PowerPoint Presentationlunar.colorado.edu/~jaburns/astr4800/files/Jan30.pdf•Chapter 2 in Beyond...
Transcript of PowerPoint Presentationlunar.colorado.edu/~jaburns/astr4800/files/Jan30.pdf•Chapter 2 in Beyond...
1/30/2017
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Astronomy 4800 – Space Science: Practice & Policy
ASTR 4800 - Space Science: Practice & PolicyToday: Beginnings of the Space Race – Before Sputnik
• Homework for next class: Science – The Endless Frontier
– HW #1 due on Friday.– Read:
• Chapter 2 in Beyond Sputnik;• McDougall, Chapter 6; and• Science: The Endless Frontier by V. Bush (web article)
Astronomy 4800 – Space Science: Practice & Policy
Space in the News: 6 Things to Know About Trump and NASA
Presenter: Jeremy Muesing
Astronomy 4800 – Space Science: Practice & Policy
V. Lenin (1870-1924)“Dictatorship of the Proletariat”
Astronomy 4800 – Space Science: Practice & Policy
Comparison of Soviet & American Systems in the Early 20th Century
Characteristic U.S.S.R. U.S.
Economy Socialist/Communist Capitalist
Political/CEO Totalitarian/Dictator Democracy/President
Commerce Collectives Private industry
Income level Very poor Wealthy
R&D Little technology Advancing after WWII
International relations Isolationist Isolationist
Astronomy 4800 – Space Science: Practice & Policy
Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky1857-1935
• Considered the father of human space flight.
• First academic treatise on rocketry (1903).
• Calculated escape velocity from Earth (25,000 miles/hr or 11.2 km/sec).
• Proposed multi-stage rocket.
• Designs for space stations, airlocks.
Tsiolkovsky’s crateron the Moon’s farside
“The Earth is the cradle of humanity, but mankind cannot stay in the cradle forever.”
Astronomy 4800 – Space Science: Practice & Policy
How was rocketry consistent with the Bolshevik philosophy?
• Technology needed to survive and compete with the West (Lenin’s lesson from WWI).
• But, Soviets were ideologically opposed to free exchange of ideas!
• Centralized R&D was seductive feature of Soviet system (command & control).
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Astronomy 4800 – Space Science: Practice & Policy
1925
1929
1935
Josef Stalin(1878-1953)
Stalin stifled autonomy thru terror & bytraining a new generation of loyalists.How was research possible in thisenvironment?
Astronomy 4800 – Space Science: Practice & Policy
1940’s1960’s
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev(1907-1966)
Developer of Sputnik & 1st human space flight
Astronomy 4800 – Space Science: Practice & Policy
What was the impact of GermanV-2 rockets after the war?
• von Braun began the U.S. space program at White Sands, NM.
• What did the Soviets get?
• The role of Korolev.
• Military implications to deliver
H-bombs via ICBMs.
Astronomy 4800 – Space Science: Practice & Policy
How did Russian paranoia & the need to catch up drive rocket technology development?
• Tension between “borrowing” and developing technology
• Lack of competitive stimulus
• Risks of failure
• Scarcity of skilled labor
• Organization separation of R&D and production
Astronomy 4800 – Space Science: Practice & Policy
Franklin Roosevelt(1882-1945)
1942
1933
Roosevelt changed fundamental view of the size, scope, and services provided by the Federal Government
1940
Astronomy 4800 – Space Science: Practice & Policy
Contrast in Size of Research in Federal Budget in 1933 versus 2017
• Only $6 million spent in 1933 on research. Let’s inflate this to 2017 $ using Consumer Price Index calculator
=>$110 M.
• This number grew to $1.59 B by 1945 ($21 B in FY17 dollars).
• Using AAAS analysis, today’s total R&D Federal budget is ≈$147 B (-10% decline since FY07).
• What happened and why?
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Astronomy 4800 – Space Science: Practice & Policy
1926 in Roswell, NM
Robert Goddard(1882-1945)
No sponsors for rocketry in the U.S. before WWII!
The NY Times in 1919 said “Professor Goddard does not know the relation of action & reaction, and of the need to have something better than a vacuum again which to react”. The day after Apollo 11 launched in 1969, the Times issued a correction “Further investigations have confirmed…that a rocket can function in a vacuum. The Times regrets the error.”
Astronomy 4800 – Space Science: Practice & Policy
J. Robert Oppenheimer & the Atomic Bomb
(1904-1967)
“I am death, destroyer of worlds” (from Bhagavad-Gita)
It all changed after the Manhattan Project!
Astronomy 4800 – Space Science: Practice & Policy
Why was Russia viewed as technology threat to America?
• Tough Soviet rhetoric (superiority of communism, world revolution).
• Communist subversion of Poland and Eastern Europe.
• Berlin Blockade.