POTENTIAL OF URBAN WETLAND AS A TARGET OF HABITAT ... · AS A TARGET OF HABITAT RESTORATION AND...
52
POTENTIAL OF URBAN WETLAND AS A TARGET OF HABITAT RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT Keita FURUKAWA National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, 3-1-1, Nagase, Yokosuka, 239-0826, Japan [email protected] To restore the coastal habitat, surrounding dynamic coastal ecosystem (wetland system) also needs to be restored. Nevertheless, coastal wetlands are decreasing in alarming rate. It is unable to reverse the tendency unless changing fundamental causes such as uncontrolled economical development, excess use of resources, and lack of public interest. Nevertheless, it should not be a choice of “this or that”. One way to implement breakthrough measures can be the restoration of wetlands in urban area using sound ecological engineering to incorporate the restoration and the development. Now Japan is trying to implement such an “urban wetland” solution by both top-down and bottom-up approach. The top-down approach: The Tokyo bay renaissance promotion conference has enacted a mid-term action plan (ten years since 2003). The plan put a target as “restore the beautiful coastal environment for enabling pleasant use and sustaining biodiversity as a wealth of capital”. The restoration of coastal wetland as a habitat is one of a prioritized action in the plan. The urban wetlands to be restored or managed have been listed up as “appeal points”. The appeal point is monitoring point for assessing the achievement of the target. These structures of the target setting to assessing the plan enable to facilitate an adaptive management for the urban wetland implementation. These kinds of action plans have been set not only Tokyo Bay but also Osaka, Ise-mikawa, and Hiroshima Bays as a part of the national bay renaissance project. For example, the “Shibaura-island’s habitat creation project” has been implemented as a collaborative practice with local governments, researcher, and NPO to make an urban wetland for entertaining local residences in Tokyo Bay. The project has been supported by estuarine system research surrounding environment and structural consideration to sustain the suitable habitat quality. In Osaka Bay, the other practice has been ongoing. That is a collaborative research project at constructed wetland in the appeal point in Osaka Bay renaissance project. The targets of the research were habitat structural design in detail, and material selection for the rich biodiversity in the habitat. ― 48 ―
Transcript of POTENTIAL OF URBAN WETLAND AS A TARGET OF HABITAT ... · AS A TARGET OF HABITAT RESTORATION AND...
POTENTIAL OF URBAN WETLAND
AS A TARGET OF HABITAT RESTORATION AND
MANAGEMENT
Keita FURUKAWA
National Institute for Land and
Infrastructure Management, 3-1-1, Nagase,
Yokosuka, 239-0826, Japan
To restore the coastal habitat, surrounding dynamic coastal ecosystem (wetland
system) also needs to be restored. Nevertheless, coastal wetlands are decreasing in
alarming rate. It is unable to reverse the tendency unless changing fundamental causes
such as uncontrolled economical development, excess use of resources, and lack of
public interest. Nevertheless, it should not be a choice of “this or that”. One way to
implement breakthrough measures can be the restoration of wetlands in urban area using
sound ecological engineering to incorporate the restoration and the development. Now
Japan is trying to implement such an “urban wetland” solution by both top-down and
bottom-up approach.
The top-down approach: The Tokyo bay renaissance promotion conference has
enacted a mid-term action plan (ten years since 2003). The plan put a target as “restore
the beautiful coastal environment for enabling pleasant use and sustaining biodiversity
as a wealth of capital”. The restoration of coastal wetland as a habitat is one of a
prioritized action in the plan. The urban wetlands to be restored or managed have been
listed up as “appeal points”. The appeal point is monitoring point for assessing the
achievement of the target. These structures of the target setting to assessing the plan
enable to facilitate an adaptive management for the urban wetland implementation.
These kinds of action plans have been set not only Tokyo Bay but also Osaka,
Ise-mikawa, and Hiroshima Bays as a part of the national bay renaissance project.
For example, the “Shibaura-island’s habitat creation project” has been implemented
as a collaborative practice with local governments, researcher, and NPO to make an
urban wetland for entertaining local residences in Tokyo Bay. The project has been
supported by estuarine system research surrounding environment and structural
consideration to sustain the suitable habitat quality. In Osaka Bay, the other practice has
been ongoing. That is a collaborative research project at constructed wetland in the
appeal point in Osaka Bay renaissance project. The targets of the research were habitat
structural design in detail, and material selection for the rich biodiversity in the habitat.
― 48 ―
Both urban wetlands have given good practice of adaptive management.
The bottom-up approach: Under these circumstances, situation understanding, target
setting, research and development, and systemizing have been discussed and
implemented for coastal habitat restoration by different sectors and organizations.
For example, a new terrace type wetland constructed by a governmental construction
office in Yokohama. A public participate monitoring and maintenance practice is
ongoing. An urban wetland park was planned by private development sector in
Yokohama MM21. A NPO has designed management plan for the urban park with local
residences, and organized a series of participatory classes. In Odaiba marine park in
Tokyo, constructed by Tokyo metropolitan government, a primary school is operating
environmental education program incorporate with a consortium of parents, NPO,
government, and local fishermen. These wetland restorations have given chance to
various sectors for participation.
― 49 ―
PO
TE
NT
IAL
OF
UR
BA
N W
ET
LN
AD
PO
TE
NT
IAL
OF
UR
BA
N W
ET
LN
AD
AS
A T
AR
GE
T O
F H
AB
ITA
T R
ES
TO
RA
TIO
N A
ND
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
AS
A T
AR
GE
T O
F H
AB
ITA
T R
ES
TO
RA
TIO
N A
ND
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
Keita F
uru
kaw
a,
NIL
IM,
Jap
an
Odaib
a E
nvironm
enta
l E
ducation P
rom
otion C
om
mitte
e
Associa
tion for
Shore
Environm
ent C
reation
Tokyo G
yore
nK
oyo E
lem
enta
ry S
chool
Associa
tion o
f B
anzu S
ato
um
i
Urb
an
Are
a:
Mix
ture
of
Use
10km
It s
hould
im
ple
men
t ‘‘ W
ise
use
Wis
e use
’’co
nce
pt
in a
bal
ance
conce
pt
in a
bal
ance
of en
viro
nm
enta
l co
nse
rvat
ion a
nd d
evel
opm
ent.
of en
viro
nm
enta
l co
nse
rvat
ion a
nd d
evel
opm
ent.
It c
an b
e an
urb
an t
ype
It c
an b
e an
urb
an t
ype ““ S
ato
umi
Sato
um
i ””
The
top
The
top
-- dow
n ap
proa
ch for
Urb
an
dow
n ap
proa
ch for
Urb
an
Wet
land
Res
tora
tion
Wet
land
Res
tora
tion
The C
om
mitte
e
(Decis
ion M
aker)
Secre
tari
at
of
the C
om
mitte
e
(Decis
ion M
akin
g P
roce
ss)
WG
3:
Mo
nit
ori
ng
WG
1:
Lan
dW
G2:
Sea
Repre
sente
d b
y B
ure
au
Managers
of R
ela
ted
Min
istr
ies a
nd L
ocal
Govern
ments
(30)
Repre
sente
d b
y
Se
ction C
hie
f o
f
Rela
ted B
ure
au (
30)
Go
al:
Re
sto
re t
he
be
au
tifu
l co
asta
l en
vir
on
men
t fo
r G
oal:
Re
sto
re t
he
be
au
tifu
l co
asta
l en
vir
on
men
t fo
r
en
ab
lin
g p
leas
an
t u
se
an
d s
usta
inin
g b
iod
ive
rsit
y a
s a
en
ab
lin
g p
leas
an
t u
se
an
d s
usta
inin
g b
iod
ive
rsit
y a
s a
wealt
h o
f cap
ital.
w
ealt
h o
f cap
ital.
Acti
on
Pla
ns f
or
To
kyo
Bay
Ren
ais
san
ce
To
kyo
Ba
y R
en
ais
san
ce P
roje
ct,
28
th M
arc
h 2
00
3 :
To
kyo
Ba
y R
en
ais
san
ce P
roje
ct,
28
th M
arc
h 2
00
3 :1
0 y
ears a
cti
on
pla
n
Tid
al f
lat
for
bent
hos
: Pr
oduc
tion
sid
e o
f E
cosy
stem
Conce
ptu
al m
odel
of H
abitat
Cre
atio
n o
n S
eaw
all
Conce
ptu
al m
odel
of H
abitat
Cre
atio
n o
n S
eaw
all
Tid
e p
ool
for
fish
lar
vae
: C
onsu
mpt
ion
side o
f E
cosy
stem
Them
e:
Bal
ance
of
Eco
syst
em
in
nich
e:
― 50 ―
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epth
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ronm
enta
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riet
y by
loca
l net
work
ed e
cosy
stem
Imitat
ed loca
l ne
twork
of ec
osy
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ptu
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odel
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abitat
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atio
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y C
once
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odel
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abitat
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. 2004
Mea
sure
s fo
r ben
thos
hab
itat
.M
easu
res
for
ben
thos
hab
itat
.T
esting
new
mat
eria
ls for
rest
ora
tio
nSe
condar
y A
sses
smen
tY
ear
aro
und s
ucc
essi
on
(/0.05m2)
Fro
m L
eft to R
ight
Manm
ade z
eolit
e
Palm
fib
er
& D
S
Deposits o
f dam
reserv
oir
Foods c
harc
oal
Recycle
d g
rass &
DS
Slu
g a
ggre
gate
& D
S
Refe
rence1 a
nd 2
― 51 ―
The
bot
tom
The
bot
tom
-- up
appr
oach
for
Urb
an
up a
ppro
ach
for
Urb
an
Wet
land
Res
tora
tion
Wet
land
Res
tora
tion
Yokoha
ma P
ort
and A
irp
ort
Technolo
gy I
nvestigation O
ffic
e
Ter
race
Typ
e T
idal
Fla
tT
erra
ce T
ype
Tid
al F
lat
BEN
TH
IC H
AB
ITA
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EST
OR
AT
ION
B
EN
TH
IC H
AB
ITA
T R
EST
OR
AT
ION
ALO
NG
SEA
WA
LL
ALO
NG
SEA
WA
LL
Low
er
Terr
ace
LW
L
Mid
dle
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ace
LW
L +
0.5
m
Upp
er
Terr
ace
LW
L +
1.0
m
Rock m
ound
Rock
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sea w
all
Land
Sea
boundary
DO saturation (%)Depth (m) Depth (m)DO saturation (%)
Date
(m
onth
/day)
Date
(m
onth
/day)
a)
Inun
dation d
uri
ng d
aytim
e
b)
Inun
dation d
uri
ng n
ightt
ime
New
Par
k Pla
nnin
g at
Kat
abir
a N
ew P
ark
Pla
nnin
g at
Kat
abir
a
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er (
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er (
) M
outh
with
) M
outh
with
Public
Par
tici
pat
ion
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Par
tici
pat
ion
Clo
se u
p v
iew
of
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ace a
nd T
ide P
ool
Hig
h T
ide
― 52 ―
02468
10
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14
16
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16
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6/2
36
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Date
(m
onth
/d
ay)
DO (mg/L)
Depth
decre
asin
g (
-0.1
m)
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al C
ase
Depth
incre
asin
g (
+0.3
m)
Odai
ba
Mar
ine
Par
k;O
dai
ba
Mar
ine
Par
k;
Envi
ronm
enta
l ed
uca
tion
Envi
ronm
enta
l ed
uca
tion
pro
gram
pro
gram
Nori
net
insta
llation
Nori
net
with f
ull
blo
sso
m
Nori
harv
estin
g
1.5
m a
bove t
he b
ott
om
0.5
m a
bove t
he b
ott
om
1.0
m a
bove t
he b
ott
om
Les
sons
lear
ned
: Les
sons
lear
ned
: U
rban
wet
lands
hav
e hig
h p
ote
ntial
as
Urb
an w
etla
nds
hav
e hig
h p
ote
ntial
as
sato
um
isa
to u
mian
d W
ise
Use
pra
ctic
e.an
d W
ise
Use
pra
ctic
e.
<fo
r T
op
Do
wn
ap
pro
ach
>
Ad
ap
tive m
an
agem
en
t:
to im
ple
men
t n
ew
tech
niq
ues
as
measu
re w
ith
feed
back p
rocess
fro
m
use
r.
<fo
r B
ott
om
Up
ap
pro
ach
>
Eco
syst
em
Ap
pro
ach
: to
un
ders
tan
d s
itu
ati
on
, m
on
ito
rin
g
an
d its
an
aly
sis
sho
uld
be d
on
e.
<in
Bala
nce>
Wis
e U
se /
Sato
Um
i:N
ot
on
ly f
rom
natu
ral sc
ien
ce, b
ut
als
o s
ocia
l sc
ien
ce p
oin
ts o
f vie
w…
Peop
le:
ari
se p
roble
mR
es.
: in
terp
reta
tion
of
info
rmat
ion
Gov
.: d
eci
sion
mak
ing
wit
h
appr
opri
ate inf
orm
atio
n
Gov
.: s
yste
m m
akin
gR
es.
: R
&D
to
supp
orti
ngPe
ople
: ge
t in
volv
ed
All:
cons
idera
tion
for
ot
hers
― 53 ―
COMMUNITY-BASED SEA GRASS BED RESTORATION AND
MANAGEMENT IN SETO INLAND SEA:
CASE OF AKOU COAST IN JAPAN
Osamu MATSUDA
Hiroshima University (Professor Emeritus),
Hachihonmatsu-Minami 6-8-13,
Higashi-Hiroshima 739-0144, Japan
Akou Coast located in the westernmost part of Hyogo Prefecture, Japan is one of
representative sites for environmental restoration in Seto Inland Sea based on the
concept of Sato-umi which is a currently topical term referring to coastal ecosystems
with harmonized human interaction under community-based management. Since variety
of activities on the environmental restoration and education has been developed in this
area, local people and varieties of stakeholders joined the community-based or
co-management activities. Among variety of activities, an activity on the conservation
of Chikusa River watershed and an activity on sea grass bed restoration by marine
divers are typical examples. Recently, these activities are integrated as a part of
Sato-umi project in Akou Coast which Ministry of the Environment as central
government, local government of Hyogo Prefecture as well as the municipality of Akou
City supported.
Major targets of this Sato-umi project in Akou Coast are restoration of the
deteriorated eel grass bed and unique shore vegetation along the coast. Restoration of
decreased resource level of short-neck clam and promotion of environmental education
are also important parts of the project. Among many related activities, achievement
attained by Misaki elementary school is one of the highlights in which school children
raised seedlings of eel grass and planted them in the targeted area after the frequent
observation of the environment and ecosystem of Akou Coast.
During the progress of the Sato-umi project, many regional meetings were held in
order to share the basic idea of the restoration based on the concept of Sato-umi. On the
occasion of Sato-umi Symposium in Akou held in March, 2009, many people of
community-based activity groups assembled at Akou City Hall, and discussed about
future plan. This indicated the strong involvement of a variety of relevant persons,
group and others in Sato-umi project. With a view to materializing future plans, the
establishment of an Akou Coast Sato-umi Committee for co-management centered on
Akou area is now within reach.
― 54 ―
Historically, Akou Coast was well known for traditional salt making industry and
local people had made a good use of shallow coastal area. A part of the old salt pan is
converted to the public Seashore Park by the prefectural government, in which the Salt
Industry Museum was founded. Since the Seashore Park is one of the activity center for
the local people, combined activity of Sato-umi project with the Seashore Park is also
expected.
