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Astronomy 4800 – Space Science: Practice & Policy
ASTR 4800 - Space Science: Practice & PolicyToday: Legacies of Apollo & New Explorations – Guest
lecture by Greg Schmidt
• Next class: The Origin & Evolution of the Moon – guest lecture by Dr. Bill Bottke. Reading is on class webpage.
• HW #3 due on Sep. 30.
Astronomy 4800 – Space Science: Practice & Policy
Class ExerciseWas the Apollo Program a success? Write one bullet for “yes” and one bullet why it is was not a success.
Greg SchmidtDirector, SSERVI
CU Space Policy Class
Sept. 25, 2019
Legacies of Apollo and New Missions to the Moon
Apollo Lunar Exploration Program
Science-Engineering-Operations Synergism!
Apollo Lunar Exploration Program
Science-Engineering-Operations Synergism!
Apollo Lunar Exploration Program
Science-Engineering-Operations Synergism!
Apollo Lunar Exploration Program
Science-Engineering-Operations Synergism!
Apollo Lunar Exploration Program
Science-Engineering-Operations Synergism!
Apollo Lunar Exploration Program
Science-Engineering-Operations Synergism!
Apollo Lunar Exploration Program
Science-Engineering-Operations Synergism!
Apollo Lunar Exploration Program Apollo Captured Hearts and Minds
Apollo NeedlepointA moment of national unity
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Apollo – the navigation(CNN)– Sending astronauts to the moon and returning them to Earth took thousands of people solving problems no had faced before. One of those people was Stanley Schmidt, chief of the NASA Ames Dynamic Analysis Branch in California.
"My father had been assigned the problem of navigating to the Moon and, as he told it to me, it was a very difficult problem," said Greg Schmidt, Stanley's son and director of NASA's Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute at Ames. "They didn't have a mathematical solution to it. It involved taking a number of different sources of information and combining them in an optimal way to get the best estimate of where your spacecraft is at any time, how fast you're going and other variables, too."
The Dark Years1972-1994
Clementine Mission
Launch date: 25 January 1994 from Vandenberg AFB
Objective: observe the Moon and test sensors and
components under extended exposure to space
environment. Achieved global imaging as well as
altimetry coverage from 60 degrees S to 60 degrees N.
Lunar Prospector Mission
Launch date: 6 January 1998 from Cape Canaveral
Objective: low polar orbit investigation of the Moon.
This included mapping the surface composition and
locating lunar resources, measuring magnetic and
gravity fields, and studying outgassing events.
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)
Launch date: 18 June 2009 from Cape Canaveral
Objective: map lunar surface, continued lunar science
and exploration to support future robotic and human
lunar missions.
Lunar CRater Observing and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS)
Launch date: 18 June 2009 from Cape Canaveral
Objective: confirm the presence or absence of water ice in
a permanently shadowed crater near a lunar polar region.
RADIATION | Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation
INFRARED | Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment
ULTRAVIOLET | Lyman Alpha Mapping Project
NEUTRONS | Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector
ELEVATION | Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter
SUNLIGHT | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera
RADAR | Mini-RF Technology Demonstration
LRO Instruments
NASA's Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment
Explorer (LADEE)
Launch date: 7 September 2013 from the Mid-Atlantic
Regional Spaceport
Objective: study the lunar exosphere and dust in the
Moon's vicinity.
Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL)
Launch date: 10 September 2011 from Cape Canaveral
Objective: map gravity field and geological structure of
the Moon
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The Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project (LOIRP) recovered Images from all 5 Lunar Orbiters Missions. Archived tapes stored since 1960s were read using restored tape drives and digitally remastered at 4x the dynamic range and 2x the resolution of archived USGS images. All images delivered to PDS; could be useful in detecting cratering record from past 50 years-- possible citizen science project?
