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Unit 11:Evolution & Natural SelectionBIOLOGY 10
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Unit 11: EvolutionTable of Contents
Lesson 11.1: Camouflage & Mimicry
Lesson 11.2: Mutation & Adaptation
Lesson 11.3: Darwin’s Finches Lesson 11.4: Natural Selection Lesson 11.5: Evidence for
Evolution
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Lesson 11.3: Charles Darwin
I can describe how Darwin came to describe natural selection while observing finches (birds) in the Galapagos Islands.
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A reconstruction of the HMS Beagle sailing off Patagonia.
Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery copyright cm
assengale
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5Voyage of the Beagle
Charles Darwin Born Feb. 12,
1809 Joined Crew of
HMS Beagle, 1831
Naturalist 5 Year Voyage
around world Avid Collector of
Flora & Fauna Astounded By
Variety of Life
copyright cmassengale
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6Darwin Left England in 1831
Darwin returned 5 years later in 1836
copyright cmassengale
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The Galapagos IslandsSmall Group of Islands 1000 km
West of South AmericaVery Different ClimatesAnimals On Islands Unique
TortoisesIguanasFinches
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8copyright cm
assengale
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The Galapagos Islands Finches on the islands
resembled a mainland finch
More types of finches appeared on the islands where there was a variety of available food (seeds, nuts, berries, insects…)
Finches had different types of beaks adapted to their type of food gathering
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Darwin’s Finches
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11copyright cm
assengale
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Distribution of Food on The Galapagos Islands
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Predicted Finch Distribution Predict the distribution (presence or absence) of each type of
finch on each of the various Galapagos Islands. Fill in the table on your handout. HINT: Compare the preferred food type & beak shape of each
bird with the type of food available on each island.
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Actual Finch Distribution
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What if . . . The seeds on Espanola started to increase in size?1. What would you expect to happen
immediately to the population of Small Ground Finches?
2. What would you expect to see happen to the population over the next 20 years?
3. What would happen if the size of the seeds decreased again in the future?
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Darwin’s Conclusions The environment
determined which animals would survive and which would die off.
Those adapted to the new environment survived and became different from their mainland relatives.
Examples: Iguanas & Finches
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Lesson 11.4: Natural Selection
I can describe how variation can provide populations an advantage for survival
I can identify examples of adaptations that may have resulted from variations favored by natural selection.
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Natural Selection
Natural Selection: Organisms that are better adapted to an environment survive and reproduce more than others.
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Natural Selection
The Theory of Natural Selection is based on four concepts:1. Overproduction2. Variation3. Competition4. Selection
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1. Overproduction
Each species produces more offspring that can survive
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2. Variation
Each individual has a unique combination of inherited traits.
Adaptation: an inherited trait can increase an organism’s chances of survival
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What adaptations do you see?
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What adaptations do you see?
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Why is Variation Important? Because the environment
changes. The more variation within a
species, the more likely it will survive. EX: A deadly disease strikes an
area, and only those who are immune survive.
The more variation of types of species in an habitat, the more likely at least some will survive. EX: Dinosaurs replaced by
mammals
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Which community has a better chance of surviving a natural disaster?Community A Community B
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3. Competition
Individuals COMPETE for limited resources: Food, water, space, mates, etc.
Natural selection occurs through “Survival of the fittest” Fitness: the ability to survive and
reproduce Best adapted to the environment
Not all individuals survive to adulthood
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4. Selection The individuals with the best traits /
adaptations will survive and have the opportunity to pass on it’s traits to offspring. Natural selection acts on the phenotype
(physical appearance), not the genotype (genetic makeup)
Ex: When a predator finds its prey, it is due to the prey’s physical characteristics, like color or slow speed, not the alleles (BB, Bb)
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4. Selection
Individuals with traits that are not well adapted to their environment either die or leave few offspring.
Evolution occurs when good traits build up in a population over many generations and bad traits are eliminated by the death of the individuals that carried them.