― 55 ―
Th
e E
ast
Asi
an S
eas
Co
ng
ress
200
9P
artn
ersh
ips
at W
ork
: L
oca
l Im
ple
men
tati
on
an
d G
oo
d P
ract
ices
T3:
2-In
dig
eneo
us
Ap
pro
ach
es t
o H
abit
at P
rote
ctio
n a
nd
Res
tora
tio
n:
Exp
erie
nce
s in
Sato
Um
i an
d C
om
mu
nit
y In
itia
tive
s
Co
mm
un
ity-
bas
ed s
ea g
rass
bed
res
tora
tio
n
and
man
agem
ent
in S
eto
Inla
nd
Sea
:
Cas
e o
f A
kou
co
ast
in J
apan
Osa
mu
MA
TS
UD
A
Hir
osh
ima
Un
iver
sity
(P
rofe
sso
r E
mer
itu
s)
No
v. 2
4, 2
009,
Man
ila, P
hili
pp
ines
Ou
tlin
e
Th
e S
eto
Inla
nd
Sea
:b
rief
his
tory
•W
hy
Sa
to-U
min
ow
?
•L
egal
fra
me
of
Sato
-Um
i
•S
ato
-Um
iac
tivi
ty in
Ako
u
area
•T
ow
ard
s n
ew t
ype
of
ICM
:
po
ssib
ility
of
com
bin
ed m
anag
emen
t o
f S
ato
-
Yam
aan
d S
ato
-Um
i
Th
e S
eto
In
lan
d S
ea
Are
a:
23,2
03 k
m2
Mean
Dep
th:
38.0
m
Th
e S
eto
In
lan
d S
ea
as t
he
larg
est
en
clo
sed
co
asta
l s
ea
in
Jap
an
Osa
ka B
ayA
kou
Mas
s m
ort
alit
y o
f ye
llow
tai
l by
red
tid
e in
aq
uac
ult
ure
gro
un
d
Seto
In
lan
d S
ea
su
ffere
d f
rom
seri
ou
s w
ate
r p
oll
uti
on
sin
ce
mid
19
60
s
― 56 ―
Nu
mb
er o
f o
ccu
rren
ce o
f re
d t
ide
ob
serv
ed in
th
e S
eto
Inla
nd
Sea
dec
reas
ed a
fter
mid
70s
mai
nly
du
e to
TP
LC
Red
tid
e at
aq
uac
ult
ure
gro
un
d
Th
e ar
eas
for
wh
ich
lan
d r
ecla
mat
ion
hav
e b
een
auth
ori
zed
in t
he
Set
o In
lan
d S
ea is
sti
ll in
crea
sin
g
Act
ual
ly, n
o n
atu
ral c
oas
tlin
e an
d s
hal
low
are
a at
all
!
Res
ult
of
lan
d r
ecla
mat
ion
in O
saka
Bay
are
a
Ch
ang
es in
sp
ecie
s n
um
ber
of
seas
ho
re a
nim
als
alo
ng
th
e co
ast
of
Ku
re a
rea
in t
he
Set
o In
lan
d S
ea
(Yu
asa)
― 57 ―
Production
Fis
her
y p
rod
uct
ion
in t
he
Set
o In
lan
d S
ea(
SE
CA
, 20
01 )
Bri
ef H
isto
ry o
f th
e S
eto
Inla
nd
Sea
Bri
ef H
isto
ry o
f th
e S
eto
Inla
nd
Sea
Th
e S
eto
Inla
nd
Sea
has
lon
g h
isto
ry in
wh
ich
man
y ki
nd
s o
f ec
osy
stem
serv
ices
hav
e b
een
pro
vid
ed.
Ho
wev
er, s
erio
us
wat
er p
ollu
tio
n a
nd
det
erio
rati
on
of
eco
syst
em o
ccu
rred
du
rin
g t
he
rap
id e
con
om
ic g
row
th
of
mid
-196
0s t
o m
id-7
0s.
Am
on
g m
any
cou
nte
rmea
sure
s, a
rea
wid
e to
tal p
ollu
tio
n lo
ad c
on
tro
l
(TP
LC
) sy
stem
in t
erm
s o
f C
OD
, T
N a
nd
TP
has
pla
yed
an
imp
ort
ant
role
on
th
e im
pro
vem
ent
of
wat
er q
ual
ity.
Ho
wev
er, d
eter
iora
tio
n o
f h
abit
at a
nd
livi
ng
res
ou
rces
hav
e n
ot
yet
bee
n
reco
vere
d.
An
d t
her
efo
re, e
nvi
ron
men
tal m
anag
emen
t o
f th
e S
eto
Inla
nd
Sea
has
gra
du
ally
sif
ted
rec
entl
y fr
om
wat
er p
ollu
tio
n c
on
tro
l to
th
e
wid
er g
oal
su
ch a
s cr
eati
on
of
Sato
-Um
iw
hic
h in
clu
des
th
e re
sto
rati
on
of
hab
itat
an
d w
ell b
alan
ced
nu
trie
nt
cycl
e b
etw
een
lan
d a
nd
sea
,
con
serv
atio
n o
f b
iod
iver
sity
an
d b
iolo
gic
al p
rod
uct
ivit
y.
“S
ato
-Ya
ma
”
“S
ato
-Um
i ”
Co
mb
ined
man
agem
ent
of
“S
ato
-Ya
ma
”an
d “
Sa
to-
Um
i ”
is m
ore
eff
ecti
ve f
rom
th
e vi
ew p
oin
t o
f m
ater
ial
flo
w a
nd
inte
gra
ted
co
asta
l man
agem
ent
(IC
M)
Co
nce
ptu
al v
iew
of
“S
ato
-Ya
ma
”an
d “
Sa
to-U
mi ”
Vill
age
Co
mm
un
ity
Bou
ndar
ies
His
tori
cal e
vid
ence
on
th
eco
mm
un
icat
ion
bet
wee
nS
ato
-Yam
aan
dS
ato
-Um
i in
Jap
an
Leg
end
of
Um
i-h
iko
and
Ya
ma-h
iko
Co
mm
un
icat
ion
bet
wee
n m
arin
e-p
eop
le a
nd
mo
un
tain
-
peo
ple
. T
hey
exc
han
ged
th
eir
pro
du
cts
each
oth
er.
Uo
-tsu
ki-
rin
(F
ish
-Bre
edin
g F
ore
st)
Lit
eral
mea
nin
g:
fore
st a
sso
ciat
ed w
ith
fis
h, f
ore
st w
hic
h
attr
acts
fis
h. F
ore
st a
lon
g t
he
coas
t h
as b
een
his
tori
cally
pro
tect
ed b
y th
e lo
cal p
eop
le i
n o
rder
to
co
nse
rve
coas
tal
mar
ine
envi
ron
men
t an
d li
vin
g r
eso
urc
es.
Th
e la
w o
n t
he
con
serv
atio
n o
f U
o-t
su
ki-
rin
was
est
ablis
hed
mo
re t
han
100
year
s ag
o (
in 1
897)
.
― 58 ―
Sig
nb
oar
d o
f U
o-t
su
ki-
rin
on
th
e co
ast
of
nea
r A
kou
In t
his
Uo
-tsu
ki-
rin
(Fis
h-B
reed
ing
Fo
rest
), f
ore
st i
s h
igh
ly p
rote
cted
“Ref
ore
stat
ion
by
fish
erm
an”
is v
ery
acti
ve in
Jap
anE
xist
ing
bo
un
dar
ies
bet
wee
n
Sa
to-Y
am
aan
dS
ato
-Um
i
Leg
al b
ou
nd
ary
Ad
min
istr
ativ
e b
ou
nd
ary
Geo
gra
ph
ical
bo
un
dar
y
Co
mm
un
ity
bo
un
dar
y
His
tori
cal b
ou
nd
ary
Occ
up
atio
n b
ou
nd
ary
(ex.
fo
rest
ry v
s fi
sher
ies)
Tra
dit
ion
al b
ou
nd
ary
Psy
cho
log
ical
bo
un
dar
y
Aca
dem
ic b
ou
nd
ary
ICM
has
bee
n p
rop
ose
d b
ut
littl
e p
rog
ress
so
far
― 59 ―
Rec
ent
chan
ge
in le
gal
an
d in
stit
uti
on
al f
ram
e
•IC
M h
as b
een
off
icia
lly in
tro
du
ced
ver
y re
cen
tly:
Bas
ic O
cean
Law
in 2
007
Bas
ic O
cean
Pla
n in
200
8 w
ith
incl
ud
es t
he
con
cep
t o
f S
ato
-Um
i
Th
ese
incl
ud
e co
mp
reh
ensi
ve m
anag
emen
t o
f w
ater
shed
an
d c
oas
tal
wat
ers
bey
on
d t
he
bo
rder
of
adm
inis
trat
ive
sect
ors
. Bas
ic O
cean
Pla
n
is p
rom
oti
ng
th
e im
ple
men
tati
on
of
Sa
to-U
mi.
•H
ow
ever
, im
ple
men
tati
on
of
ICM
is m
akin
g li
ttle
pro
gre
ss m
ain
ly d
ue
to
stro
ng
bu
reau
crat
ic s
ecti
on
alis
m.
•S
ato
-Um
i as
a p
art
of
nat
ion
al s
trat
egy
(200
7)
Min
istr
y o
f th
e E
nvi
ron
men
t is
pro
mo
tin
g c
reat
ion
of
Sa
to-U
mi
•T
her
e ar
e so
me
man
y lo
cal a
ctiv
itie
s co
mb
inin
g S
ato
-Um
ian
d S
ato
-
Ya
ma
bey
on
d e
xist
ing
bo
un
dar
ies.
Act
ivit
y o
n t
he
Cre
atio
n o
f S
ato
-Um
i in
Wes
tern
Har
ima
Are
aC
oo
rdin
atio
n b
y: S
pec
ial C
om
mit
tee
Su
pp
ort
ed b
y: M
OE
, Hyo
go
pre
fect
ure
, Ako
u &
Aio
i cit
yS
ite:
Wes
tern
co
ast
of
Har
ima-
Nad
a ar
ea, H
yog
o p
refe
ctu
re
Tim
e ta
ble
Bef
ore
FY
2007
: V
arie
ty o
f in
div
idu
al lo
cal a
ctiv
itie
s
FY
2007
: S
pec
ial C
om
mit
tee
by
spec
ialis
ts, f
ield
su
rvey
FY
2008
: L
oca
l mee
tin
g,
sym
po
siu
m
FY
2009
: L
oca
l org
aniz
atio
n b
y va
riet
y o
f st
akeh
old
ers
Res
tora
tio
n o
f co
asta
l are
a as
Sa
to-U
mi
Res
tora
tio
n o
f ar
tifi
cial
co
astl
ine
(Sak
osh
i)R
ecre
atio
n b
y lo
calp
eop
le
Ch
iku
sa R
iver
wat
ersh
ed a
rea
1098
m
Ako
u c
oas
t
Ch
iku
sa R
iver
Com
bine
d ac
tiviti
es o
f Ako
u co
ast a
nd
Chi
kusa
Riv
er w
ater
shed
res
tora
tion
(col
labo
ratio
n am
ong
varie
ty o
f sta
keho
lder
s)
1. R
esto
ratio
n of
sea
gra
ss b
ed:
Um
ikko
(S
eabo
rn C
hild
) C
lub,
Mis
aki E
lem
enta
ry
Sch
ool,
Oza
ki E
lem
enta
ry S
choo
l, S
eed
Ban
k of
Eel
Gra
ss
2. R
esto
ratio
n of
Chi
kusa
Riv
er w
ater
shed
:
Com
mitt
ee o
n C
lean
Chi
kusa
Riv
er W
ater
shed
3. S
uppo
rted
by
Min
istr
y of
the
Env
ironm
ent,
Hyo
go
pref
ectu
re, A
kou
City
― 60 ―
Cat
ch o
f M
anila
cla
m a
t K
aras
en t
idal
fla
t in
Ako
u c
oas
t
(Hyog
o p
refe
ctu
re)
Res
tora
tio
n o
f se
a
gra
ss b
ed
Mo
uth
of
Ch
iku
sa
Riv
er
Ako
u S
eash
ore
Par
k
Par
tici
pat
ory
act
ivit
ies
of
sch
oo
l ch
ildre
n t
o r
esto
re
sea
gra
ss b
ed in
Sato
-um
i
pro
ject
wh
ich
is c
on
nec
ted
wit
h c
on
serv
atio
n o
f
Ch
iku
sa r
iver
wat
ersh
ed
Co
mm
un
ity-
bas
ed
acti
viti
es
con
nec
tin
g r
iver
s
and
co
asta
l are
as
Per
form
ance
by
the
sch
oo
l ch
ildre
n o
f M
isak
i Ele
men
tary
Sch
oo
l on
Sa
to-U
mi
― 61 ―
Fie
ld e
xper
ien
ces
in C
hik
usa
Riv
erM
anag
emen
t o
f d
eter
iora
ted
fo
rest
is
also
incl
ud
ed in
th
is p
roje
ct
Co
ncl
usi
ve R
emar
ksD
uri
ng
th
e ag
e o
f re
cen
t 40
yea
rs, s
hal
low
are
as, i
n
par
ticu
lar
of
tid
al f
lat
and
sea
gra
ss b
ed h
ave
bee
n
dra
stic
ally
lost
in t
he
Set
o In
lan
d S
ea m
ain
ly b
y la
nd
-bas
ed h
um
an im
pac
t. T
her
efo
re, c
om
bin
ed
rest
ora
tio
n o
f w
ater
shed
an
d c
oas
tal a
rea
is
esse
nti
al f
or
coas
tal m
anag
emen
t. C
om
mu
nit
y-b
ased
act
ivit
ies
of
Sa
to-U
mian
dS
ato
-Ya
ma
exem
plif
ied
by
Ako
u c
oas
t an
d C
hik
usa
Riv
er
wat
ersh
ed c
an p
lay
an im
po
rtan
t ro
le o
n h
abit
at
pro
tect
ion
, res
tora
tio
n a
nd
man
agem
ent
in t
his
are
a.
Th
ank
you
fo
r yo
ur
atte
nti
on
― 62 ―
SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES FOR THE CREATION OF
SATO-UMI IN JAPAN
Yasuhiro MUROISHI, Takuya YAMADA
and Naoto OGAWA
Office of Environmental Management of
Enclosed Coastal Seas, Ministry of the
Environment (MOE) Kasumigaseki 1-2-2,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8975 Japan
In Japan, Total Pollutant Load Control System of CODMn has been implemented in
enclosed coastal seas since 1978 and nitrogen and phosphorus have become controlled
substances since 2000. Due to improved waste water equipment and control standards
applied to factories, serious pollution has gradually been reduced. However, new
environmental problems such as the deterioration of ecosystems, including marine
resources, have occurred. Additionally, the public's unconcern, especially in urban areas,
with its marine environment and impoverishment of fishing communities managing
coastal sea areas also exists. Therefore, the creation of Sato-umi was designated in
“Becoming a Leading National Environmental Strategy in the 21st Century (MOE, June
2007)” which should be started over the next one or two years, as a national policy.
Sato-umi has long been important in supporting fisheries, transport and culture, while
helping to integrate management of land and coastal sea areas and preserve high
productivity and biodiversity in the wake of the human interaction.