Original Remastered
A Convergence of Scientific Discoveries
Advancing exploration through lunar and planetary science…
Planetary differentiation processes
Regolith, dust and plasma interactions
Addressing
fundamental and
applied science
questions and
human spaceflight
concerns
Volatiles and other
potential resources
Transformative Lunar Science – A SSERVI white paper
• Establish period of giant planet migration
• Provide absolute chronology for Solar System events
• Understand the lunar water cycle
• Evaluate solar wind interactions with lunar surface and extend record of past extreme space weather events
• Characterize lunar interior
• Use vantage of lunar farside to view the universe
Science Enables Exploration & Exploration Enables Science
Both Enable Commerce
Lunar Resources
SCIENCE EXPLORATION
Composition
Abundance
Regolith Properties
Environmental Conditions
Lateral Distribution
Vertical DistributionRenewability/Age
Isotopic
composition
Yield
Extractability
Storage
Cost
Market
Processing
Transport
COMMERCE
Data buys
Lunar Science for Landed Missions
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• Commercial lunar industry promises greatly increased opportunities for landed missions, and thus science.
• Question: where are the priority sites?
• Lunar Science for Landed Missions workshop conducted 10-12 January 2018
• Co-sponsored by SSERVI and LEAG; Greg Schmidt and Clive Neal co-chairs
• Objective: determine near-term priority targets for lunar landed missions
• Invited talks summarized science and human exploration drivers as well as previous efforts
• Major lunar commerce presence; 2 panel sessions with 8 international companies
• Contributed talks described target areas on the Moon for near-term in-situ science, network science and sample return in a variety of scenarios
• Draft report available at https://lunar-landing.arc.nasa.gov
Landing Site Example – Gruithuisen Domes
Science Themes Exploration Themes Mobility Required? In Situ or Sample Return
S.2, S.3, S.5, A.1 1 and 3 No Both
LROC WAC LOLA
LOLA
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Earth’s Moon Altitude
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Nearside Farside
SPA Basin
Earth’s Moon Crust Thickness
Nearside Farside
Moon’s - Composition
Understand and Utilize the Special Water Cycle of the Moon
1. Identify the origin of water • Return samples for representative lunar pristine rocks
• Measure in-situ, then obtain samples from polar deposits
2. Document mobility of volatiles on the Moon with time• Orbital measurements across latitudes at different time-of-day
• Long-lived in-situ monitoring
3. Measure the magnitude of these resources [Are any renewable?]
• Global assessment with modern orbital remote sensing
• In-situ analyses at poles, pyroclastic deposits, young areas, etc.
Polar
Interior
Surface
H2O
Polar
South Pole North Pole
LCROSS
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Water ReleasedDuring Meteor Showers
Small micro-meteorites Large micro-meteorites
Shock Wave
Subsurface Water Released
Polar
Interior
Surface
H2O
Polar
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Exploration & Science
As humans explore the Solar System, what questions remain for potential near-term destinations?
How can Science enable human exploration?
How can human exploration advance science?
After a decade of integrating lunar and exploration-related research, SSERVI is poised to play a central
role in NASA's new lunar program.
Space Policy Directive – 1Reinvigorating America’s Human Space Exploration Program
“Lead an innovative and sustainable program of
exploration with commercial and international
partners to enable human expansion across the solar
system and to bring back to Earth new knowledge
and opportunities.
Beginning with missions beyond low-Earth orbit, the
United States will lead the return of humans to the
Moon for long-term exploration and utilization,
followed by human missions to Mars and other
destinations.”
NASA is also charged with landing the first woman
and next man at the South Pole of the Moon by 2024.
Artemis Phase 1: To the Lunar Surface by 2024
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Lunar Transport System (Ascent, Descent, Transfer)
Orion/EuropeanService Module
Gateway Phase One
Gateway is Essential for 2024 Landing
Six Days to Orbit the Moon
Fast-track to Lunar Surface OperationsSSERVI teams providing rapid response to Vice President’s directive to land astronauts on the lunar surface within five years.
• In anticipation of the directive, the CLSE team led by LPI and JSC completed a landing site and traverse study of the south polar region (e.g., see figure).
• Teams initiated five new projects to assist with lunar surface operations at the South Pole
• Working with JSC thermal engineers to assess the thermal environment at the lunar South Pole.