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Q: WHO selects the traits for wild plants and animals?
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INDIVIDUALS THAT HAVE TRAITS THAT ARE BEST ADAPTED FOR THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENT ARE THE ONES THAT SURVIVE TO BREED AND PASS ON THEIR
GENES TO THE NEXT GENERATION.
NOBODY!!
Organisms that do not have the beneficial traits either die or don’t have as many offspring.
There is no agent involved in natural selection.
Natural selection is a process of elimination
Natural Selection is Survival of the Fittest
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“Survival of the Fittest”● Evolutionary fitness isn’t a measure of physical
fitness but of reproductive fitness.● Fitness- Ability to survive and produce
offspring in an environment
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What acts as a selection pressure on a population?• Competition for food• Competition for a mate• Changes in the environment• Predators• Parasites• Human-caused changes to the environment
(deforestation, climate change, pollution, etc.)
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Sexual DimorphismSexual Dimorphism: Differences
between individuals of different sex of the same species
Male is larger in most mammalsIn insects, spiders, birds, reptiles,
amphibians the female is usually larger
In almost every species except for humans, the male is more colorful, as it is his job to attract a mate.
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Sexual Dimorphism
Female Male
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Sexual Dimorphism - Males
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Sexual Dimorphism - Females
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Sexual Selection Sexual selection: selection
towards male/female characteristics that leads to sexual dimorphism
How does this happen?Female mate choiceMale-Male competition
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Sexual Selection – The Bower Bird
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Remember that natural selection does not grant
organisms what they “need,” it only works
with what they are “born” with…
This is the perfect tool for
the job!
FACTORS AFFECTING NATURAL SELECTION:
Overproduction: the more offspring born, the more mouths to feed which equals fewer resources available to all
Variation: if there is no variation within species, all individuals will have the same traits and an equal chance of surviving and reproducing
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FACTORS AFFECTING NATURAL SELECTION:
Competition: different species compete or fight over resources which can affect the number of organisms that survive from generation to generation
Environmental change: changes in the environment may favor certain characteristics over others – ex. Having thick fur during a particularly cold winter may favor an organism’s survival
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Lesson 10.4: Evidence for Evolution
I can give several examples of evidence supporting the theory of evolution.
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Evolution
Evolution = change in populations over time.
More specifically, evolution is genetic change in populations, often leading to observable changes, over time.
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EvolutionSeveral key points:
1. Evolutionary change does not happen overnight.
2. Changes must be heritable – able to be passed on from one generation to the next.
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Evidence for Evolution:
Fossil Record Homologous Body Structures Vestigial Organs Embryology Biochemical Evidence (DNA)
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The Fossil Record Fossils: the impression in the earth
left by the remains of dead organisms.
Fossil Record: a record of the history of life on Earth, documented by fossils.
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Archaeopteryx Similarities between
different fossil species and between fossil species and modern species illustrate a relationship
Missing link between reptiles and birds
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Geological and fossil evidence show that the Earth has evolved (changed over time) too.
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Homologous Body Structures
Homologous Body Structures: similar anatomy in different types of animals because of common ancestor
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Analogous Body Structures Analogous Body Structures: similar
anatomy in different types of animals because similar environmental pressures, NOT an ancestral relationship.
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Vestigial Organs Vestigial Organs: “leftover”
traces of evolution that serve no purpose now.
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Embryology Embryology: embryos of all
vertebrates are very similar early in their development.
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Biochemical Evidence Biochemistry: DNA with more
similar sequences suggest species are more closely related EX: Humans and
chimpanzees share more than 98% of identical DNA sequences
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Review Questions
1. Define "Evolution" & "Natural Selection". 2. Describe the 4 steps of Natural Selection,
giving an example of each. 3. Explain the importance of "Variation". 4. Does Natural Selection act on an
organism phenotype or genotype? Explain! 5. List the 5 evidences that support the
Theory of Evolution.