Sato-umi has become rooted in Japan since “Becoming a Leading National
Environmental Strategy in the 21st Century” and “The National Biodiversity Strategy of
Japan” made it national policy. “The Basic Plan on Ocean Policy (CO, March, 2008)”
describes the embodiment of the concept of Sato-umi in the conservation and
management of fishery resources. Therefore, the MOE began supporting Sato-umi
activities in 2008.
The MOE promotes Sato-umi in order to achieve public consensus for marine
environmental conservation and preserve high productivity and biodiversity in coastal
sea areas. We conduct the following support projects with respect to Sato-umi:
1) We support model activities addressing environmental conservation and human
coexistence within coastal sea areas in partnership with local governments. One
such example is an Ishikawa Prefecture project in 2008, in which a steering
committee with various members was established to promote the creation of
― 63 ―
Sato-umi for Nanao Bay. Workshops and symposiums with diverse participants
discussed water environment conditions, regional resources, environment
education and a survey of Sato-umi, thus increasing awareness of Nanao Bay as
Sato-umi. Four projects for 2008 and six for 2009 have been selected so far.
2) We classify Sato-umi activities into six types: Integrated River Basin Activities,
Mitigation Activities, Urban Activities, and so on. Fig.1 We also prescribe plans
for Sato-umi creation for each type of activity.
3) We produce manuals for Sato-umi creation based on support activities, which
describe the preliminary notes, essential activities and prospective achievements
of Sato-umi.
4) We select advanced Sato-umi activities that are of help to others and we introduce
them using the tools described in 5) and 6) below.
5) We collect information and data of domestic and overseas activities for
preservation of coastal sea environments and have created a Sato-umi website.
6) We distribute pamphlets and leaflets on Sato-umi.
Consequently, The International Sato-umi Workshop in COP10 in November 2010
will take place in Nagoya, where we will explain Sato-umi further.
We aim to promote Sato-umi and preserve high productivity and biodiversity in
coastal sea areas by gaining public consensus. We also aim to raise interest in
environmental preservation of coastal areas in East Asia by spreading know-how related
to Sato-umi.
― 64 ―
Integrated River Basin Activities
Activities that view the entire area from forest to ocean as an integrated whole
Activities to preserve forests and mountain woodlands
that are the starting point for the continuous water
environment, conducted by people living in ocean
regions that face problems such as the denudation of rocky shores. These activities view the forests, rivers
and ocean as an integrated whole.
Tree planting(Ichinoseki City, Iwate Prefecture)
Mitigation Activities
Activities to restore environments lost due to urban development, etc.
Efforts by companies to mitigate and compensate for the
environmental impact resulting from urban development
and the like, through the restoration and recreation of
environments that have been lost.
Mildly sloping revetment at Kansai International Airport
Urban Activities
Activities to preserve and restore seaweed beds and other shallows in urban neighborhoods
Citizen participatory activities to preserve and restore
environments, making use of tidal flats, eelgrass beds
and other natural environments located in close proximity
to urban neighborhoods.
Yokohama City on Tokyo Bay
Environmentally “Sacred” Ocean
Activities
Activities to create environmentally "sacred" precincts by establishing no-fishing zones and seasons
Activities to preserve natural settings in a state untouched
by fishing and other human activity. This is done by
prohibiting fishing activities and entry to specific islands
and ocean regions and making these areas "sacred" in environmental preservation terms.
Himeshima, Oita Prefecture
Experience-based Activities
"Hands-on" activities conducted in urban neighborhoods by city residents
Experienced-based learning conducted in fishing villages
near cities, using natural environment and living creatures. These activities are designed to enable local residents to come in contact with, learn about and gain direct
experience with regard to the ocean and nature.
Ako Coast, Hyogo Prefecture
Fishing Village Activities
Activities conducted as part of fishing activities, with fishing villages playing a leading role
Activities in which fishing industry personnel themselves
play a central role in efforts to improve the fishing environment, such as restoring and creating eelgrass beds
and collecting garbage from the ocean floor.
Ago Bay, Mie Prefecture
Fig 1. Classification of Sato-umi activities
― 65 ―
Offi
ce o
f Env
ironm
enta
l Man
agem
ent o
f Enc
lose
d C
oast
al S
eas,
Wat
er E
nvir
onm
ent D
epar
tmen
t,E
nviro
nmen
tal M
anag
emen
t Bur
eau,
Min
istr
y of
the
Env
ironm
ent,
JAP
AN
YASUHIRO
Muroishi
1
Res
tric
t law
s w
ere
enac
ted
1967
Bas
ic L
awfo
r E
nviro
nmen
tal
Pol
lutio
n C
ontr
ol
1970
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Con
trol
Law
1973
Inte
rim L
aw fo
r C
onse
rvat
ion
of
the
Env
ironm
ent o
f the
Set
o
Inla
nd S
eare
duce
d by
hal
f CO
D fr
om
indu
stria
l dra
inag
e
1971
Env
ironm
ent
Age
ncy
was
esta
blis
hed
1972
Nat
ure
Con
serv
atio
n La
w
1978
Tot
al p
ollu
tant
load
con
trol
(TP
LC)
was
ado
pted
for
CO
D
Dev
elo
pm
ent
by
hig
hec
on
om
ic g
row
th a
nd
exp
ansi
on
of
ind
ust
rial
acti
vity
Wat
er p
ollu
tio
n b
yp
lan
t ef
flu
ent
and
livin
g d
rain
age
Lo
ss o
f S
hal
low
zon
e b
y re
clam
atio
n
Fre
qu
ent
occ
urr
ence
o
f la
rge-
scal
e re
d t
ide
Fre
qu
ent
occ
urr
ence
of
oil
spill
1950
-70’
s
En
viro
nm
enta
l Po
licie
s o
f E
ncl
ose
d C
oas
tal S
eas
in J
AP
AN
En
viro
nm
enta
l Po
licie
s o
f E
ncl
ose
d C
oas
tal S
eas
in J
AP
AN
Res
pons
e of
env
ironm
enta
l adm
inis
trat
ion 2
Co
nti
nu
ou
s o
ccu
rren
ceo
f re
d t
ide
Gen
erat
ion
of
ano
xic
wat
er
Occ
urr
ence
of
larg
e-sc
ale
oil
sp
ill
Co
llect
ion
of
sea
gra
vel
Cre
atio
n o
fen
viro
nm
ents
to
pas
s o
n t
o f
utu
re
Inte
rnat
ion
al
con
trib
uti
on
s
1993
Nitr
ogen
and
Pho
spho
rus
wer
e
adde
d to
the
efflu
ent s
tand
ard
2001
Nitr
ogen
and
Pho
spho
rus
wer
e
adde
d to
TP
LC
1993
Bas
ic E
nviro
nmen
tal L
aw
2001
Reo
rgan
ized
as
Env
ironm
ent
Min
istr
y
1994
NO
WP
AP
was
est
ablis
hed
2000
Bas
ic P
lan
for
Con
serv
atio
n of
the
Env
ironm
ent o
f the
Set
o
Inla
nd S
ea
proh
ibiti
on o
f sea
gra
vel
colle
ctio
n
2000
EM
EC
S w
as e
stab
lishe
d
2004
WE
PA
was
est
ablis
hed
1980
-90’
s
1990
’s-
Res
pons
e of
env
ironm
enta
l adm
inis
trat
ion
En
viro
nm
enta
l Po
licie
s o
f E
ncl
ose
d C
oas
tal S
eas
in J
AP
AN
En
viro
nm
enta
l Po
licie
s o
f E
ncl
ose
d C
oas
tal S
eas
in J
AP
AN 3
Decreasesofsea
grass,tidalflats
Land
fill,
extr
actio
n of
gr
avel
and
san
d et
c.
Decreasesofbenthos
Red
tide,
anoxicwater
etc.
Ben
thosFis
hery
Fis
h
Zoo
plan
kto
nLa
rge
pre
dato
rs
Nut
rient
s, S
and
Hum
an
life N
utrie
nts,
San
d
Phy
topl
ank
ton
Bird
Det
ritus
Reduce
material
circulationfunction
Dec
line
fish
ing
villa
geD
eclin
e in
fish
ery
prod
uctio
n
For
est
Increasesof
effluentpollution
load
Coastalenvironment
deteriorate
dueto
eutrophication
Red
tide
, ano
xic
wat
er
etc.
Intr
od
uct
ion
of
New
Co
nce
pt
Intr
od
uct
ion
of
New
Co
nce
pt
‘‘ Cre
atio
n o
f S
AT
OC
reat
ion
of
SA
TO
-- UM
IU
MI ’’
The
act
iviti
es b
egin
und
er
The
act
iviti
es b
egin
und
er ‘‘ C
reat
ion
of S
AT
OC
reat
ion
of S
AT
O-- U
MI
UM
I ’’
Pol
icy
onP
olic
y on
New
Con
cept
New
Con
cept
Bec
om
ing
a L
ead
ing
En
viro
nm
enta
l Nat
ion
Str
ateg
y in
the
21st
Cen
tury
(20
07)
Cre
atio
n of
Sat
o-um
i ric
h in
nat
ural
bou
ntie
s lis
ted
Th
ird
Nat
ion
al S
trat
egy
for
Bio
div
ersi
ty
2007
Bas
ic A
ct o
n O
cean
Po
licy
20
08
Mat
eria
lized
of S
ato-
umi c
once
ptan
d de
scrib
ing
of im
port
ance
4
Enc
lose
d co
asta
l sea
sE
nclo
sed
coas
tal s
eas
face
dev
asta
tion
face
dev
asta
tion
Degradationof
biodiversity,numberof
livingthing
Deg
radationofbio
hab
itat
Red
tide,
anoxicwater
etc.
― 66 ―
Co
ncep
t&
Im
ag
e o
f S
ato
-um
i
Coasta
l zone w
he
re la
nd a
nd c
oasta
l zone a
re
managed in a
n inte
gra
ted a
nd c
om
pre
hensiv
e m
anne
r
by h
um
an h
an
ds, w
ith t
he r
esult that m
ate
rial circula
tion
functions a
re a
pp
rop
riate
ly m
ain
tain
ed a
nd b
oth
hig
h
pro
ductivity a
nd b
iodiv
ers
ity a
re p
reserv
ed.
5
Feature
ofSato
umiCreationActivity
Vie
wpo
int o
f Sat
o-um
i Cre
atio
nC
ompo
nent
of S
ato-
umi C
reat
ion
Vie
wp
oin
t o
f S
ato
Vie
wp
oin
t o
f S
ato
-- um
i C
reati
on
um
i C
reati
on
Twoelementsthat
supportim
plementation
Sato
Sato
-- um
ium
i
Exe
cuto
rs
for
acti
vity
Exe
cuto
rs
for
acti
vity
Fie
ld f
or
Act
ivit
yF
ield
fo
r A
ctiv
ity
Threeelementsthat
supportonservation
andrestoration
Diversity
Diversity
Diversity
Sustainability
Sustainability
Sustainability
Mat
eria
l
Cir
cula
tio
n
Eco
syte
m
Co
mm
un
icat
ion
Sat
o-um
i is
not o
nly
a sp
atia
l con
cept
but
als
o a
conc
ept g
ener
ated
am
ong
the
hum
an a
ctiv
ities
.S
ato-
umi i
s ab
le t
o po
sses
s su
stai
nabi
lity
by b
eing
com
bine
d w
ith
lifes
tyle
hab
its e
tc.
Act
ivity
for
crea
tion
of S
ato-
umi i
s a
part
icip
atio
n-an
d-co
oper
atio
n ty
pe
tool
whi
ch is
app
licab
le to
the
com
preh
ensi
ve m
anag
emen
t of
coa
stal
are
a.6
(2)
Pre
par
atio
n o
f S
tan
dar
d S
ato
-um
i Cre
atio
n P
lan
s fo
r
Eac
h T
ype
of
Act
ivit
ies
(4)
Sel
ecti
on
of
Exa
mp
les
of
Ad
van
ced
Sat
o-u
mi
Cre
atio
n A
ctiv
itie
s
(5)
Co
nst
ruct
ion
of
a S
ato
-um
i Web
site
& D
atan
etw
ork
(1)
Su
pp
ort
fo
r S
ato
-um
i Cre
atio
n A
ctiv
itie
s
(Mo
del
Pro
ject
)
(3)
Est
ablis
hm
ent
of
Sat
o-u
mi C
reat
ion
Man
ual
Pro
jec
ts t
o S
up
po
rt S
ato
-um
i C
reati
on
by M
OE
(2008-2
01
0)
(7)
Pro
visi
on
of
Info
rmat
ion
Ove
rsea
s
(6)
Pu
blic
ity
Act
ivit
ies
(Pam
ph
let,
Lea
flet
, Sym
psi
um
).
7
MO
E s
uppo
rt m
odel
act
iviti
es a
ddre
ssin
g
envi
ronm
enta
l con
serv
atio
n an
d hu
man
coex
iste
nce
with
in c
oast
al s
ea a
reas
in
part
ners
hip
with
loca
l gov
ernm
ents
.
(1)
Su
pp
ort
fo
r S
ato
(1)
Su
pp
ort
fo
r S
ato
-- um
i Cre
atio
n
um
i Cre
atio
n
Act
ivit
ies
(Mo
del
Pro
ject
)A
ctiv
itie
s (M
od
el P
roje
ct)
8
― 67 ―
Model P
roje
cts
to S
upp
ort
Sato
-um
i C
reation (
FY
2008
)
NanaoBay(IshikawaPrefecture)
Activities
Est
ablis
hmen
t of
a st
eerin
g co
mm
ittee
Sur
vey
of lo
cal r
esid
ent o
pini
on f
or N
anao
bay
List
ing,
col
lect
ion
and
orga
niza
tion
of e
xist
ing
info
rmat
ion
on N
anao
Bay
Sta
rt o
f Sat
o-um
i mon
itorin
g H
oldi
ng o
f Han
ds-o
n ac
tiviti
es,
wor
ksho
ps a
nd s
emin
ars
Results
Pre
serv
atio
n an
d re
stor
atio
n of
wat
er
envi
ronm
ents
and
eco
syst
ems
of N
anao
.R
egio
nal d
evel
opm
ent a
nd p
erso
nnel
trai
ning
by
loca
l res
iden
ts, e
tc.
Gui
danc
e in
the
cre
atio
n of
Sat
o-um
i as
a
mod
ern-
day
stan
dard
[Han
ds-
on le
arni
ng
AkoCoast(HyogoPrefecture)
Activities
Est
ablis
hmen
t and
ope
ratio
n of
spe
cial
ist
co
mm
ittee
Hol
ding
of d
iscu
ssio
ns w
ith r
elev
ant l
ocal
en
titie
sS
tudy
of w
ater
qua
lity
at th
e si
te a
nd m
arin
e lif
eha
bita
tion
stat
usResults
Det
erm
inat
ion
of e
elgr
ass
habi
tatio
n th
roug
h an
in-d
epth
stud
yF
orm
atio
n of
a c
entr
al o
rgan
izat
ion
(cou
ncil)
to
prom
ote
Sat
o-um
i cre
atio
n
NakatsuMudflat(OitaPrefecture)
Activities
Sur
vey
of b
otto
m s
edim
ent
arou
nd s
asahib
i.H
oldi
ng o
f mon
itorin
g se
ssio
ns to
com
mun
e
with
the
oce
an.
Pam
phle
t pr
epar
edResults
wat
er q
ualit
y en
viro
nmen
tal s
tand
ards
for
river
s,
lake
s an
d oc
ean
regi
ons
base
d on
aqu
atic
or
gani
sms
be
gin
nin
gin
FY
20
09
.(A
s th
e pr
ojec
t inc
reas
ed
inte
rest
in b
iodi
vers
ity.)
