REX BOOTH, CISSP, PMP SENIOR MANAGER, GRANT THORNTON LLP Introduction to Web Application Security.
Power Quality Mike Thornton National Sales Manager.
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Transcript of Power Quality Mike Thornton National Sales Manager.
Power Quality
Mike Thornton
National Sales Manager
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Poor Power Quality: What is it TO YOU?
Any event related to the electrical network that makes you lose money…- Power supply failures
E.g. Breakers tripping, fuses blowing
- Equipment failure, malfunctioning and lifetime reduction
E.g. - Equipment overheating (transformers, motors, …)
- Damage to sensitive equipment (PCs, UPS-systems, Drives)
- Capacitor problems
- Electronic communication interference
- System losses
- Utility regulations G5/4 and penalties
- Personnel issues (illness, work efficiency, …)
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A load which draws a non-sinusoidal (distorted) current, when a pure sinusoidal voltage is applied, is a non-linear load
Where do harmonics come from?
‘Sinusoidal’ supply voltage
Non-linear load
All non-linear loads create harmonics
Harmonics = the distorted waveform – the 50Hz/60Hz part in the waveform
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Non-linear loads are everywhere
and in ever increasing number!
Industrial loads (mainly 3-wire systems)
AC and DC drives, UPS-systems, …
=> Harmonics between phases, imbalance,sometimes reactive power
Commercial loads (mainly 4-wire systems)
All office equipment such as computers, fluorescent lighting, photo copiers, fax-machines, …
=> Harmonics in neutral and between phases, imbalance, sometimes reactive power
are connected between line & neutral generating 3rd harmonic in the neutral conductor
Some loads are unbalanced
Where to find non-linear loads?
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The best solution to harmonic problems
Active harmonic filters Filtering principle: cancellation of harmonics by equal and opposite
harmonic generation by an active filter device
-1 .3
1 .3
0 3 6 0
LOADCURRENT
-2 0
0
2 0
4 0
1 5 7 1 1 1 3 1 7 1 9
-1 .3
1 .3
0 3 6 0
ACTIVE FILTERCURRENT
-2 0
0
2 0
4 0
1 5 7 1 1 1 3 1 7 1 9
-1 .3
1 .3
0 3 6 0
CLEANFEEDER
CURRENT
-2 0
0
2 0
4 0
1 5 7 1 1 1 3 1 7 1 9
Wa
vefo
rms
+=
Ha
rmo
nic
s
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Cable car application
230kW 230kW PQF
10kV/0.4kV 630kVA/4.3%
Problem:
- Utility uses ripple control signals at 1050 Hz and 1600 Hz- High frequency components present on the public network
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Cable car application
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0
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Cur
rent
[A]
Time [ms]
FILTER OFF - [09/12/97]
0
50
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150
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300
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400
450
500
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Cur
rent
[Arm
s]
Harmonics
FILTER OFF - [09/12/97]
Initial line current without ABB active filter
Solution: ABB active filter
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Cable car application
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Cu
rren
t [A
]
Time [ms]
FILTER RUNNING - [09/12/97]
Cur
rent
[Arm
s]
0
50
100
150
200
250
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500
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50Harmonics
FILTER RUNNING - [09/12/97]
Filtered line current with ABB active filter
Solution: ABB active filter
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Neutral protection overload
Protection
Ith (L): 100ARMS
N: 65-80% * Ith
MV LV
PQFT
L1 (R)
L2 (Y)
L3 (B)
N
NL Loads:
- Fluor. light - PCs- ...
NL Loads:
- Fluor. light - PCs- ...
NL Loads:
- Fluor. light - PCs- ...
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Neutral protection overload
H3 in neutral with and without filterWithout filter:
- IH3 150 ARMS
With filter:
- IH3 0 ARMS
Time [10 ms/div]
I [100 A/div]
I [100 A/div] Without filter
With filter
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THE solution to poor power quality
ABB premium class Active Filters:
PQFK PQFM PQFI
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Power Quality Solutions
Power Factor Correction
Passive Harmonic Filters
Active Harmonic Filters
Flicker – Dynamic Compensation
A global leaderin power and automation technologies
that enable utility and industry customersto improve their performance
while lowering environmental impact