PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 2: Central Dogma by A. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, &...

PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 2:Central Dogma

by A. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, & Christopher Paradise

2.3 How do cells make proteins?

Integrating Concepts in Biology

Title Page Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Biology Learning Objectives• Demonstrate in writing and diagrams how

proteins are made.• Apply the genetic code to deduce the protein

encoded by a mRNA.

Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Fig. 2.20

How are Proteins Made?

What

What is required to build a protein?


Fig. 2.20

Proteins from Amino Acids

What

How do cells make a new (peptide) covalent bond between two amino acids?


Fig. 2.20


What

ingredients: DNA

energy

tRNA

ribosomes

mRNA

amino acids


What

Fig. 2.20


method: gel electrophoresis (denaturing) stain all proteins dark


What What

Fig. 2.20


all ingredients….

…proteins produced


What What

…proteins produced

Fig. 2.20


omit DNA…


What What

Fig. 2.20


omit energy source…

…no proteins produced

What


What What


What

Fig. 2.20


omit tRNA…


What What


What

Fig. 2.20


omit ribosomes…


What What


What

Fig. 2.20


omit mRNAs…


What


What

Fig. 2.20


omit amino acids…


What

Fig. 2.20

Proteins from Amino AcidsDNA is the only ingredient not used in translation.

What …no proteins produced


Fig. 2.20 link

Watch Translation Movie

www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/translation-advanced-detail

sites.fas.harvard.edu/~biotext/animations/TRANSLATE20b.swf

OR


http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/translation-advanced-detail

http://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~biotext/animations/TRANSLATE20b.swf

Decoding the First Codon

Fig. 2.21

What

What modern genetic code tablewith all possible codons

no one knew about codonsor which amino acids werecoded by particular sequences


What

What


Fig. 2.21

The very first experiment tested UUUUUUU to seewhich amino acid wasencoded…..


What

What


Fig. 2.21

measure polymerization over time

modified from Nirenberg and Leder. 1964

What


Fig. 2.21


…UUUU... reaction @ 0° C


What


Fig. 2.21





Fig. 2.21





Fig. 2.21


negative control reactionsno polyU mRNA



Fig. 2.21

UUU encodes phenylalanine (phe = F)


Fig. 2.22

Decoding the Two More Codons

test …AAAA…

lysine polymers(lys = K)


test …CCCC…

lysine polymers(lys = K)

Fig. 2.22

Decoding the Two More Codons


The Genetic Code

Fig. 2.23

first 3 codons deciphered


Stop and Start Codons

Fig. 2.23

1 “start codon”

3 “stop codons”


Amino Acids with Six Codons

Fig. 2.23 Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Amino Acids with One Codon


PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 2:Central Dogma

by A. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, & Christopher Paradise

2.4 Can cells pick and choose information?

Integrating Concepts in Biology

Title Page Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

Biology Learning Objectives• Apply the genetic code to deduce the protein encoded

by a mRNA.• Review different examples of non-linear information,

and determine how they apply to the central dogma.

ELSI Learning Objective• Defend how biologists can be certain that they are

learning new information if they cannot prove their conclusions.


Fig. 2.24A

NCBI Biological Information Database


Fig. 2.24A

The Interface Changes Frequently


Is All Information Linear?

Fig. 2.24

insulin mRNA

insu

lin

mR

NA


Is All Information Linear?

Fig. 2.24insulin mRNA

insu

lin

mR

NA


NCBI Biological Information Database

Fig. 2.24

What

human insulin mRNA sequence aligned with itself

first last bases

firs

t la

st b

ases

same base #300

same base #400

sam

e ba

se #

300

sam

e ba

se #

400


Watch rER Animation Clip

Fig. 2.29b

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJyUtbn0O5Y

start at 1:57 and stop at 2:27







BLAST Align Nucleotide Sequences

IQ #35 Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.

What did you get with mRNA vs gene?

IQ #35

1st

2nd

3rd

3 segmentswith nearlyperfectsequencealignments



IQ #35

dotplot

mRNA

gene



IQ #35

dotplot

mRNA

gene

3 exons



IQ #35

dotplot

mRNA

gene

2 introns


IQ #35

Insulin mRNA vs. Gene

insulin mRNA

insu

lin

gene

why overlap?

why overlap?


IQ #35

Base Matches for mRNA and Gene


IQ #35

Note Nucleotides Used Twice


IQ #37

ORF Finder for NM_000207


IQ #37

Human Insulin Translated


IQ #38

Insulin Translated vs Circulating

translated ORF

puri

fied

pro

tein


IQ #38


translated ORF

puri

fied

pro

tein

removed amino acids

posttranslationally


IQ #38


translated ORF

puri

fied

pro

teinremoved

signal sequence

#1-24


Rough ER


micrograph by George Palade

IQ #38



IQ #38


removed amino acids


PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 2: Central Dogma by A. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, &...

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