Omura
Bay(NagasakiPrefecture)
Activities
Env
ironm
enta
l edu
catio
n
(Ind
ian
porp
oise
wat
chin
g)H
oldi
ng o
f a s
emin
ar o
n th
e ap
proa
ch t
o lo
cal p
artn
ersh
ips
Results
Det
erm
inat
ion
of is
sues
invo
lved
in p
rom
otin
g
envi
ronm
enta
l edu
catio
n an
d ob
tain
ing
ne
cess
ary
supp
ort
Enh
ance
d co
oper
atio
n on
the
part
of l
ocal
re
side
nts,
env
ironm
enta
l gro
ups
and
the
loca
l gov
ernm
ent
[Loc
al d
iscu
ssio
n m
eet
ing]
[Indi
an p
orp
oise
wat
chin
g]
[Sur
vey
of “
sa
sah
ibi”
]9
Model P
roje
cts
to S
upp
ort
Sato
-um
i C
reation (
FY
2009
) 10
Imp
lem
enti
ng
En
tity
Mo
del
Pro
ject
Yok
oham
a C
ity
(Kan
agaw
a P
ref.)
Pro
ject
for
the
Res
tora
tion
of N
atur
al S
easi
de
Env
ironm
ents
and
New
Urb
an D
evel
opm
ent i
n th
e Y
okoh
ama
Coa
stal
Zon
e
Ishi
kaw
a P
refe
ctur
eN
anao
Bay
Sat
o-um
i Cre
atio
n P
roje
ct
Shi
ma
City
(M
ie P
ref.)
Nat
ural
Life
Sur
vey
Tea
m P
roje
ct in
Ago
Bay
Kyo
to P
refe
ctur
eJo
int P
roje
ct fo
r E
nviro
n-m
enta
l Cre
atio
n in
Aso
Kai
Hyo
go P
refe
ctur
eS
ato-
umi C
reat
ion
Pro
ject
Cen
terin
g on
Res
tora
tion
of th
e N
atur
al E
nviro
nmen
t of A
ko C
oast
and
Aio
i Bay
Sag
a P
refe
ctur
eM
odel
Pro
ject
for
Cre
atio
n of
a S
ato-
umi C
ompr
isin
g an
Inte
grat
ed R
iver
Bas
in E
xten
ding
from
the
Mou
ntai
ns to
the
Aria
ke S
ea
(2)
Pre
par
atio
n o
f S
tan
dar
d
(2)
Pre
par
atio
n o
f S
tan
dar
d
Sat
oS
ato
-- um
i Cre
atio
n P
lan
s u
mi C
reat
ion
Pla
ns
for
Eac
h T
ype
of
Act
ivit
ies
for
Eac
h T
ype
of
Act
ivit
ies
The
pur
pose
is to
ena
ble
Sat
o-um
i
crea
tion
activ
ities
to b
e in
itiat
ed e
asily
by s
elec
ting
the
cate
gory
to w
hich
the
targ
et a
ctiv
ities
bel
ong.
11
IntegratedRiverBasinActivities
Act
iviti
es t
hat
vie
w th
e e
ntire
are
a fr
om
for
est
to
oce
an a
s an
inte
grat
ed w
hol
e
Act
iviti
es to
pre
serv
e fo
rest
s an
d m
ount
ain
woo
dlan
ds th
at a
re th
e st
artin
g po
int f
or th
e co
ntin
uous
wat
er e
nviro
nmen
t, co
nduc
ted
by p
eopl
e liv
ing
in o
cean
reg
ions
that
face
pro
blem
s su
ch a
s th
e de
nuda
tion
of r
ocky
sho
res.
The
se a
ctiv
ities
vie
w
the
fore
sts,
riv
ers
and
ocea
n as
an
inte
grat
ed w
hole
.
Tre
e p
lan
tin
g(I
ch
ino
sek
i Cit
y, Iw
ate
Pre
fec
ture
)
MitigationActivities
Act
iviti
es t
o re
stor
e e
nvir
onm
ents
lost
du
e to
ur
ban
dev
elop
me
nt,
etc.
Effo
rts
by c
ompa
nies
to m
itiga
te a
nd c
ompe
nsat
e fo
r th
e en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
ct r
esul
ting
from
urb
an
deve
lopm
ent a
nd th
e lik
e, th
roug
h th
e re
stor
atio
n an
d re
crea
tion
of e
nviro
nmen
ts th
at h
ave
been
lost
.
Mild
ly s
lop
ing
reve
tmen
t at
Ka
nsa
i Int
ern
atio
nal A
irpo
rt
UrbanActivities
Act
iviti
es t
o pr
eser
ve a
nd
rest
ore
se
awee
d be
ds
and
oth
er s
hal
low
s in
urb
an
neig
hbor
hood
s
Citi
zen
part
icip
ator
y ac
tiviti
es to
pre
serv
e an
d re
stor
e en
viro
nmen
ts, m
akin
g us
e of
tida
l fla
ts,
eelg
rass
bed
s an
d ot
her
natu
ral e
nviro
nmen
ts
loca
ted
in c
lose
pro
xim
ity to
urb
an n
eigh
borh
oods
.
Yo
koha
ma
City
on
To
kyo
Ba
y
Environmentally“Sacred”Ocean
Activities
Act
iviti
es t
o cr
eate
env
iron
me
ntal
ly "
sacr
ed"
prec
inct
s by
est
ablis
hing
no-
fishi
ng z
ones
an
d se
ason
s
Act
iviti
es to
pre
serv
e na
tura
l set
tings
in a
sta
te
unto
uche
d by
fish
ing
and
othe
r hu
man
act
ivity
. Thi
s is
don
e by
pro
hibi
ting
fishi
ng a
ctiv
ities
and
ent
ry to
sp
ecifi
c is
land
s an
d oc
ean
regi
ons
and
mak
ing
thes
e ar
eas
"sac
red"
in e
nviro
nmen
tal p
rese
rvat
ion
term
s.
Him
esh
ima
, Oita
Pre
fect
ure
Experience
basedActivities
"Han
ds-o
n" a
ctiv
ities
co
ndu
cte
d in
urb
an
neig
hbor
hood
s by
city
res
ide
nts
Exp
erie
nced
-bas
ed le
arni
ng c
ondu
cted
in fi
shin
g vi
llage
s ne
ar c
ities
, usi
ng n
atur
al e
nviro
nmen
t and
liv
ing
crea
ture
s. T
hese
act
iviti
es a
re d
esig
ned
to
enab
le lo
cal r
esid
ents
to c
ome
in c
onta
ct w
ith, l
earn
ab
out a
nd g
ain
dire
ct e
xper
ienc
e w
ith r
egar
d to
the
ocea
n an
d na
ture
.
Ako
Coa
st,
Hyo
go P
refe
ctu
re
FishingVillageActivities
Act
iviti
es c
ond
uct
ed
as
par
t of f
ishi
ng
act
iviti
es,
w
ith fi
shin
g vi
llag
es p
layi
ng
a le
adi
ng
role
Act
iviti
es in
whi
ch fi
shin
g in
dust
ry p
erso
nnel
th
emse
lves
pla
y a
cent
ral r
ole
in e
ffort
s to
impr
ove
the
fishi
ng e
nviro
nmen
t, su
ch a
s re
stor
ing
and
crea
ting
eelg
rass
bed
s an
d co
llect
ing
garb
age
from
th
e oc
ean
floor
.
Ag
o B
ay, M
ie P
refe
ctu
re
Sta
ndard
Sato
-um
iC
rea
tion
Pla
nfo
rE
ach
Typ
eo
f
Activitie
s
12
― 68 ―
(3)
Est
ablis
hm
ent
of
Sat
o(3
) E
stab
lish
men
t o
f S
ato
-- um
iu
mi
Cre
atio
n M
anu
alC
reat
ion
Man
ual
The
Man
ual w
ill c
onsi
st o
f
mat
ters
that
sho
uld
be c
onsi
dere
d in
adv
ance
,
effo
rts
that
sho
uld
be im
plem
ente
d,
desi
rabl
e re
sults
and
oth
er in
form
atio
n th
at h
as b
een
colle
cted
.
It w
ill p
rove
use
ful w
hen
new
Sat
o-um
i cre
atio
n ac
tiviti
es
are
cond
ucte
d in
the
futu
re b
y lo
cal g
over
nmen
ts,
citiz
en’s
gro
ups,
etc
. 13
Chapter1:Introduction
Bac
kgro
und
to p
repa
ratio
n of
Sat
o-um
i Cre
atio
n M
anua
l, ro
le o
f man
ual,
over
view
of c
onte
nt
Chapter2:WhatisaSato
umi?
2.1
Co
nn
ect
ion
sb
etw
ee
no
cea
n,
mo
un
tain
sa
nd
riv
ers
an
dco
nn
ect
ion
sto
pe
op
le2
.2H
ow
sho
uld
we
rela
teto
the
oce
an
?2
.3W
ha
tis
aS
ato
um
i?2
.4P
rote
ctin
go
cea
ne
nv
iro
nm
en
tsa
nd
the
ne
ed
for
rest
ora
tio
n
Chapter3:Sato
umiCreationActivities
De
scri
be
sth
ety
pe
of
act
ivit
ies
tha
tco
nst
itu
teS
ato
um
icr
ea
tio
n.
Fra
mew
ork
for
Sato
-um
i C
reation
Manual
Chapter4:Advance
PreparationsBefore
InitiatingSato
umiCreation
Stu
dy
the
ran
ge
for
Sa
tou
mic
rea
tio
na
ctiv
itie
s
De
term
ine
the
rele
van
tg
ove
rnm
en
ta
ge
nci
es,
org
an
iza
tio
ns
etc
.fo
rS
ato
um
icre
ati
on
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
no
fn
um
ero
us
en
titi
es
Imp
lem
en
tati
on
of
pre
limin
ary
surv
ey
Org
an
iza
tio
no
fis
sue
s
Chapter5:Approach
toSato
umiCreation:
EstablishmentofSato
umiCreationPlan
Est
ab
lish
ob
ject
ive
s
Se
lect
act
ivit
ies
Stu
dy
pro
mo
tio
no
rga
niz
ati
on
Tra
ing
rou
ps
an
dvo
lun
tee
rsto
be
invo
lve
din
act
ivit
ies
Chapter6:EvaluationandReviewof
Sato
umiCreationActivities
Eva
lua
tio
no
fn
atu
re(m
on
ito
rin
g)
Eva
lua
tio
nb
yso
cie
ty
Re
vie
wo
fa
ctiv
itie
s
14
(4)
Sel
ecti
on
of
Exa
mp
les
of
(4)
Sel
ecti
on
of
Exa
mp
les
of
Ad
van
ced
Sat
oA
dva
nce
d S
ato
-- um
iu
mi
Cre
atio
n A
ctiv
itie
s C
reat
ion
Act
ivit
ies
MO
E s
elec
t adv
ance
d S
ato-
umi a
ctiv
ities
that
are
of h
elp
to o
ther
s.
15
Sele
ctio
n o
fA
dvan
ce
dE
xam
ple
s o
fS
ato
-um
iC
rea
tio
n
Activitie
s
16
― 69 ―
(5)
Co
nst
ruct
ion
of
a S
ato
(5)
Co
nst
ruct
ion
of
a S
ato
-- um
iu
mi
Web
site
& D
atan
etw
ork
Web
site
& D
atan
etw
ork
In o
rder
to m
ake
info
rmat
ion
on S
ato-
umi
wid
ely
avai
labl
e to
Inte
rnet
use
rs in
Jap
an
and
othe
r co
untr
ies,
Sat
o-um
i web
site
and
data
netw
ork
will
be
crea
ted.
17
Co
nst
ruct
ion
of
a S
ato
Co
nst
ruct
ion
of
a S
ato
-- um
i Web
site
&
um
i Web
site
&
Dat
anet
wo
rkD
atan
etw
ork
Structure
ofSato
umiWebsite
Whatis
Sato
umi?
Present
Situation
Toward
Sato
umi
Creation
Classifi
cations
Model
Project
Explanation
ofSato
umi
Reference
of
Sato
umi
Referenc
e
Sato
umi
Data
etw
ork
NPO
(6)
Pu
blic
ity
Act
ivit
ies
(Pam
ph
let,
Lea
flet
, Sym
po
siu
m)
Pam
phle
ts, l
eafle
tsan
d sy
mpo
sium
rel
atin
g
to S
ato-
umi c
reat
ion
Tho
se e
ffort
s w
ill b
e m
ade
to p
ublic
ize
the
Sat
o-um
i con
cept
,
to e
duca
te th
e ge
nera
l pub
lic r
egar
ding
Sat
o-um
i
crea
tion,
to p
rovi
de in
form
atio
n bo
th a
t hom
e an
d ab
road
. 19
Sa
to-u
mi
Pa
mp
hle
t ,S
ym
po
siu
m
Dra
ft im
ages
of
Sat
o-u
mi l
eafl
et
(Eng
lish
vers
ion)
Sat
o-u
mi S
ymp
osi
um
in S
him
a
Lec
ture
)
Sat
o-u
mi S
ymp
osi
um
in N
anao
Bay
Pan
el D
iscu
ssio
n)
Sat
o-u
mi S
ymp
osi
um
in A
ko
(Mu
sica
l by
pu
pil)
Sat
o-u
mi S
ymp
osi
um
in e
ach
are
a
― 70 ―
(7)
Pro
visi
on
of
Info
rmat
ion
Ove
rsea
s(7
) P
rovi
sio
n o
f In
form
atio
n O
vers
eas
An
Inte
rnat
iona
l Sat
o-um
i Wor
ksho
p ar
e
plan
ned
to b
e he
ld a
t the
10t
h C
onfe
renc
e
of th
e P
artie
s to
the
Con
vent
ion
on
Bio
logi
cal D
iver
sity
(C
OP
10)
at N
agoy
a,
Japa
n in
Nov
embe
r 20
10.
21
Pro
visi
on
of
Info
rmat
ion
Ove
rsea
sP
rovi
sio
n o
f In
form
atio
n O
vers
eas
Period:October18
29,2010
(Oct
ober
27-
29, 2
010:
Min
iste
rial-l
evel
mee
ting)
Place:NagoyaInternationalConference
Arena
(Nag
oya
city
in A
ichi
pre
fect
ure)
Participants:About10,000participants,includingabout
190contractingcountries,internationalorganizations
andobservers,are
expected.
Hostcountryandhost:Japan(M
inisteroftheEnvironment)
Th
e 10
th C
on
fere
nce
of
the
Par
ties
to
th
e C
on
ven
tio
n o
n B
iolo
gic
al D
iver
sity
Arr
ange
men
t for
the
‘Inte
rnat
iona
l Sat
o-um
i wor
ksho
p’as
a s
ide-
even
t on
CO
P10
, whi
ch w
ill b
e he
ld a
t Nag
oya
in 2
010,
is in
pro
gres
s.