• Study of boulders and boulder tracks around the South Pole to evaluate conditions that affect rover trafficability (CLSE)
• Study of the geology of the South Pole to identify an integrated set of science & exploration targets (CLSE)
• Study of cargo and crew lander dust-pluming effects to evaluate distance and/or local South Pole topography needed to protect existing surface assets (collaborative CLSE & CLASS effort)
• Telerobotic studies using ISS, laboratory, and Virtual/Augmented Reality simulations (collaborative NESS, FINESSE, & CLSE effort)
• CLSE also redirected funds to fast-track contributions to land astronauts on the Moon within five years
• Providing lunar surface expertise to NASA civil servants
• SSERVI providing channel to support non-civil servant work to meet aggressive five year schedule
• Teams are moving forward to do the hard work asked of the nation last week. There is a lot to do!
Two traverses designed for crew rovers that
explore potential water ice-bearing regions
with high-value science targets and ISRU
potential. The landing site, in this case, is a
few kilometers from the South Pole.
Traverse study is a CLSE result, recently
published in Advances of Space Research
(Allender et al. 2019).
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• Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS)
Two deliveries per year
Drive to enable community-driven science
• Instrument Development and Delivery
Instruments for CLPS
Maturation of instrument concepts (DALI)
• VIPER Polar Rover
NASA-built rover to the lunar surface in late CY2022
Delivery by CLPS provider via on-ramp for enhanced capability
• Follow on missions (commercial rovers) approximately every 24 months
• Long Duration Rover Investments
• Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission Operations
• Lunar SmallSats
SIMPLEX
CubeSats/SmallSats delivered into lunar orbit by CLPS
• Apollo Next Generation Sample Analysis (ANGSA)31
Lunar Discovery and Exploration Program
• Contract awards announced November 29:
• Services will be acquired through Task Orders
• First Lunar Surface Transportation Task Order awarded May 2019
• Expected Task Order cadence of 2 per year
• Future on-ramps for additional providers and as more capabilities are needed
On-ramp RFP for enhanced lander services capability to be released soon.
Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS)
Astrobotic Technology, Inc Firefly Aeronautics, Inc. Masten Space Systems, Inc.
Deep Space Systems Intuitive Machines, LLC Moon Express
Draper Lockheed Martin Space Orbit Beyond
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• Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS)
Two deliveries per year
Drive to enable community-driven science
• Instrument Development and Delivery
Instruments for CLPS
Maturation of instrument concepts (DALI)
• VIPER Polar Rover
NASA-built rover to the lunar surface in late CY2022
Delivery by CLPS provider via on-ramp for enhanced capability
• Follow on missions (commercial rovers) approximately every 24 months
• Long Duration Rover Investments
• Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission Operations
• Lunar SmallSats
SIMPLEX
CubeSats/SmallSats delivered into lunar orbit by CLPS
• Apollo Next Generation Sample Analysis (ANGSA)
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Lunar Discovery and Exploration Program (LDEP)
VIPER: The Intersection Between Exploration and Science
Common Objectives• The spatial distribution and form of volatiles:
The what, where and how much
• The relationship between the distribution and
forms to environmental context, such as
temperature
• The reservoirs, sources, sinks and history
Late
ral
Dis
trib
uti
on
Ver
tica
l
Dis
trib
uti
on
Form
of
the
Wat
er
The
chem
istr
y
and
iso
top
es
The
Co
nte
xt
Explo
ration
An understanding of the spatial distribution and
form of volatiles: The what, where and how much.
An understanding of the relationship between the
distribution and forms to environmental context
such as temperature
An understanding of the reservoirs, sources, sinks
and history
Scie
nce
Observations
Mission Features• Multi-lunar day duration at South Pole (for Dec. 2022
launch)
• Designed to traverse 10s of kilometers
• Provides feed forward to follow-on missions and resource
maps of visited sites and extrapolation to orbital data sets
Looking forward
- Bridenstine’s challenges: Will the third time (SEI,
Constellation, now Artemis) be the charm?
- Bringing in both sides of the aisle
- Pelosi: “As far as having a woman step foot on the moon, our hopes are riding on you.”
- What’s different now?
- Nascent lunar industry (GLXP)
- Sustainability?
