PowerPoint Presentation · o 60% use power plants ... Case Study: Florida Manatee If the power...

1/26/2016

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Good Morning!

• Come and pickup a notecard from me. Only 1 per

student.

Random Quiz #1

• Don’t freak out, you get credit whether your

answer is correct or not.

• Should give you a feel for what test questions may

be like.

• Write your FULL NAME, what you like to go by,

and student number on your card

• Each student can only turn in one note card at the

end of class

Random Quiz #11. In the example with the adders, they found

individuals from isolated populations had

smaller litter size, inviable offspring, and less

genetic diversity. What is this an example of?

2. When looking at growth curves, we

discussed two classic curves. Exponential and

logistic. Logistic assumes an upper bound for

populations (K) resulting from limited

resources. What is the common term for K?

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Answer: Inbreeding depression










Answer: Inbreeding depression






Answer: K = Carrying Capacity

urban suburban exurban wildland

Urban Avoider

the urban gradient

Wildlife Responses to Urbanization

Suburban AdapterUrban Invader

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Rural versus urban

wildlife communities

• Lower diversity

• Multiple species with no evolutionary history

• Over representation of exotic species

• More generalists and less specialists

• Show altered behavioral patterns

Urban communities tend to have:

General characteristics:

Urban avoider

• Sensitive, can’t tolerate:

- fragmented habitat, reduced food or shelter,

pollution, competition, etc.

• Specialist

• Often large species (herbivores,

predators) but not always


Urban avoiders-birds

Western wood pewee Hutton’s vireo

Interior nesting birds, tree foraging insectivores, Neotropical

migrants, and ground nesting birds

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Suburban adapter

• Can benefit if sufficient native habitat available

• Can take advantage of “edge”

• Can survive in small patches

• Highly adaptable

• May use human provided shelter or food

• May need access to habitat that is undisturbed

American Robin Swallows

Edge species, ground foragers, omnivores, seedeaters


Suburban adapter - birds


Urban exploiter (adapter)

• Generalist

- Use human structures as shelter

- Use human provided food sources

• Populations increase with development

• “Bold” temperament

• Small individuals

• Can be either native or exotic

• Tends to homogenize populations in cities

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Peregrine Falcon European Starling

Cavity nesters, cliff dwellers, omnivores


Suburban exploiter - birds

Urban bird communities:

Typically less diverse (more homogenized), dominated

by fewer species and support more biomass than

natural communities

Case Study: Urban Bird Communities

Marzluff and Rodewald 2008

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Marzluff & Rodewald (2008)

Bird Diets and Responses to

Urbanization What is this

telling us?

Amphibian urban “avoiders”

Southern toadlet (Pseudophryne semimarmorata),

needs moist area/ponds to breed

Common spadefoot toad (Neobatrachus sudelli)

Needs soil to burrow and natural ponds to reproduce

Amphibian urban

“exploiters/invaders”

Southern brown tree frog (Litoria ewingii), can climb and

use artificial water bodies

Striped marsh frog (Limnodynastes peronii), can breed

in degraded habitats

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Case Study: Prairie Bats

• Bats need vertical elements to nest

• Natural prairies are flat and homogenous

Compared to neighboring prairies, do urban areas

support a greater abundance of prairie bats?

The big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscusphoto: Jessica Nelson


Compared urban areas to non-urban areas

• Mist nets/acoustic monitoring

• Alberta, Canada

• 8 different bat species native to the area

Coleman and Barclay (2012) Urban Ecosyst

What did they find? Why?

Little brown myotis, Myotis lucifugus


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• Found increases in one species of

Prairie bat

• Overall decrease in bat diversity

• Urban invader versus avoider


Case Study: Banana bats

• Some riparian insectivorous bats forage at rivers

polluted by wastewater treatment works

• Insects are in direct contact with pollutants

are tolerant; eaten by bats

Naidoo et al. (2013) African Zoology


the banana bat, Neoromicia nana

• Are diptera insects (midges) more abundant

• Are N. nana (bats) more abundant

• Is metal content higher

In the water

In bat tissues

Want to know:


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Three location types: (what were they?)

• Sampled insect abundance (black light trap)

• Sampled bat abundance

Recorded echolocation

Mist nets

• Sampled for metal

water

In bat tissues

Methods:



• Midges (diptera) more abundant at polluted sites

• More N. nana feeding activity at polluted sites

Results:



Results:


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Results:


What are the

implications for urban

invaders?

• Metal content (Cd, Ni, Cr) higher

In the water

In bat tissues (kidneys)

Florida Manatee (Trirhechus manatus Iatirostris)

Endangered (IUCN/Endangered Species Act)

Case Study: Florida Manatee

ARKive photo: David Fleetman

• Need warm water in winter

“cold stress syndrome”, hypothermia

Warm water discharges

o 15% use natural springs

o 60% use power plants

Thermal basins

• High site fidelity (distinct subpopulations)

Laist and Reynolds, III (2005) Marine Mammal Science


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• Limited access to alternatives (locks, dams, silt)

• Carrying capacity of areas

• Diversion of water, decreased water quality

• Site fidelity

Laist and Reynolds, III (2005) Marine Mammal Science


If the power plants close,

what happens to manatees?

Urban “invaders”

• Pest species?

• Invasive species?

• How do you classify?


• Pest species?

• Invasive species?

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What do you do about these

species if you were a wildlife

manager?

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