22
Fu
ture
Un
fold
ing
Fu
ture
Un
fold
ing
Pre
serv
atio
n &
res
tora
tio
n o
f en
viro
nm
ent
Pre
serv
atio
n &
res
tora
tio
n o
f en
viro
nm
ent
of
seas
all
ove
r th
e w
orl
do
f se
as a
ll o
ver
the
wo
rld
Sat
o-um
i Cre
atio
n M
anua
l
Exa
mpl
e of
adv
ance
d S
ato-
umi C
reat
ion
Out
put o
f the
Pro
ject
to S
uppo
rt S
ato-
umi C
reat
ion
Nee
ds &
Pro
blem
s of
Cre
atio
n of
SA
TO
-UM
I
JAP
AN
Sta
ndar
d S
ato-
umi C
reat
ion
Pla
n
Co
un
trie
s in
th
e W
orl
d
23
Sat
o-um
i Web
site
& S
ato-
umi D
ata
Net
wor
k
Pam
phle
t & L
eafle
t
Inte
rnat
iona
l Wor
ksho
p
Sat
oS
ato
-- um
i In
form
atio
n
um
i In
form
atio
n
Sh
arin
gS
har
ing
― 71 ―
Part 2: Indigenous knowledge and
community based approaches in protecting,
restoring and managing key habitats
― 73 ―
6. Part 2 Summary
Integrated coastal management has often focused on the scientific. Referred to as a
‘pioneering and daring’ workshop, Sato-umi Workshop Part 2 took up where Part 1 left
off with discussions challenging the often scientifically driven top-down status quo
when designing and implementing integrated coastal management (ICM) initiatives.
Chaired by A. McDonald and co-chaired by Dr. T. Yanagi, discussions explored how
Asian communities can potentially work together to more effectively integrate science
with local indigenous/traditional ecological knowledge as necessary elements of
sustainable community based approaches in protecting, restoring and managing key
habitats. Indigenous knowledge has often been absent in the scientifically driven ICM
discourse. Science, many participants agreed, is but one key element. How to effectively
integrate cultural elements with science in developing ICM initiatives throughout Asia,
may in fact be the key to achieving sustainability.
Part 2 explored both the potentials and current limitations of community based
approaches in Asia. Building on discussions initiated by the sato-umi concept and its
application in Japan, Part 2 discussed the duality of diversity and universality of culture,
history and nature views that influence, both directly and indirectly, resource use and
management throughout Asian coastal communities. Discussions explored how shared
experiences drawn from the wealth of diverse Asian cultures that have evolved over
centuries of human interactions with nature, can further contribute to developing more
holistic approaches in future Asian-led ICM initiatives. Part 2 also indirectly challenged
participants to consider and discuss the role Asian community based approaches can
potentially play in contributing to global discussions of culturally integrative science
within the context of ICM discourse.
The following is an overview of Part 2 paper presentations. The papers reflect the
diversity, width and depth of experiences from across Asia. Drawing on the successes
and challenges of efforts in Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Korea and the
Philippines, the following nine papers were selected:
1. Implementing an ecosystems approach to coastal management through
community-based organizations: An example from Andaman coast at Thailand
This paper by J. Soonthornnawaphat and J. Silva, IUCN, Thailand Programme set the
tone for Part 2 with the bottom-up community based organization’s successes,
highlighting their activities of marginalized community involvement. By involving
― 75 ―
stateless indigenous coastal communities in a multi-stakeholder driven ‘reef to ridge’
ecosystem approach, indigenous knowledge was incorporated into watershed
management. This has lead to empowerment among the communities, increasing
their capacities to become sustainable managers of resources within the management
framework.
2. Implementation of Tri Hita Karana, a local wisdom of Bali to maintain agricultural
resources
D. N. Suprapta, Director School of Postgraduate Udayana University drew on the
cultural beliefs embodied in Tri Hita Karana practiced in Balinese Hindu
communities as the foundation of resource conservation. Insight into how local
wisdom such as Tri Hita Karana guides collective resource use and management and
capacity building in communities were described. Tri Hita Karana, it was explained,
emphasizes man and nature’s harmonious relationship among the three elements of
man, nature and God. Man’s rules do not supersede those of nature in this
relationship and morality and ethics as critical elements of resource use based on
collectivism were also discussed.
3. Developing a mechanism of mobilization of various human and material resources in
planting, taking care and protecting urban green trees in Danang City
T. C. Hai, from the Danang Department of Natural Resource and Environment in
Vietnam described the challenges of implementing government initiated
community-based restoration projects in his talk about re-greening urban coastal
communities where large-scale degradation such as Danang has occurred. Tree
planting activities in coastal areas as capacity building for community based resource
management drew parallels to uotsukirin practices among coastal communities in
Japan.
4. Community Involvement in Coral Reef Restoration Projects in the Gulf of Thailand
The Marine Biodiversity Research Group’s paper from Ramkhamhaeng University
introduced NGOs initiatives to involve local fishing communities and volunteer
groups for low-cost coral reef restoration activities which have grown into multiple
benefit community led ecotourism, environmental education and ecosystem research
activities among all stakeholders. Short, mid and long-term planning mechanisms
were also identified as key components in ensuring sustainable partnerships among
the collective whole.
― 76 ―
5. Evaluation of Artificial Reefs (ARs) in West Coast, Peninsular Malaysia
I. Ismail led the presentation by Institutional of Agricultural Food Policy Studies
team at Universiti Putra Malaysia. Though results are yet conclusive, the team of
researchers discussed their efforts to work with impoverished fishing communities
facing depletion of fish stocks and marine resources. This project to build and
monitor the effectiveness of artificial reefs (AR) has resulted in a moratorium on AR
deployment in the area until AR guidelines are designed as potential long-term
environmental concerns have been identified by the studies.
6. Community-based management approach at work in the Muan Wetland Protection
Area: Changing perception, changing practice and changing policy
J.Y. Jang and Y.R. Choi of Eco-Horizon Institute discussed efforts in Korea to
involve coastal communities as active players in marine protection areas (MPA)
establishment and management. Project leaders noted that by involving communities
from the beginning contributes to community empowerment and sense of ownership
towards the project; thus increasing their commitment to the project and sense of
responsibility as sustainable resource managers.
7. When the cradle falls: a case of management failure in community marine reserve in
southern Philippines
A. B. Guzman from Mindanao State University of Naawan gave an insightful talk on
lessons learnt from a community-based NGO-led initiative gone wrong when
re-organization of administrative roles and responsibilities by central government
lead to a sense of loss of ownership and involvement by the local communities who
initiated the marine sanctuary project. Changes in administrative organization also
led to a break down in marine resource management structures in the community and
degradation of resources in the intended protection sanctuary have been observed.
Re-involving the community as sanctuary guardians and re-assessment of the current
management structure were recommended.
8. Conceptual framework of organizing communities for effective mangrove
management
J.P. Savaris of the Zoological Society of London, Philippines spoke of her teams
efforts to re-establish green belts in coastal communities. Their innovative approach
involves integrating the scientific and indigenous knowledge. Though researchers
admit that collecting oral histories from elders is a race against time, the knowledge
about mangrove management practices among indigenous communities is noted as
― 77 ―
critical knowledge in guiding scientists developing mangrove restoration projects
based on community inputs and involvement.
9. Indigenous approaches to access, control and protection of coastal resources: a review
of some Philippine experiences
E. Ferrer from the University of the Philippines closed Part 2 with a thoughtful
discussion about how indigenous knowledge can be applied to resource management
practices but also have the potential to be integrated into scientific approaches to
community-based climate change adaptation strategies. Ferrer focused on the
traditional fishing communities in Batang where ecological knowledge is rich.
Harnessing the ecological knowledge of the fishing people and recording the
observance of taboos and their performance rituals have added insight into
indigenous approaches to resource management and use. Ferrer commented that
traditional ritual as symbolic expression of the relationship between human beings
and nature bring people and nature together, adding that this ‘humanizing of nature,
naturalizing of humans’ learnt from indigenous knowledge, as proposed by Sato-umi,
is critical to future community-based coastal management initiatives.
Chair of Part 2
Anne MCDONALD
Director, UNU-IAS Operating Unit Ishikawa/Kanazawa, Japan
― 78 ―
7. Par 2 Oral Presentation
Implementing an ecosystem approach to coastal management through community
based organizations: An example from the Andaman coast of
Thailand -------------------------------------------------------------------------81
Soonthornnawaphat S., Silva J., IUCN, Thailand Programme,
Thailand
Implementation of Tri Hita Karana, a local wisdom of Bali to maintain agricultural
resources -------------------------------------------------------------------------88
Suprapta D. N., Director School of Postgraduate Udayana
University, Indonesia
Developing a mechanism of mobilization of various human and material resources
in planting, taking care and protecting urban green trees in Danang
city -------------------------------------------------------------------------------92
Hai T. C., Danang Department of Natural Resource and
Environment, Vietnam
Community Involvement in Coral Reef Restoration Projects in the Gulf of Thailand--100
Yeemin T., Saenghaisuk C., Pengsakun S., Sutthacheep M.,
Marine Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Biology,
Faculty of Science Ramkhamhaeng University, Thailand
Evaluation of Artificial Reefs in West Coast, Peninsular Malaysia --------------------- 109
Ismail I., Noh K. M., Arshad F. M., Noh A. F. M., Institute of
Agricultural and Food Policy Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia,
Malaysia
Community-based management approach at work in the Muan Wetland Protection--114
Area: Changing perception, changing practice and changing policy
Jang J. Y., Choi Y. R., Eco-Horizon Institute, Korea
When the cradle falls: A case of management failure in a community marine reserve
in southern Philippines ------------------------------------------------------120
Guzman A. B., Mindanao State University at Naawan, Philippines
Conceptual framework of organizing communities for effective mangrove
management -------------------------------------------------------------------126
Savaris J. P., Joven R., Rodney Golbeque and Edison Advincula
Zoological Society of London, Philippines
― 79 ―
Indigenous approaches to access, control and protection of coastal resources: A
review of some Philippine Experiences ----------------------------------- 132
Ferrer E., University of the Philippines, College of Social Work and
Community Development, Philippines
― 80 ―
IMPLEMENTING AN ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO COASTAL
MANAGEMENT THROUGH COMMUNITY BASED
ORGANIZATIONS: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE ANDAMAN
COAST OF THAILAND
Somsak SOONTHORNNAWAPHAT and
Janaka de SILVA
IUCN, Thailand Programme. 63 Sukhumvit
Soi 39 Bangkok 10110, Thailand
Coastal ecosystems throughout the world are under significant pressure from a
multitude of factors. Good coastal planning and management are an important element
to maintaining and improving the health of coastal ecosystems. However, the effects
poor planning and management are evident in many parts of the world and finding
practical solutions that take into account the ground realties are needed.
This paper describes the learning from our work along a coastal stretch within
Ranong and Phang Nga Provinces, Thailand. Assessments conducted identified human
induced activities as one of the major drivers for change to the ecosystem. However, the
legal mechanisms to implement an integrated approach are weak as the regulatory
framework is complex and confusing, with overlapping jurisdictions.
To accommodate the situation, we have used an approach based upon a “reef to
ridge” concept that encapsulates the ecosystem based approach which has been applied
to coastal rehabilitation and management using a bottom up process that focused on
local stakeholders with special emphasis on community based organizations.
By building upon the extensive base of community based organizations (CBO’s)
within the area, who have already demonstrated a commitment to managing their
environment we anticipate that the long term sustainability on the interventions are
more likely to be achieved.
A framework for action was developed through an extensive participatory process
that involved engaging with stakeholders at multiple levels ranging from the village to
national levels who have been involved at the three stages of participatory assessment,
planning and implementation using local stakeholders.
The approach also builds on the existing strengths of the institutions within the
landscapes that are strongest to deliver the ecosystem approach and also focuses
secondarily on institutions that show interest but may not have the full technical
capacity to implement. We demonstrate how action can be taken within complex
― 81 ―
systems where the ability to set up institutional mechanisms at a landscape level can be
challenging and how a more decentralized approach can work to achieve similar
results.
This approach has lead to the building of a network of stakeholders who work
cooperatively in a manner that takes into consideration the needs and capacity of the
individual stakeholders. The paper will present the case of two CBO’s a forest and river
conservation group on how communities are managing and taking action to protect
important ecosystems within the watershed.
― 82 ―
Dem
onstr
ating
an inte
gra
ted a
ppro
ach t
o m
anag
ing
eco
syste
ms
Imple
menting a
n E
cosyste
m A
ppro
ach to
Coasta
l M
ana
gem
ent
with C
om
munity B
ased
Org
aniz
atio
ns: A
n e
xam
ple
fro
m T
haila
nd
Som
sak S
oonth
orn
aw
aphat and J
anaka d
e S
ilva
Dem
onstr
ating
an inte
gra
ted a
ppro
ach t
o m
anag
ing
eco
syste
ms
Ma
jor
Thre
ats
to C
oasta
l &
Mari
ne E
cosyste
ms
dir
ect
dri
vers
of
ch
an
ge
Habitat
loss &
convers
ion
•coasta
l develo
pm
ent
•convers
ion t
o
aquaculture
ponds
•coasta
l defo
resta
tion
•re
cla
mation
•m
inin
g
Habitat
Degra
dation
•eutr
ophic
ation
•pollu
tion
•alie
n s
pecie
s invasio
n
•ero
sio
n &
silt
ation
•dis
ease
•destr
uctive fis
hin
g
pra
ctices
•salin
ization
(estu
aries &
lagoons)
Overe
xplo
itation
•unsusta
inable
levels
of
fishin
g
pre
ssure
•in
cid
enta
l ta
ke
or
by-c
atc
h
‘glo
bal w
arm
ing’, c
limatic c
hanges &
sea level rise
Dem
onstr
ating
an inte
gra
ted a
ppro
ach t
o m
anag
ing
eco
syste
ms
Th
e E
co
sys
tem
Ap
pro
ac
h
A s
trate
gy f
or
the inte
gra
ted
managem
ent
of
land,
wate
r
and
livin
g
resourc
es that
pro
mote
s c
onserv
ation a
nd
susta
inable
use in a
equitable
wa
y “
Reef
to R
idg
e”
Eve
rgre
en
fore
st
Agr
icul
ture
are
a/R
esi
dent
ial ar
ea
Man
grov
e f
orest
Sw
amp
fore
st
Seag
rass
bed
Cor
al R
eef
Beac
h f
orest
Dem
onstr
ating
an inte
gra
ted a
ppro
ach t
o m
anag
ing
eco
syste
ms
Go
als
•T
o d
evelo
p m
anag
em
ent fr
am
ew
ork
in
corp
ora
tin
g c
urr
ent pla
ns/ str
ate
gie
s, in
w
hic
h e
very
on
e h
as a
ro
le &
responsib
ility
•S
upport
esta
blis
hm
ent o
f susta
inable
m
anagem
ent part
ners
hip
s
•D
eliv
er
on the g
round ‘in
vestm
ents
’/
inte
rventio
ns in lin
e w
ith
priorities
•F
urt
her
researc
h, le
arn
ing &
know
ledge
exchang
e
― 83 ―
Dem
onstr
ating
an inte
gra
ted a
ppro
ach t
o m
anag
ing
eco
syste
ms
•1
30
km
. of
co
asta
l str
etc
h
•3 w
ate
rshe
d a
reas
•fo
cus o
n 1
,800
ho
use
hold
s
•6,5
00
po
pula
tio
n
•3
00
sta
tele
ss
•3 N
atio
nal P
ark
•1 W
ild life S
anctu
ary
•1 R
am
sar
site
•1 N
o h
untin
g a
rea
Pro
file
of
pro
ject
sit
e
Dem
onstr
ating
an inte
gra
ted a
ppro
ach t
o m
anag
ing
eco
syste
ms
Wa
ters
he
d A
rea
Dem
onstr
ating
an inte
gra
ted a
ppro
ach t
o m
anag
ing
eco
syste
ms
Do
wn
str
ea
m
Marine &
coasta
l a
rea
Dem
onstr
ating
an inte
gra
ted a
ppro
ach t
o m
anag
ing
eco
syste
ms
Rationale
for
Work
ing W
ith C
BO
s
•E
co
syste
ms in
clu
de P
eo
ple
•R
ap
id C
ha
ng
es to
Syste
m
•S
tro
ng
Netw
ork
of
Sta
ke
ho
lders
•W
eak L
aw
En
forc
em
en
t
•C
ap
acity o
f C
BO
Str
en
gth
ene
d a
fter
Tsu
nam
i
― 84 ―
Dem
onstr
ating
an inte
gra
ted a
ppro
ach t
o m
anag
ing
eco
syste
ms
•20
Go
vt.