- New science points toward ISRU
- Discovery of water is a game changer
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• Although Kennedy started Apollo, attempts to return
to the Moon since have been by Republican
presidents (Bush I, Bush II and Trump). Why has this
happened? How can a lunar return appeal more to the
other side of the aisle?
• What do you see as the biggest challenges of creating
a truly sustainable return to the Moon?
• How big of an economic opportunity do you think will
be revealed by lunar commerce?
• You’ve all been asked to think of the reasons “why we
explore.” Another question for you – why do we not
explore? (ref the “dark years” – 1972-1994).
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A little gedanken..
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Future Moon
Living off the Land
Science & Exploration
Multi-planet Species
Fuel Depot
Mining
Manufacturing
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QUESTIONS?
Backup
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VIPER Payload: Neutron Spectrometer System (NSS)NSS (NASA ARC/Lockheed Martin ATC)PI: Rick Elphic (NASA ARC)
Instrument Type: Two channel neutron spectrometer
Key Measurements: NSS assesses hydrogen and bulk composition in the top meter of regolith, measuring down to 0.5% (wt) WEH to 3swhile roving
Operation: NSS is on continuously while roving
Instrument Name NSS
Mass [kg], CBE 1.9*
Dimensions [cm] Sensor Module:21.3 x 32.1 x 6.8Data Processing Module:13.9 x 18.0 x 3.0
Power [W] 1.6
Sensitivity WEH to >0.5 wt% water-equivalent at 10 cm/s
Accuracy 5 – 10% absolute
*Total Mass Breakdown:• Sensor Module: 1284g• Data Processing Module: 287g\• 2-m cable harness, DPM-SM: 147g • Heaters and misc.: 170g
Sensor Module (HVPS and
Front-End Electronics)
Thermal neutron detector
Epithermal neutron detector Data Processing Module
VIPER Payload: Near InfraRed Volatiles Spectrometer System (NIRVSS)
NIRVSS (ARC, Brimrose Corporation)
PI: Anthony Colaprete (NASA ARC)
Instrument Type: NIR Point Spectrometer, 4Mpxl Panchromatic Imager with 7 LEDs, four channel thermal radiometer
Key Measurements: Volatiles including H2O, OH, and CO2 and, minerology, surface morphology and temperatures
Operation: On continuously while roving and during drill operations
Primary Measurements:Components• AOTF NIR Point Spectrometer: 1300-4000nm• Spectrometer Context Imager (SCI): 4Mpxl imager with seven LEDs between
340-940nm• Longwave Calibration Sensor (LCS): IR flux and surface temperature down to
<100K to ± 5K• Lamp: Dual filament tungsten lamp provides even, calibrated light source when
in shadow
Spec. Fiber Aperture
IR Lamp
SCI
LEDs
LCS
Spectrometer Bracket Assembly
Instrument Name NIRVSS
Mass [kg] 3.57 kg (not including Fiber)
Dimensions [cm]
Spectrometer Module:18x18x8.5Observation Bracket20.4x13x15.1
Power [W], AvgSpectrometer = 12Bracket Assembly = 5.26Lamp = 12.3
SensitivityRange: 1.2 to 4.0 mmSNR>100 at 2 and 3 mmWater Ice to <0.25%
Accuracy Radiance to <25%
VIPER Payload: Mass Spectrometer Observing Lunar Operations (MSolo)
Instrument Name MSolo
Mass, CBE 6 kg
Dimensions 15.5 x 20 x 46 cm
Power Average 35 W while scanning
Detectors Faraday Cup (MDPP* 1.5e-12 Torr)
Electron Multiplier (MDPP* 2e-15 Torr)
MSolo (KSC, INFICON, NSF– SHREC Space Processor, & Blue Sun – Virtual Machine Language)PI: Janine Captain (NASA KSC)
Instrument Type: Quadrupole mass spectrometer
Key Measurements: Identify low-molecular weight volatiles between 2-100 amu, unit mass resolution to measure isotopes including D/H and 018/016
Operation: Views below rover and at drill cuttings, volatile analysis while roving and during drill activities
14 cm
20 cm
46 cm
15.5 cm
MSolo Instrument
MS Sensor
*MDPP – minimum detectable partial pressure @ m/z 28 with open ion source
VIPER Payload: The Regolith and Ice Drill for Exploring New Terrain (TRIDENT)
Instrument Name TRIDENT
Mass [kg], CBE 18 (includes launch locks). Can be reduced for lander deployment.
