ppt in curr.. rom (1)

8/2/2019 ppt in curr.. rom (1)

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Instructional Approach ThatSupport Curriculum

Prepared by:Maricris F. Rom

BEE-II (SPED)


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Curriculum Purpose and Content

Focus: Two Approaches to purpose and content

Proponents of two perspectives

Constructivist Behavioral

They are engaged in a ongoing debate about the purpose

and content of the curriculum. They are both agree that the purpose of education is to

promote learning, and psychologist in both groups becausethey have expertise in understanding this process.


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Behavioral

According to this, learning is change inbehavior

Learning is a fundamentally similar process in

all aspects of animals, experiments withlaboratory animals have relevance to thestudy of human learning.

(The experiment had shown thesignificance of the environment in shapingbehavior.


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Joyce and Weil (1986)-

point out that the ideas in behavior theory arebased on the stimulus-response-reinforcementparadigm in which human behavior is thought to beunder the control of the external environment.

Rein forcer - anything in a person environment thatincreases the frequency of a behavior.

In behavioral perspective, it should providedistinctive concept of objectives.


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Teachers attempt to influence behavior, i.e.,cause learning with various stimuli. They

demonstrate (or model) behavior or provideother opportunities for students to observe thedesire response. There may also be an attempt toguide the students with various signals or cues as

they attempt to demonstrate the behavior.Teachers also try to influence learning bymanaging the consequences of behaviors. Theyreinforce behaviors selectively and asimmediately as possible, using grades and praise.

Reinceforcement serves not only as feedback tothe students on the adequacy of their responses,but also as a source of extrinsic motivation.


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Example:

1. Presentation of an addition-of-fraction problem

(the stimulus)2. Demonstration of the correct method for solving

the problem (modeling)

3. Getting students to practice using this methodon similar problems, first as seatwork, then ashomework (providing opportunities for practice)

4. Rewarding students who get the correct answers

(reinforcement)5. Repeating steps 1 through 4 for those who do

not get the correct the correct answer.


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THE SEVEN ELEMENTS IN HUNTERS

DESIGN OF EFFECTIVE LESSONS

Anticipatory set- The teacher gets studentsattention and may also gather diagnostic data.

Objective and purpose- The teacher states

what students will learn and how it will beuseful.

Input- The teacher provides opportunities for

students to acquire new informationnecessary for students to achieve theobjective. This requires a prior task analysis ofthe learning objective.


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Modeling- The teacher provides

opportunities for students to see what theyare supposed to do and have the prerequisiteskills for doing it.

Guided practice- students practice theirknew knowledge or skill under the directsupervision of the teacher.

Independent practice- After the teacher is

reasonably confident that the students willnot make serious errors, the teacher assignsindependent practice exercises.


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Principles that View the curriculum in a

behavioral perspective

A curriculum consists of a set of terminal

objectives stated in observable and measurable.

The purpose of instruction is to change

behavior..The change is from entry behavior to

the terminal behavior specified I the behavioral

objective.

Both the content taught and the method bywhich it is taught is means to the terminal

objectives.


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The Case of Distar:A Behaviorally Oriented Curriculum


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Distar

According to Distar, the major differencebetween advantaged and disadvantaged

children is the skills they possess.

The necessary basic skills are the same

for all children.

Children learn what they are taught.

All children can learn these skills with an

appropriate instructional program.


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Distar

Such a program begins with a series of behavioralobjectives stated as tasks for which it is clear

whether the child has mastered the desired

learning.

Development of a curriculum designed to achieve

these objectives requires a through task analysis,

careful ordering of the task components,

prescribing teaching routines to teach explicitlycomponent in small groups using reinforcement

techniques , and frequent testing both to provide

feedback to the children and for assessment.


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Sense of Distar:

Focus on Behaviors- The wholedevelopment process begins with

objectives that are observable and

measurable. The program is intended to teach skills

explicity- the developers identified these

skills as the sole difference between

educationally disadvantaged children and

their more advantaged counterparts.


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Sense of Distar cont These skills are taught in highly controlled

settings, at least initially, without considerationfor the context in which they are used or thebackground experiences that the children bring

to the classroom. The instructional process is based on

behavioristic reinforcement principles, includingthe complete reliance on extrinsic rather than

intrinsic motivation. The developers of Distar employed a linear,

means-end, technical production model.


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Constructivist

Focuses on the acquisition of internal mentalstructures and processes, sometimes termed

schemata and cognitive operation

Can be seen as response to a behavioral

perspective.

Reject the behavioral perspectives aversion to

mentalistic operations like thinking. This interest

in thinking leads them to conclude thatunderstanding human learning requires the study

of human beings and not other animals.


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Constructivist cont Rejects the blank Slate assumption by

Aristotle.

Views deprive directly from the ideas of the

philosopher Immanuel Kant who claimed thatpeople may be born with certain capacities orstructures for acquiring language, concepts,and skills. (keil,1981).

Constructivist approach to objectives focuseson internal thought processes and cognitivestructures, rather than on performance.


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Most active and influential view in educational

research and curriculum development

Learners construct understanding.

Understand something is to knowrelationship.

Learning depends on prior knowledge.


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Conceptual Change Approach to

teaching

Introduction- The teacher providesadvance organizers, review, and

motivating experiences. Focus students witness an event and a

problem is posed- The teacher provides

opportunities for students to make theirown ideas and explanations of the eventsexplicit.


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Conceptual Change Approach to teaching

cont Challenge and Development- Conflict is

introduced through presentation of adiscrepant event and/or Socratic Questioning.

Students reflect on their own thinking. Application- students solve problems using

the new ideas and discuss and debate theirmerits.

Summary- Teacher and/or studentssummarize findings and link them to otherlesson.


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The Case of Reading Discovery: A

Constructivist Curriculum

Like Distar, reading Recovery is a readingprogram designed for student in early

primary school who are at risk ofeducational failure.

Develop by Marie Clay (1985)

1975- the program adopted rationally inNew Zealand.


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Reading Discovery

First introduced in United States This program is preventative rather than

remedial

This is best describe as System Intervention

Based on the premise that children are activelearners.

Focuses on helping children develop thekinds of strategies that good readers use(Pinhell et.al.,) and enabling them to becomeindependent readers


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Thats All

Thank You..

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