Age
ncie
s
and
Exp
ert
s
•9 T
am
bon
sin
4
Dis
tric
ts
•32
Vill
ag
es
•170
com
mun
ity
lead
ers
•240
Sch
oo
l K
ids
Dem
onstr
ating
an inte
gra
ted a
ppro
ach t
o m
anag
ing
eco
syste
ms
Ke
y F
ind
ing
s
•H
ave c
apacity f
or
managin
g n
atu
ral
resou
rces
•A
ctions n
eed to f
it
capacity a
nd n
eeds
•G
rante
es n
eed
capacity b
uild
ing
support
Dem
onstr
ating
an inte
gra
ted a
ppro
ach t
o m
anag
ing
eco
syste
ms
Dem
onstr
ating
an inte
gra
ted a
ppro
ach t
o m
anag
ing
eco
syste
ms
Socia
l M
obili
zation a
nd
Co
mm
unic
atio
n
•P
rom
oting
lin
ks b
etw
een
go
vern
ment
and
com
mun
itie
s e
sse
ntia
l
•N
etw
ork
within
are
a,
in w
ate
rshed
and
acro
ss the
reg
ion
.
•M
ore
Ad
vo
ca
cy S
up
po
rt
― 85 ―
Dem
onstr
ating
an inte
gra
ted a
ppro
ach t
o m
anag
ing
eco
syste
ms
Ma
e N
am
Kh
aew
•S
up
po
rted
red
ucti
on
of
ke
y
thre
ats
; fo
rest
en
cro
ach
men
t
an
d h
un
tin
g
•D
ocu
men
ted
Bio
div
ers
ity
Valu
es
•N
etw
ork
ing
7 v
illa
ges t
o w
ork
to
geth
er
•S
et
up
ru
les a
nd
halt
ed
fo
rest
en
cro
ach
men
t
•L
ess s
uccess o
n h
un
tin
g
•L
inked
to
Lan
d
Rig
hts
Netw
ork
an
d s
it o
n P
rovin
cia
l C
om
mit
tee
Man
ag
ing
Fo
rests
ou
tsid
e
Pro
tecte
d a
reas
35
Sq
uare
K
ilo
mete
rs
Dem
onstr
ating
an inte
gra
ted a
ppro
ach t
o m
anag
ing
eco
syste
ms
Unders
tandin
g E
cosyste
m F
unction
•G
oo
d u
nd
ers
tand
ing o
f e
co
syste
m
with
in th
eir la
nd
scape
•C
om
mun
itie
s p
osse
ss v
alu
ab
le
eco
log
ica
l in
form
ation
and
kno
w h
ow
to
docum
ent
it
Dem
onstr
ating
an inte
gra
ted a
ppro
ach t
o m
anag
ing
eco
syste
ms
En
dem
ic S
pe
cie
s a
nd
Lo
ca
l
Kn
ow
led
ge
•Local com
munitie
s
help
ed a
ssess sta
tus
•E
xchangin
g K
now
ledg
e
with o
ther
gro
ups h
as
enha
nced m
onitori
ng
skill
s a
cro
ss the
landscape
•A
dvocacy s
kill
s n
eed
str
ength
enin
g
Dem
onstr
ating
an inte
gra
ted a
ppro
ach t
o m
anag
ing
eco
syste
ms
Th
un
g N
am
Da
m
Mo
nit
ori
ng
Fau
na a
nd
Pro
mo
tin
g r
eg
ula
tio
ns
•S
up
port
ing
com
munity
rule
s b
ein
g incorp
ora
ted
into
local re
gula
tio
ns
•Mon
itorin
g a
nd A
ssessin
g
Orc
hid
and
M
ela
luca
Fore
st d
ivers
ity
•Deve
lopin
g s
eagra
ss
monitorin
g p
roto
cols
that
captu
re local kn
ow
led
ge.
― 86 ―
Dem
onstr
ating
an inte
gra
ted a
ppro
ach t
o m
anag
ing
eco
syste
ms
Th
e C
on
clu
sio
ns
•C
BO
sare
an
eff
ective
mecha
nis
m t
o invest in
coa
sta
l
syste
ms.
•G
overn
me
nt
en
gag
em
ent in
part
icip
ato
ry p
roce
sses is g
oo
d
but vari
es
•N
eed
to g
ive s
up
port
for
advoca
cy d
evelo
pm
en
t earl
y
•D
evelo
pin
g s
usta
inable
finan
cin
g
mech
anis
m t
o s
up
port
local co
nserv
atio
n a
re n
ee
de
d
Dem
onstr
ating
an inte
gra
ted a
ppro
ach t
o m
anag
ing
eco
syste
ms
Thank y
ou
(In T
hai :
Ko
b-K
hu
n-K
hra
p)
― 87 ―
IMPLEMENTATION OF TRI HITA KARANA, A LOCAL WISDOM
OF BALI TO MAINTAIN AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES
Dewa Ngurah SUPRAPTA
Director School of Postgraduate Udayana
University
Jl. PB. Sudirman Denpasar Bali Indonesia
Balinese Hindu community considers that man is part of nature and is the creation of
God. The existence and welfare of man are very much determined by his capability of
keeping the harmonious relationship with God (Parhyangan), harmonious relationship
with fellow human being (Pawongan), and harmonious relationship with the Nature
(Palemahan). The key word of this conception is “harmonious relationship”.
Harmonious relationship is relationship developed based on values and rules of each
element. The relationship with God is made based on values and rules of religion.
Relationship with other human beings is also made based on values and rules of
humanity, among others: the value of human right, democracy, equity, justice, and the
like. The relationship with nature is also made based on the rules of the nature itself
because man is alive and made alive by the surrounding environment. So, to sustain the
life of man, nature must function continuously. Nature cannot be managed beyond the
scope of its rules, so that nature can have its good cycle. Over-intervention to nature that
causes damages or degradation in one or more of its components will be harmful. This
coception is called Tri Hita Karana, meaning three harmoniously relationship among
related elements bringing welfare and happiness. The three elements are man, nature,
and God. In Bali, there is organization which functions to maintain and generate various
local wisdoms related to rice field called “Subak”. Subak, whose members are farmers,
has main activities to manage water and land resources for the interest of agriculture to
develop it in a sustainable way. This paper describes briefly the implementation of Tri
Hita Karana which constitutes one of the local wisdom in Bali in the field of
agriculture to maintain agricultural resources.
Key Words: Local wisdom, Tri Hita Karana, agricultural resources
― 88 ―
De
wa N
gura
h S
upra
pta
Uda
ya
na U
niv
ers
ity,
Bali
Tri
Hita K
ara
na c
on
ce
ptio
n
Tem
ple
Ric
e f
ield
Farm
ers
Farm
ers
Paw
on
ga
nP
ale
ma
ha
nP
arh
yan
ga
n
The k
ey w
ord
s f
or
the
co
nce
ption
:
Harm
onio
us r
ela
tio
nship
: re
lation
ship
develo
pe
d b
ased
on v
alu
es a
nd r
ule
s o
f each e
lem
ent.
1.
Rela
tion
ship
with
God
: b
ase
d o
n v
alu
es a
nd r
ule
s o
f
relig
ion
(Parh
ya
ng
an)
2. R
ela
tio
nship
with
oth
er
hu
man
bein
g is a
lso b
ased
on
valu
es a
nd r
ule
s o
f h
um
anity, h
um
an
rig
ht, d
em
ocra
cy,
equity,
justice
(Pa
wo
ng
an)
3. R
ela
tio
nship
with
natu
re is b
ase
d o
n t
he r
ule
s o
f n
atu
re
itself
(Pale
ma
han)
Imple
me
nta
tio
n o
f P
ara
hyan
gan in A
gri
culture
:
1.
Esta
blis
hm
ent
of
tem
ple
s:
pla
ce f
or
wors
hip
of
God
-U
lun
Da
nu
tem
ple
: b
uilt
near
the lakes in B
ali
-U
lun
Su
wite
mple
: b
uilt
at o
ne r
egio
n o
r severa
l
su
baks.
-B
ed
ug
ulte
mple
: b
uilt
at
dam
or
div
isio
n o
f w
ate
r
-M
asce
ti t
em
ple
: b
uilt
at
each
sub
ak.
-T
ug
ushri
ne
:
built
at
ea
ch f
arm
er’
s r
ice
fie
ld b
lock.
― 89 ―
Imple
menta
tion o
f P
arh
yangan
:
2.
Cere
monie
s (
ritu
als
):
a.
Colle
ctive/g
roup c
ere
monie
s :
-M
agpag T
oya
-N
yaeb
-N
gusaba
-O
dala
n
-N
anglu
k M
era
na
b.I
ndiv
idual cere
monie
sby e
ach f
arm
er
: fr
om
land
pre
para
tion,
harv
estto
posth
arv
est
, such a
s :
Ngendagin
, N
gurit,
Nandur,
Biy
ukukung,
Ngunta
p
Sri, M
ante
nin
Imple
me
nta
tio
n o
f P
aw
on
ga
n:
Exis
tence o
f S
ub
ak
:org
aniz
ation
develo
pe
d b
y f
arm
ers
to m
ana
ge, m
ain
tain
an
d p
reserv
e t
he w
ate
r a
nd la
nd
reso
urc
es
an
d s
ocia
l harm
on
y.
-Su
bak m
ana
gem
en
t :
by P
ekase
h(h
ea
d o
f S
ub
ak)
-Su
bak r
ule
s (
aw
ig-a
wig
)
-Su
bak m
eeting
-Su
bak a
ctivitie
s
Imple
me
nta
tio
n o
f P
ale
ma
ha
n:
Basic
co
nce
pt
: M
an
is p
art
of
natu
re,
his
exis
ten
ce
an
d
welfare
are
very
much d
ep
en
de
nt
up
on t
he
surr
oun
din
g
envir
onm
en
t.
-Ap
pre
cia
tion t
o P
lants
: T
um
pek U
duh
cere
mon
y
dedic
ate
d t
o p
lant e
very
21
0 d
ays.
-Ap
pre
cia
tion t
o a
nim
al : T
um
pek k
and
an
g c
ere
mo
ny
dedic
ate
d t
o a
nim
al: e
very
21
0 d
ays
-Re
gula
tin
g w
ate
r re
so
urc
es
-Re
gula
tin
g p
lan
tin
g p
att
ern
-Etc
.
Imple
menta
tion o
f P
ale
mahan
:
There
are
six
eff
ort
s w
hic
h m
ust
be d
one t
o c
onserv
e t
he n
atu
re c
alle
d S
ad
Kert
ih:
1.A
tma K
ert
ih : a
n e
ffort
to c
onserv
e a
nd p
urify
the A
tma
(hum
an s
pirit a
nd s
oul).
2.
Sam
udera
Kert
ih :
an e
ffort
to c
onserv
e t
he o
cean r
esourc
es that havin
g
multifunction in h
um
an life.
3. W
ana K
ert
ih : a
n e
ffort
to c
onserv
e t
he f
ore
st alo
ng w
ith its
bio
div
ers
ity
4.
Danu K
ert
ih : a
n e
ffort
to c
onserv
e f
resh w
ate
r re
sourc
es s
uch a
s s
pring,
lake,
river.
5.
Jagat
Kert
ih :
an e
ffort
to c
onserv
e t
he h
arm
ony o
f tr
uth
-based d
ynam
ic
and p
roductive s
ocia
l re
lation.
6.
Jana K
ert
ih : a
n e
ffort
to d
evelo
p h
um
an inner
pro
sperity
and h
um
an
mora
lity.
― 90 ―
Co
nclu
din
g r
em
ark
s :
-T
ri H
ita K
ara
na : is o
ne o
f B
ali’
s lo
cal w
isdom
imple
men
ted in a
gri
culture
to m
ain
tain
agri
cultura
l
reso
urc
es.
-This
co
ncep
tio
n p
ut
hum
an b
ein
g a
s t
he p
art
of
the
wh
ole
univ
ers
e s
yste
m, in
whic
h m
an s
ho
uld
main
tain
harm
onio
us r
ela
tio
nship
with G
od,
natu
re a
nd o
ther
pe
ople
.
-Su
bak
is e
sta
blis
he
d b
y f
arm
ers
to m
ain
tain
an
d
imple
men
t T
ri H
ita K
ara
na
in a
gri
culture
.
Ackno
wle
dg
em
ent
:
I w
ould
lik
e t
o e
xpre
ss m
y a
ppre
cia
tio
n t
o t
he
Inte
rnatio
nal E
ME
CS
Cen
ter
, K
obe
, Jap
an t
hat kin
dly
su
pp
ort
th
e e
xp
ence
s f
or
my p
art
icip
atio
n in t
his
work
sh
op
.
― 91 ―
DEVELOPING A MECHANISM OF MOBILIZATION OF VARIOUS
HUMAN AND MATERIAL RESOUCES IN PLANTING, TAKING
CARE AND PROTECTING URBAN GREEN TREES IN
DANANG CITY
Truong Cong HAI
Danang Department of Natural Resource
and Environment
Danang has been increasing planting urban green trees in recent years. However, its
effectiveness is not high yet, the covering rate achieved 2m2/person. This reality was in
consequence of various causes such as high rate of urbanization, natural disasters. And
one of the important reasons is the management of urban green trees in Danang city
contains many conflicts such as lacking of interagency coordination, overlaps in
management mechanism between agencies, various financial resources are not mobilized
while the city’s budget is limited, lacking of mechanism for community participation.
According to the orientation of the City, the index for urban greening cover to the
year 2015 will be 4m2/person, this will be difficult to attain unless there is a change in
management mechanism, diversified financial support in urban greening.
Deriving from the reality, the Project of planting, taking care and protecting urban
green trees in Danang city was implemented to increase the rate of urban greening,
develop pilot models on mobilization of various human resources for urban greening to
set background for changing management mechanism of urban greening.
Danang city assigned for Danang Association of Natural and Environment Protection
to receive the project. The members of project executive board include the leaders of
related departments, sectors, agencies to coordinate all activities of the project. With the
above mechanism of project executive board and positive participation of social
organizations, enterprises and communities, the project ensures the aim of mobilizing
various human resources is to set background for intersectoral management mechanism
of urban greening.
Total expenditure of the project is 1,780,150,000VND, in which GEF SGP sponsored
806,150,000VND, the city’s budget is 974,000,000VND. Besides, during the
implementation of the project, some enterprises, especially the polluters contributed
expenditure for the project. This help to ensure sustainable financial resource for urban
greening, this financial resource is one way to overcome pollution.