Dimensions (stowed) [cm] 27 x 22 x 177 (for 1-m depth). Can be reduced for lander deployment.
Power [W] Idle: < 5Augering: ~20 nominal, 175 maxPercussion: 0 nominal, 150 max
Telemetry (while operating) ~3.4 kbits/s
TRIDENT (Honeybee Robotics)PI: Kris Zacny
Instrument Type: 1-meter hammer drill
Key Measurements: Excavation (and potential delivery) of subsurface material to 100 cm; Subsurface temperature vs depth; Strength of regolith vs depth (info on ice-cemented ground vs. ice-soil mixture).
Operation: Performs subsurface assays down to 100 cm in <1 hr, depositing cuttings at surface for inspection by other instruments.
TRL6 Drill Lunar cryo-chamber tests at GRC
SIMPLEx-2: Lunar Trailblazer (PI: Ehlmann, Caltech | DPI: Klima, APL)
An ESPA-Grande sized craft, deployable from any GTO orbit, Trailblazer uses nested measurement sets
from
1) High-resolution Volatiles and Minerals Moon Mapper (HVM3): a JPL-built imaging spectrometer
(0.6-3.6 μm)
2) Lunar Thermal Mapper (LTM): University of Oxford-built multispectral thermal camera (7-100 μm)
to determine the form, abundance, and distribution of water on the Moon. Distribution is mapped a
function of latitude, time-of-day, soil maturity, and lithology. Terrain-scattered light is used to map in
permanently shadowed craters. Bonus science: compositional maps of igneous lithology
M3 OH/H2O map
• Trailblazer addresses major scientific questions about the Moon and water cycles on airless
bodies directly from the Planetary Science Decadal Survey.
• Trailblazer also forges a path for future exploration by evaluating locations of the operationally useful deposits of water and providing compositional basemaps of landing zones
LROC view in
permanently shadowed
polar regions
Exa
mpl
e da
tase
t:
Flig
thtS
yste
m:
Lunar Trailblazer
(5-m w/ panels
deployed)
• 13 payloads selected on Feb 21, 2019
Near-ready or ready-to-fly payloads
Open to science, technology and exploration type payloads
NASA Provided Lunar Payloads (NPLP)
Instrument Name Payload Classification Lead Organization
SEAL: Surface and Exosphere Alterations by Landers Entry, Descent, & Landing NASA GSFC
Linear Energy Transfer Spectrometer Instrument - Spectrometer NASA JSC
Stereo Cameras for Lunar Plume-Surface Studies (SCALPSS) Entry, Descent, & Landing NASA LaRC
Solar Cell Demonstration Platform for Enabling Long-Term Lunar Surface Power Power Technology Demonstration NASA GRC
Near-Infrared Volatile Spectrometer System Instrument - Regolith Properties NASA ARC
Neutron Spectrometer System Instrument - Neutron Spectrometer NASA ARC
Lunar Node 1 (LN-1) Navigation Demonstrator Navigation NASA MSFC
Neutron Measurements at the Lunar Surface Instrument - Neutron Spectrometer NASA MSFC
PROSPECT Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometer (PITMS) for Lunar Surface Volatiles Instrument - Mass Spectrometer NASA GSFC
Development of NASA Provided Lunar Payload: Fluxgate Magnetometer Instrument - Magnetometer NASA GSFC
Low-frequency Radio Observations from the Near Side Lunar Surface Instrument - Radio Frequency NASA GSFC
Navigation Doppler Lidar (NDL) for Precise Velocity and Range Sensing Entry, Descent, & Landing NASA JSC
Mass Spectrometer Observing Lunar Operations (M-SOLO) Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer NASA KSC
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• 12 payloads selected on July 1, 2019
Near-ready or ready-to-fly payloads
Open to science, technology and exploration type payloads
Lunar Surface Instrument and Technology Payload
(LSITP)
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