation in the U.S.

Between 1890 and 1910, Jim Crow laws prohibited blacks from using “white” buses, hotels, restaurants, and drinking fountains.

In 1896 the U.S. Supreme Court supported de jure segregation by declaring that “separate but equal” facilities were constitutional.

Beginning in the 1950s various rulings overturned the Jim Crow laws, making it illegal to enforce racial segregation.


Acculturation

Refers to adopting the culture of a group different from the one in which a person was originally raised.

Acculturation may involve learning the dominant language and adopting new values and behaviors.


Pluralism Refers to a state in which racial and ethnic

groups maintain their distinctness but respect each other and have equal access to social resources.

In Switzerland, four ethnic groups—French, Italians, Germans, and Swiss Germans—maintain their distinct cultural heritage and group identity in an atmosphere of mutual respect and social equality.


Assimilation

The process by which formerly separate groups merge and become integrated as one.

Secondary assimilation occurs when different groups become integrated in public areas and social institutions, such as neighborhoods, schools, workplaces, and government.

Primary assimilation occurs when members of different groups are integrated in personal, associations, as with friends, family, and spouses.


Amalgamation

When different ethnic or racial groups become married or pair-bonded and produce children.

19 states had laws banning interracial marriage until 1967, when they were declared unconstitutional.


Amalgamation

Since 1960: Number of black-white married couples has

increased fivefold

Number of Asian-white married couples has increased tenfold

Number of Hispanics married to non-Hispanics has tripled


Today’s Immigrants

Today 14% of immigrants come from Europe, 33% come from Asia and another 41% come from Mexico and Central and South America.


Future Prospects

Today the most common types of relationships between racial and ethnic groups in the U.S. are: Assimilation Pluralism


Future Prospects

Techniques that have been used to try to improve race and ethnic relations in the U.S. include: collective protest and civil rights

legislation affirmative action programs school programs and busing improving the economy

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