― 92 ―
The implemented activities
1. Conduct survey to identify places for pilot models; Design planting models,
including the selection of trees that suitable for each pilot places;
2. Conduct public awareness to enhance awareness on the role of urban green trees,
regulations on management, the significance of the project, the role of community
in green tree management and existing situation of green tree in the city; conduct
trainings and guiding skills on planting, taking care and protecting urban green
trees; propagandize on the project on mass media;
3. Conduct to plant trees. Forces participating in tree planting consists of pupils,
social organizations, armed forces; After planting tree, stakeholders check sign the
commitments to maintain taking care and protecting tree;
4. Check and assess the implementation of commitment of pilot places; Compile
technical documents, lessons learned to scale up the project.
Actual accomplishments
The project planted more than 17,000 green trees of all kinds at 23 pilot places,
remarkably the coastal pilot place of more than 2ha of 850 coconuts. Besides the
selected pilot places, in the implementation of the project, Danang Association of
Natural and Environment Protection received financial support from some enterprises in
the city to plant more than 5,000 trees at 6 other places. This action can be seen as initial
achievement of mobilization of various human and material resources.
The project conducted 17 training courses on the role of green trees, awareness on
protecting urban green tree, the role of community in urban green tree management and
regulations on urban green tree management for more than 3,000 people.
Through participating in the project, some officers mastered a mechanism of various
human and material resources in planting and protecting urban green trees, understood
the existing situation and expectation of community in planting, taking care and
protecting urban green tree.
The project was successful in the mobilization of various human and material
resources for planting, taking care and protecting urban green tree. Basing on the actual
achievements of pilot models the project, Danang People’s Committee directed related
departments, sectors to develop a project of various human and material resources
mobilization for planting, taking care and protecting urban green tree.
Lessons learned
- Consensus of stakeholders is decisive factor of the success of the project;
- Community and social organizations are the nucleus for mobilization of various
― 93 ―
human and material resources;
- The head of the organization plays crucial role in the support and positive
participation in the project;
- Propagandized activities need to be integrated with other action plans to be more
effective;
- Need to cooperate with local government at all levels to put planting, taking care
and protecting of urban green tree as emulated target.
― 94 ―
CO
MM
UN
ITY
EF
FO
RT
IN
TH
E
CO
MM
UN
ITY
EF
FO
RT
IN
TH
E
RE
FO
RE
ST
AT
ION
OF
CO
AS
T G
RE
EN
BE
LT
IN
R
EF
OR
ES
TA
TIO
N O
F C
OA
ST
GR
EE
N B
EL
T I
N
DA
NA
NG
CIT
YD
AN
AN
G C
ITY
Pre
pa
red
: M
r. T
ruo
ng
Co
ng
Hai,
Dan
an
g,
Vie
tnam
•L
oc
ati
on
:
Ce
ntr
al V
ietn
am
•A
rea
1,2
59
km
2
•P
op
ula
tio
n
82
2,3
39
pe
op
le
•C
oa
stl
ine
:
92
km
•W
ate
rsh
ed
are
a:
95
4.3
8 k
m2
•A
dm
inis
trati
ve u
nit
s
6 D
istr
icts
2 S
ub
urb
s
•W
eb
sit
e:
ww
w.d
anang.e
gv.o
rg.v
n
DA
NA
NG
CIT
Y
EX
IST
ING
ST
AT
E O
F G
RE
EN
AR
EA
IN
DA
NA
NG
CIT
YE
XIS
TIN
G S
TA
TE
OF
GR
EE
N A
RE
A
IN D
AN
AN
G C
ITY
Dan
an
g c
ity
has
low
rate
of
green
area:
Dan
an
g c
ity
has
low
rate
of
green
area:
Ap
rox
imat
e 3
3,0
00
tre
es,
if c
om
bin
e gra
ss,
flo
wer
an
d t
rees
in
A
pro
xim
ate
33
,00
0 t
rees
, if
co
mb
ine
gra
ss,
flo
wer
an
d t
rees
in
off
ices
and p
ubli
c ce
ntr
es, th
e co
ver
ing r
ate
is a
bout
2m
off
ices
and p
ubli
c ce
ntr
es, th
e co
ver
ing r
ate
is a
bout
2m
22per
cap
ita.
per
cap
ita.
Gre
en t
rees
alo
ng t
he
coas
t w
as d
isap
pea
red b
y u
rban
izat
ion.
Gre
en t
rees
alo
ng t
he
coas
t w
as d
isap
pea
red b
y u
rban
izat
ion.
Th
e C
oas
tal
Str
ateg
y f
or
Dan
ang C
ity i
den
tifi
ed n
atura
l dis
aste
rT
he
Coas
tal
Str
ateg
y f
or
Dan
ang C
ity i
den
tifi
ed n
atura
l dis
aste
r s a
s s
as
the
fact
or
that
en
dan
ger
th
e su
stai
nab
le d
evel
op
men
t of
the
coas
the
fact
or
that
en
dan
ger
th
e su
stai
nab
le d
evel
op
men
t of
the
coas
t.
t.
Incr
ease
the
gre
en r
ate
and r
esto
re t
he
coas
tal
gre
en b
elt
are
oIn
crea
se t
he
gre
en r
ate
and r
esto
re t
he
coas
tal
gre
en b
elt
are
of
the
f th
e
the
solu
tion
s to
cu
t d
ow
n
affe
cts
from
ty
ph
oon
and
init
iate
th
e th
e so
luti
on
s to
cu
t d
ow
n
affe
cts
from
ty
ph
oon
and
init
iate
th
e re
late
d e
cosy
stem
s re
stora
tion.
rela
ted e
cosy
stem
s re
stora
tion.
The
Cit
y i
mple
men
ted m
any p
rogra
ms
to i
ncr
ease
the
gre
en r
ate
bu
The
Cit
y i
mple
men
ted m
any p
rogra
ms
to i
ncr
ease
the
gre
en r
ate
bu
ttth
ey
wer
e n
ot
effe
ctiv
e.
Thes
e p
rob
lem
s w
ere
cau
sed
b
y
the
they
wer
e n
ot
effe
ctiv
e.
Thes
e p
rob
lem
s w
ere
cau
sed
b
y
the
foll
ow
ing r
easo
ns:
foll
ow
ing r
easo
ns:
EX
IST
ING
ST
AT
E O
F G
RE
EN
AR
EA
IN
E
XIS
TIN
G S
TA
TE
OF
GR
EE
N A
RE
A IN
DA
NA
NG
CIT
YD
AN
AN
G C
ITY
Th
e a
ffec
t of
natu
ra
l d
isast
ers
:T
he
aff
ect
of
natu
ra
l d
isast
ers
:
Annual
ly,
the
typhoons
affe
cted
ser
iousl
y t
o t
he
Annual
ly,
the
typhoons
affe
cted
ser
iousl
y t
o t
he
gre
en t
ree
syst
em.
gre
en t
ree
syst
em.
Acc
ord
ing t
o t
he
stat
isti
cs, o
n a
ver
age,
ther
e w
ere
A
cco
rdin
g t
o t
he
stat
isti
cs, o
n a
ver
age,
ther
e w
ere
abo
ut
6,0
00
tre
es a
ffec
ted d
irec
tly b
y t
yp
ho
on
per
ab
ou
t 6
,00
0 t
rees
aff
ecte
d d
irec
tly b
y t
yp
ho
on
per
yea
r. M
ean
whil
e, t
he
city
on
ly p
lan
ted
ab
ou
t 7,0
00
yea
r. M
ean
whil
e, t
he
city
on
ly p
lan
ted
ab
ou
t 7,0
00
new
tre
es o
f al
l k
ind
s.n
ew t
rees
of
all
kin
ds.
Sto
rm N
o.9
(S
torm
No.9
(K
etsa
na
Ket
sana)
des
tro
yed
21
,00
0 t
rees
in
) d
estr
oyed
21
,00
0 t
rees
in
wh
ich 6
,00
0 t
rees
co
uld
not
be
rep
lan
ted
wh
ich 6
,00
0 t
rees
co
uld
not
be
rep
lan
ted
― 95 ―
EX
IST
ING
ST
AT
E O
F G
RE
EN
AR
EA
IN
E
XIS
TIN
G S
TA
TE
OF
GR
EE
N A
RE
A IN
DA
NA
NG
CIT
YD
AN
AN
G C
ITY
Th
e m
an
agem
ent
cap
aci
ty
has
not
met
the
act
ual
Th
e m
an
agem
ent
cap
aci
ty
has
not
met
the
act
ual
dem
an
d:
dem
an
d:
Th
ere
are
man
y
dep
artm
ents
an
d
auth
ori
ties
w
hic
h
Th
ere
are
man
y
dep
artm
ents
an
d
auth
ori
ties
w
hic
h
man
age
gre
en a
reas
bu
t th
ere
are
lack
of
coll
abo
rati
ng
man
age
gre
en a
reas
bu
t th
ere
are
lack
of
coll
abo
rati
ng
Res
iden
tial
role
s ar
e not
conce
rned
Res
iden
tial
role
s ar
e not
conce
rned
Aw
aren
ess
of
resi
den
ts a
re n
ot
go
od e
nou
gh
Aw
aren
ess
of
resi
den
ts a
re n
ot
go
od e
nou
gh
Th
e fi
nan
cial
reso
urc
es
for
gre
en
tree
asp
ect
was
not
Th
e fi
nan
cial
reso
urc
es
for
gre
en
tree
asp
ect
was
not
mob
iliz
ed:
mob
iliz
ed:
Th
e w
ho
le b
ud
get
in
ves
ted
for
gre
en t
ree
asp
ect
is f
rom
T
he
wh
ole
bu
dget
in
ves
ted
for
gre
en t
ree
asp
ect
is f
rom
th
e ci
tyth
e ci
ty‘‘ s
bu
dget
in t
he
con
tex
t th
at t
he
city
s b
ud
get
in t
he
con
tex
t th
at t
he
city
‘‘ s b
udget
is
s b
udget
is
stil
l li
mit
ted
stil
l li
mit
ted
Mec
han
ism
fo
r m
ob
iliz
ing i
nves
tmen
t fr
om
pri
vat
e se
cto
rs
Mec
han
ism
fo
r m
ob
iliz
ing i
nves
tmen
t fr
om
pri
vat
e se
cto
rs
and
NG
Os
has
no
t es
tab
lish
edan
d N
GO
s has
no
t es
tab
lish
ed
EX
IST
ING
ST
AT
E O
F G
RE
EN
AR
EA
IN
E
XIS
TIN
G S
TA
TE
OF
GR
EE
N A
RE
A IN
DA
NA
NG
CIT
YD
AN
AN
G C
ITY
Lack
of
space f
or r
est
orati
on
of
green
area a
lon
g t
he c
oast
:L
ack
of
space f
or r
est
orati
on
of
green
area a
lon
g t
he c
oast
:
Th
e co
asta
l ar
ea h
as c
on
ven
ien
t co
nd
itio
n f
or
econ
om
ic
Th
e co
asta
l ar
ea h
as c
on
ven
ien
t co
nd
itio
n f
or
econ
om
ic
dev
elop
men
t dev
elop
men
t
In l
and u
se p
lannin
g a
s w
ell
as i
nte
gra
ted c
oas
tal
use
zon
ing, t
In l
and u
se p
lannin
g a
s w
ell
as i
nte
gra
ted c
oas
tal
use
zon
ing, t h
e he
spac
e i
s re
serv
ed f
or
gre
en a
rea
is v
ery l
imit
ted
.sp
ace
is
rese
rved
for
gre
en a
rea
is v
ery l
imit
ted
.
Tech
niq
ues
of
pla
nti
ng
an
d t
ak
ing
ca
re t
ree
s a
re n
ot
ap
pro
pria
teT
ech
niq
ues
of
pla
nti
ng
an
d t
ak
ing
ca
re t
ree
s a
re n
ot
ap
pro
pria
te
Iden
tify
and a
rran
ge
unsu
itab
le k
inds
of
tree
s fo
r var
ious
site
sId
enti
fy a
nd a
rran
ge
unsu
itab
le k
inds
of
tree
s fo
r var
ious
site
s ;;
Tre
es a
re p
lan
ted
in
a l
ine
alon
g t
he
road
s, c
oas
t th
us
they a
reT
rees
are
pla
nte
d i
n a
lin
e al
on
g t
he
road
s, c
oas
t th
us
they a
re
easi
ly c
oll
apse
d i
n w
ind
y a
nd t
yph
oon
easi
ly c
oll
apse
d i
n w
ind
y a
nd t
yph
oon
OR
IEN
TA
TIO
N O
F G
RE
EN
TR
EE
O
RIE
NT
AT
ION
OF
GR
EE
N T
RE
E
DE
VE
LO
PM
EN
T IN
DA
NA
NG
D
EV
EL
OP
ME
NT
IN
DA
NA
NG
Acc
ord
ing
to
Vie
tnam
Acc
ord
ing
to
Vie
tnam
‘‘ s
regula
tion
for
level
1
urb
an
s re
gula
tion
for
level
1
urb
an
area
, it
must
be
area
, it
must
be
6 m
6 m
22per
cap
ita.
per
cap
ita.
Incr
easi
ng
the
gre
en
bel
t is
o
ne
of
the
targ
et
to
Incr
easi
ng
the
gre
en
bel
t is
o
ne
of
the
targ
et
to
imp
lem
ent
the
pro
ject
on e
nvir
on
men
tal
city
imp
lem
ent
the
pro
ject
on e
nvir
on
men
tal
city
In t
he
gre
en t
ree
dev
elo
pm
ent
pla
n, t
o t
he
yea
r 2
01
5 t
he
In t
he
gre
en t
ree
dev
elo
pm
ent
pla
n, t
o t
he
yea
r 2
01
5 t
he
gre
en c
over
m
ust
rea
ch 4
mgre
en c
over
m
ust
rea
ch 4
m22
per
cap
ita.
How
ever
, i
t is
per
cap
ita.
How
ever
, i
t is
d
iffi
cult
to r
each
th
is t
arget
.d
iffi
cult
to r
each
th
is t
arget
.
Th
is c
ircu
mst
ance
req
uir
es u
s to
chan
ge
ou
r m
anag
emen
t T
his
cir
cum
stan
ce r
equ
ires
us
to c
han
ge
ou
r m
anag
emen
t ap
pro
ach
in
gre
en t
ree
aspec
t.ap
pro
ach
in
gre
en t
ree
aspec
t.
― 96 ―
DE
VE
LO
PE
D A
PIL
OT
MO
DE
L O
F M
OB
ILIZ
AT
ION
D
EV
EL
OP
ED
A P
ILO
T M
OD
EL
OF
MO
BIL
IZA
TIO
N
OF
PU
PL
IC A
ND
PR
IVA
TE
PA
RT
NE
RS
HIP
IN
O
F P
UP
LIC
AN
D P
RIV
AT
E P
AR
TN
ER
SH
IP IN
PL
AN
TIN
G,
TA
KIN
G C
AR
E A
ND
PR
OT
EC
TIN
G
PL
AN
TIN
G,
TA
KIN
G C
AR
E A
ND
PR
OT
EC
TIN
G
UR
BA
N G
RE
EN
TR
EE
S
UR
BA
N G
RE
EN
TR
EE
S
PR
OJE
CT
PR
OJE
CT
’’ S O
BJE
CT
IVE
AN
D G
OA
LS
S O
BJE
CT
IVE
AN
D G
OA
LS
Ob
jecti
ve:
Ob
jecti
ve:
Incr
ease
rat
e of
gre
en a
reas
in
Incr
ease
rat
e of
gre
en a
reas
in D
anan
gD
anan
gci
ty;
Devel
op a
pil
ot
model
o
f publi
c ci
ty;
Devel
op a
pil
ot
model
o
f publi
c an
d p
rivat
e p
artn
ersh
ip f
or
gre
en a
reas
an
d p
rivat
e p
artn
ersh
ip f
or
gre
en a
reas
w
hic
h
wil
l be
a co
ncr
ete
model
fo
r w
hic
h
wil
l be
a co
ncr
ete
model
fo
r ch
angin
g
the
curr
ent
man
agem
ent
chan
gin
g
the
curr
ent
man
agem
ent
stru
ctu
rest
ruct
ure
..
