Poultry Nutrition and Feeding
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Transcript of Poultry Nutrition and Feeding
Poultry Nutrition and Feeding
Nutrients
Carbohydrates and Fats (Energy)Protein and Amino acidsMineralsVitaminsWater
Carbohydrates and Fats (Energy)
CarbohydratesSugar, starches Indigestible fiber (cellulose) not used
Energy is needed for •Muscular activity, movement, and keeping warm•Biochemical energy for maintenance and growth of tissue
Glucose is metabolized and energy (ATP) is released
Energy expressed as caloriesMost of feed intake is for calories (about 80% of the diet)
Fats help make cell membranes
Energy Sources
Cereal Grains Corn (maize): world’s most important feed grainWheatBarley, oatsSorghums (milo): tanninsMillet (pearl millet, foxtail millet, proso millet)Rice
Alternative Energy Sources
Cereals and milling by-productsWheat middlingsRice screenings
Roots and tubersCassava (manioc) roots, sweet potatoes, taro, yams
Fruits and by-productsBanana and plantain, breadfruit, dates
MiscellaneousMolasses (by-product of sugar cane industry)Fats (palm oil, coconut oil, animal fats)
Protein
Muscle tissue (meat) is protein
Amino acidsBuilding blocks of protein; protein synthesis
Essential amino acids Can’t be made by chickenMust be in the diet
About 20% of diet needs to be protein
Protein sources
LegumesSoybeans or soybean meal (cooked or heat-treated)Peanut meal
Sunflower, safflower, sesame meals
Field peas, beans (navy, lima, fava)
Popular Feed Combination
GrainsLow in lysine; high in methionine
LegumesHigh in lysine, low in methionine
Corn/soybean diet is most common
Synthetic amino acidsMethionine and lysine often limiting
Alternative Protein Sources
Cottonseed meal
Coconut meal, palm kernel meal
Milling by-productsCorn gluten meal
Brewers and distillers by-products
Animal Protein Meals
Fishmeal
Meat and bone meal
Blood and offal
Milk, buttermilk and dairy by-products (whey)
Minerals
Part of body: Bone Egg shell
Electrolytes function in fluid balance to maintain concentration gradients Only about 3-4% of diet
Macro-MineralsCalciumPhosphorusSodiumPotassiumChlorineMagnesiumSulfur
Calcium and phosphorus must be balanced 2 parts calcium : 1 part available phosphorus
Macro-Mineral Sources:Limestone or oyster shellBone mealSalt
Micromineral (trace minerals)
Function as activators or cofactors of enzymes
IronIodineZincManganeseCopperSeleniumMolybdenumChromium
Source:Wood ashes may provide trace minerals for scavenging poultry
Vitamins
Co-factors of enzymes to catalyze reactions in the bodyLess than 1% of the diet
Water-soluble Vitamins (rapidly excreted)Vitamin CB-Complex Vitamins
Thiamin B1 Pantothenic acidRiboflavin B2 NiacinPyridoxine B6 Folic acidCyanocobalamin B12 BiotinCholine
Fat-soluble Vitamins (can be stored in fatty tissue)Vitamin A Vitamin EVitamin D Vitamin K
Vitamin Sources
Premix
Yeast (B-complex vitamins )Green fodder (B-complex vitamins, vitamin A)Alfalfa mealDairy by-products (whey, buttermilk)Brewery wastesAnimal by-productsMilling by-products (bran, middlings)
Alternative feeds
Make use of local feed resources
Scavengable Feed Resource BaseTable scraps, harvest wastes
Efficient waste disposal system
ForageSeedsGreen fodderLegume plants, tree legumes
Live proteinEarthwormsInsects (fly larvae, grasshoppers, crickets, termites, bees)Snails
Disease vectors
Collect live protein
Quality assurance
Moldy feed is a concern
Weed seeds
Variability
Nutritional deficiency diseases
Deficiency SymptomRiboflavin Curled toe paralysisNiacin Slipped tendon (perosis)
Calcium or phosphorus Rickets
Iron AnemiaIodine Goiter
Feed is the major cost of production
Full-feeding recommended
Weight of the feed required is at least twice the expected marketweight of the birds
Water
Chickens are 85% waterDeath in one day without water in hot weather
Water should be clean and cool
100 broilers drink 28.8 liters on a 21 C day (7.6 gallons) (70 F)
100 broilers drink 47.3 liters on a 32 C day (12.5 gallons) (90 F)
Non-nutritive feed additives
Medications: antibiotics, anticoccidials, insecticides, wormers
Preservatives: antifungal
Pigments: to add color to skin and egg yolks
Sources of poultry feeds:
•Prepare feed from local grain and feedstuffs
•Prepare feed from local grains/protein sources and imported concentrates
•Commercial feed
Feeding systems
Scavenging birdsSupplement diet
Range birds get protein and vitamins from green forageSupplement with energy and mineralsMore supplementation if dry, fibrous vegetation
Feeding a concentrate supplement with cheap, bulky feed
Pasture management
Irrigate if possible
Alfalfa, clover, local forages
Self-feeding vs. cut and carry
Formulas for Feed Rations
No simple answerMany different recipes are possibleNutrient requirements vary according to stage of production
Starter, grower, finisherType of poultry
Broiler, layer, breeder, turkey, duck, geeseClimate
Ingredients vary in nutrient contentLarge manufacturers change formulation daily or weekly
depending on price of ingredients
Free-Choice Cafeteria Feeding
Feed in 3 separate containersEnergy-richProtein-richMineral-rich
Birds can balance own diet
Feed Mixing
Gather feed ingredientsGrind ingredientsSmall ingredients need to be especially well-mixedMix on flat surface or use concrete mixer
Large manufacturers use mechanical mixersProduce mash, crumbles, or pellets
Storage probably less than 2 months