Goals
:G
oals
:
Fin
d t
he
finan
cial
and h
um
an r
esourc
es
Fin
d t
he
finan
cial
and h
um
an r
esourc
es
for
devel
op
ing u
rban
gre
en t
ree
for
devel
op
ing u
rban
gre
en t
ree
Cre
ate
more
sp
aces
fo
r tr
ee
Cre
ate
more
sp
aces
fo
r tr
ee
arra
ngem
ent
arra
ngem
ent
Buil
d
teac
hniq
ues
of
pla
nti
ng,
takin
g
Buil
d
teac
hniq
ues
of
pla
nti
ng,
takin
g
care
an
d
pro
tect
ing
gre
en
tree
s fo
r ca
re
and
p
rote
ctin
g
gre
en
tree
s fo
r var
ious
site
svar
ious
site
s
EX
PE
NS
E A
ND
IM
PL
EM
EN
TIN
G D
UR
AT
ION
EX
PE
NS
E A
ND
IM
PL
EM
EN
TIN
G D
UR
AT
ION
Ex
pen
se:
Ex
pen
se:
Tota
l bud
get
of
this
pro
ject
: T
ota
l bud
get
of
this
pro
ject
: 110,0
00
110,0
00
US
DU
SD
GE
F S
GP
: G
EF
SG
P:
50,0
00
50,0
00
US
DU
SD
Loca
l g
over
nm
ent:
L
oca
l g
over
nm
ent:
60,0
00
60,0
00
US
D.
US
D.
Imp
lem
enti
ng d
ura
tion
:Im
ple
men
tin
g d
ura
tion
:
2 y
ears
: 2 y
ears
: 200
8200
8-- 2
009
2009
CO
NT
EN
TS
CO
NT
EN
TS
Ch
oo
se t
he
site
fo
r im
ple
men
tin
g p
ilo
t m
od
el:
Ch
oo
se t
he
site
fo
r im
ple
men
tin
g p
ilo
t m
od
el:
Sit
es c
hose
n i
nte
rest
ed t
o t
his
pro
ject
an
d c
ou
ld a
dap
t S
ites
ch
ose
n i
nte
rest
ed t
o t
his
pro
ject
an
d c
ou
ld a
dap
t
req
uir
emen
ts o
f th
e p
roje
ct.
req
uir
emen
ts o
f th
e p
roje
ct.
Stu
dy t
he
nat
ura
l fe
ature
s su
ch a
s so
il,
wat
er r
esourc
e,
Stu
dy t
he
nat
ura
l fe
ature
s su
ch a
s so
il,
wat
er r
esourc
e,
the
cap
acit
y t
o b
e af
fect
ed b
y t
yp
ho
on
the
cap
acit
y t
o b
e af
fect
ed b
y t
yp
ho
on
……to
sel
ect
to s
elec
t
suit
able
tre
e fo
r ea
ch s
ite.
suit
able
tre
e fo
r ea
ch s
ite.
Th
e nat
ive
kno
wle
dge
are
app
lied
to s
elec
t T
he
nat
ive
kno
wle
dge
are
app
lied
to s
elec
t
dem
onst
rati
on s
ite
dem
onst
rati
on s
ite
23
sit
es c
hose
n:
7 r
oad
s, 7
sch
oo
ls, 6
quar
ters
, 0
1
23
sit
es c
hose
n:
7 r
oad
s, 7
sch
oo
ls, 6
quar
ters
, 0
1
fact
ory
an
d 0
2 b
each
es.
fact
ory
an
d 0
2 b
each
es.
― 97 ―
CO
NT
EN
TS
CO
NT
EN
TS
Des
ign
pla
nti
ng
mo
del
:D
esig
n p
lan
tin
g m
od
el:
Sel
ecte
d s
uit
able
tre
e fo
r ea
ch s
ite.
As
for
coas
tal
area
, w
e S
elec
ted s
uit
able
tre
e fo
r ea
ch s
ite.
As
for
coas
tal
area
, w
e
sele
cted
tr
ees
that
ar
e ca
pab
le of
con
fro
nti
ng ty
ph
oo
ns
sele
cted
tr
ees
that
ar
e ca
pab
le of
con
fro
nti
ng ty
ph
oo
ns
and
sa
lin
ity
and
sa
lin
ity
Du
e to
nar
row
pav
emen
t, w
e ca
nn
ot
arra
nge
tree
s in
man
y
Du
e to
nar
row
pav
emen
t, w
e ca
nn
ot
arra
nge
tree
s in
man
y
lin
es.
We
enco
ura
ge
the
resi
den
ts a
nd
org
aniz
atio
ns
to
lin
es.
We
enco
ura
ge
the
resi
den
ts a
nd
org
aniz
atio
ns
to
pla
nt
one
more
par
alle
l li
ne
to i
ncr
ease
co
nfr
onti
ng
pla
nt
one
more
par
alle
l li
ne
to i
ncr
ease
co
nfr
onti
ng
capac
ity
capac
ity
We
alre
ady c
reat
e a
gre
en b
elt
to p
rote
ct t
he
city
We
alre
ady c
reat
e a
gre
en b
elt
to p
rote
ct t
he
city
Pla
nte
rs:
studen
ts, u
nio
ns
Pla
nte
rs:
studen
ts, u
nio
ns ’’
mem
ber
s, s
old
iers
...
Wit
h s
upp
ort
fro
m
mem
ber
s, s
old
iers
...
Wit
h s
upp
ort
fro
m
exp
erts
exp
erts
••O
n e
ach
sit
e, p
lan
ters
hav
e to
pla
nt
tree
s ac
cord
ing t
o t
ech
niq
On
eac
h s
ite,
pla
nte
rs h
ave
to p
lan
t tr
ees
acco
rdin
g t
o t
ech
niq
ue
ue
req
uir
emen
ts.
req
uir
emen
ts.
••S
takeh
old
ers
com
mit
to t
ake
care
and p
rote
ct g
reen
are
as a
s S
takeh
old
ers
com
mit
to t
ake
care
and p
rote
ct g
reen
are
as a
s
tecn
iqu
ete
cniq
ue
req
uir
emen
ts.
req
uir
emen
ts.
CO
NT
EN
TS
CO
NT
EN
TS
En
ha
nce
aw
are
nes
s:E
nh
an
ce a
wa
ren
ess:
••R
ole
s of
gre
en a
reas
an
d r
elev
an
t re
gu
lati
on
s,R
ole
s of
gre
en a
reas
an
d r
elev
an
t re
gu
lati
on
s,
••O
bje
ctiv
es a
nd
Goals
of
this
pro
ject
,O
bje
ctiv
es a
nd
Goals
of
this
pro
ject
,
••R
ole
s of
resi
den
ts i
n m
an
agin
g g
reen
are
as
Role
s of
resi
den
ts i
n m
an
agin
g g
reen
are
as
••T
ech
niq
ue o
f p
lan
tin
g,
tak
ing c
are
an
d p
rote
cti
ng
Tec
hn
iqu
e o
f p
lan
tin
g,
tak
ing c
are
an
d p
rote
cti
ng
gre
en a
reas;
gre
en a
reas;
Mo
nit
ori
ng
an
d e
valu
ati
on
:M
on
itori
ng
an
d e
valu
ati
on
:Im
ple
men
tati
on
of
site
s to
ti
mel
y fi
nd
ou
t is
sues
to
Im
ple
men
tati
on
of
site
s to
ti
mel
y fi
nd
ou
t is
sues
to
o
ver
com
eo
ver
com
e
Mea
sure
te
chn
ica
l p
ara
met
ers,
su
ch
as
dia
met
er,
Mea
sure
te
chn
ica
l p
ara
met
ers,
su
ch
as
dia
met
er,
gro
win
g a
bil
ity t
o u
pd
ate
on
man
agem
ent
soft
ware
gro
win
g a
bil
ity t
o u
pd
ate
on
man
agem
ent
soft
ware
― 98 ―
RE
SU
LT
SR
ES
UL
TS
Th
is p
roje
ct p
lan
ted
T
his
pro
ject
pla
nte
d 1
7,0
00
17
,00
0tr
ees,
so
me
com
pan
ies
tree
s,
som
e co
mp
anie
s su
ppo
rted
to p
lan
ted
mo
re
sup
po
rted
to p
lan
ted
mo
re 5
,00
05
,00
0tr
ees
for
6 d
iffe
ren
t tr
ees
for
6 d
iffe
ren
t si
tes,
it
cou
ld b
e co
nsi
der
ed a
s th
e fi
rst
step
of
site
s, i
t co
uld
be
con
sider
ed a
s th
e fi
rst
step
of
soci
aliz
atio
n;
soci
aliz
atio
n;
Th
e n
um
ber
of
gre
en t
ree
wer
e n
ot
affe
cted
T
he
nu
mb
er o
f g
reen
tre
e w
ere
no
t af
fect
ed
seri
ou
sly i
n t
he
last
typ
ho
on
.se
rio
usl
y i
n t
he
last
typ
ho
on
.
Th
e ci
ty r
eser
ved
400
ha
of
coas
tal
lan
d f
or
pla
nti
ng
T
he
city
res
erv
ed 4
00
ha
of
coas
tal
lan
d f
or
pla
nti
ng
g
reen
tre
eg
reen
tre
e
Iden
tifi
ed t
yp
es o
f tr
ee a
nd
su
itab
le p
lati
ng
Id
enti
fied
typ
es o
f tr
ee a
nd
su
itab
le p
lati
ng
te
chn
iqu
este
chn
iqu
es
RE
SU
LT
SR
ES
UL
TS
Th
is p
roje
ct o
per
ate
Th
is p
roje
ct o
per
ate
17
17
trai
nin
g c
ou
rses
, en
han
ce a
war
enes
s tr
ain
ing c
ou
rses
, en
han
ce a
war
enes
s fo
r m
ore
fo
r m
ore
3,0
00
3,0
00
per
sons;
per
sons;
Thro
ugh p
roje
ct,
man
ager
s under
stan
d t
he
publi
c an
d
Thro
ugh p
roje
ct,
man
ager
s under
stan
d t
he
publi
c an
d
pri
vat
e p
artn
ersh
ip m
echan
ism
an
d p
rote
ctio
n o
f gre
en
pri
vat
e p
artn
ersh
ip m
echan
ism
an
d p
rote
ctio
n o
f gre
en
area
sar
eas
This
pro
ject
succ
essf
ull
y d
emonst
rate
d p
ilot
model
s on
This
pro
ject
succ
essf
ull
y d
emonst
rate
d p
ilot
model
s on
publi
c an
d p
rivat
e par
tner
ship
, publi
c an
d p
rivat
e par
tner
ship
, D
anan
gD
anan
gP
C s
teer
ed
PC
ste
ered
d
epar
tmen
ts a
nd r
elat
ed u
nio
ns
to d
evel
op a
pro
gra
m o
f th
e d
epar
tmen
ts a
nd r
elat
ed u
nio
ns
to d
evel
op a
pro
gra
m o
f th
e p
ub
lic
and
pri
vat
e par
tner
ship
of
gre
en a
reas
.p
ub
lic
and
pri
vat
e par
tner
ship
of
gre
en a
reas
.
Co
nfi
rmed
th
e gre
en t
ree
dev
elo
pm
ent
pla
n o
f th
e ci
ty c
an
Co
nfi
rmed
th
e gre
en t
ree
dev
elo
pm
ent
pla
n o
f th
e ci
ty c
an
be
imp
lem
ente
d fo
llo
win
g p
ub
lic
and p
rivat
e p
artn
ersh
ip
be
imp
lem
ente
d fo
llo
win
g p
ub
lic
and p
rivat
e p
artn
ersh
ip
the
mo
del
.th
e m
od
el.
We
are
dev
elo
pin
g t
he
pla
n t
o f
orc
e th
e en
terp
rise
s w
ho
W
e ar
e dev
elo
pin
g t
he
pla
n t
o f
orc
e th
e en
terp
rise
s w
ho
p
oll
ute
d t
he
envir
on
men
t to
pla
nt
tree
s o
r co
ntr
ibute
bu
dget
p
oll
ute
d t
he
envir
on
men
t to
pla
nt
tree
s o
r co
ntr
ibute
bu
dget
as
su
rmou
nte
d b
ud
get
.as
su
rmou
nte
d b
ud
get
.
EX
PE
RIE
NC
ES
EX
PE
RIE
NC
ES
This
is
a new
man
agem
ent
appro
ach i
n g
reen
ing. D
espit
e th
e T
his
is
a new
man
agem
ent
appro
ach i
n g
reen
ing. D
espit
e th
e st
ron
g s
upp
ort
fro
m t
he
PC
, sp
eci
aliz
ed o
rgan
izat
ions
stil
l d
o
stro
ng s
upp
ort
fro
m t
he
PC
, sp
eci
aliz
ed o
rgan
izat
ions
stil
l d
o
not
hav
e sp
ecif
ic l
egal
docu
men
ts t
o i
mple
men
t.
not
hav
e sp
ecif
ic l
egal
docu
men
ts t
o i
mple
men
t. A
gre
em
ent
Agre
em
ent
amon
g s
takeh
old
ers
dec
ides
the
succ
ess
of
pro
ject
;am
on
g s
takeh
old
ers
dec
ides
the
succ
ess
of
pro
ject
;
Res
iden
ts a
nd u
nio
ns
are
core
for
soci
aliz
atio
nR
esid
ents
and u
nio
ns
are
core
for
soci
aliz
atio
n;
duri
ng t
he
; d
uri
ng t
he
imp
lem
enti
ng p
roce
ss,
we
alw
ays
atta
ched
sp
ecia
l im
ple
men
tin
g p
roce
ss,
we
alw
ays
atta
ched
spec
ial
imp
ort
ance
of
the
com
mu
nit
y a
nd s
oci
al o
rgan
izat
ions
imp
ort
ance
of
th
e co
mm
un
ity a
nd
soci
al o
rgan
izat
ion
s ’’in
volv
em
ent
and t
hei
r contr
ibuti
ng i
dea
s es
pec
iall
y t
hei
r in
volv
em
ent
and t
hei
r contr
ibuti
ng i
dea
s es
pec
iall
y t
hei
r nat
ive
kn
ow
led
ge
nat
ive
kn
ow
led
ge
Role
s of
Lea
der
s pla
y v
ery i
mp
ort
ant
for
the
supp
ort
and
Role
s of
Lea
der
s p
lay v
ery i
mp
ort
ant
for
the
sup
port
an
d
par
tici
pat
ion o
f dep
artm
ents
in
this
pro
ject
.par
tici
pat
ion o
f dep
artm
ents
in
this
pro
ject
.
hait
ru
on
gco
ng
@g
.co
mh
ait
ru
on
gco
ng
@g
.co
m
― 99 ―
