HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE-VIPost modernism/Neo Modernism:

I.M Pei, Frank O Gehry,Richard Neutra

Submitted By-Garima (1304011)Monika (1304019)Rohan (1304030)Suchar (1304040)

Introduction

• Postmodern architecture is a reaction and evolution to the modern architecture that came before it. Not only did designers begin to make use of new innovations, but at the same time they appropriated design elements from the past. Buildings became an eclectic mix of old and new as the old "Form follows function" mantra was forgotten. One of the iconic postmodern examples is the Sony Building in New York City.

• As with many cultural movements, some of postmodernism's most pronounced and visible ideas can be seen in architecture. The functional and formalized shapes and spaces of the modernist movement are replaced by aesthetics: form is adopted for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound.

• Classic examples of modern architecture are the Lever House and the Seagram Building in commercial space, and the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright or the Bauhaus movement in private or communal spaces.

• Transitional examples of postmodern architecture are the Portland Building in Portland, Oregon and the Sony Building in New York City, which borrows elements and references from the past and reintroduces color and symbolism to architecture.

Post modernism

Examples of modern Architecture

Lever house, New York Seagram building, New York

Examples of Post-modern Architecture

Portland Building, Portland Sony Building,New York

Ieoh Ming Pei(A Master Of Modern Architecture)

• I.M Pei was born in 1917 in Guangzhou (Canton), China• He was a chinese American Architect.• Pei has remained a modernist throughout his career.• He received a Bachelor of Architecture degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1940 .• In 1955 he formed the partnership of I. M. Pei & Associates, which became I. M. Pei & Partners in 1966 and Pei Cobb Freed & Partners in 1989.• He received the 1968 Architectural Firm Award of the American Institute of

Architects, the highest honor bestowed on an architectural practice by the Institute.

• In late 1990, after more than four decades of practice, Mr. Pei retired from the firm in order to pursue smaller projects of personal interest.

• Pei’s style is described as throughly modernist , with significant cubist themes.• He is known for combining traditional architectural elements with progressive

designs based on simple geometric patterns.• Pei’s work is celebrated throughout the world of architecture.• His concepts, moreover, are too individualized .

Style

• The Louvre Pyramid (1989).• Bank of china tower (1982-1990)• John Hancock Tower, in Boston (1976)• East Building, National Gallery of Art (1979)• Miho museum.• Luce Memorial Chapel (1963)• Dallas, Texas City Hall (1972)

Famous Projects

The Louvre Pyramid • The Louvre Pyramid (Pyramide du Louvre) is a large glass and metal pyramid

designed by Chinese American architect I.M. Pei.• The Louvre Pyramid was built as part of a project known as the Grand Louvre to

expand and modernize The Louvre Museum.• The large pyramid serves as the main entrance to the Louvre Museum Completed

in 1989,it has become a landmark of the city of Paris.• It was one of the most controversial of President Mitterrands´ Grand Projets in

Paris.

Design • The pyramid is rather modest in size compared to the surrounding palace wings of

the Louvre.• It has a height of about 22 meters (72ft) and at its base measures just over 35 meters

(116ft).• It surrounded by three smaller pyramids, and reflecting pools with modern fountains

in the main courtyard (Cour Napoléon) of the Louvre Palace (Palais du Louvre) in Paris.

• Much effort was made to make the pyramid as transparent as possible.• The 675 diamond – shaped and 118 triangular panes were specifically fabricated to

make them completely clear.• Attention was also paid to the 128 steel girders and 16 steel cables that hold the

panes together.

• The pyramid and the underground lobby beneath it were created because of series of problems with the Louvre’s original main entrance, which could no longer handle an enormous number of visitors on an everyday basis.

• Visitors entering through the pyramid descend into the spacious lobby then re-ascend into the main Louvre building.

• Several other museums have duplicated this concept, most notably the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago.

The Inverted Pyramid

• In 1993 the underground area expanded with the opening of a modern shopping mall, the Carrousel du Louvre.

• It is anchored by an inverted glass pyramid, known as the pyramide Inversee (Inverted Pyramid), which nicely complements the Louvre Pyramid.

• The pyramid was designed by the american architecture firm of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, who created a smaller version of Pei’s pyramid, turned it upside down right and suspended it right above a small stone pyramid

• It functions as a skylight in an underground mall in front of the museum.

PLAN

PLAN

SECTION

• The Bank of China Tower is one of the most recognisable skyscrapers in Hongkong ,China.• Designed by Pritzker Prize- winning architect I.M. Pei.• The building; highest point is at 288 meters, the last terrace at 305 meters and then has

two masts that reach the maximum height of 367.4 meters.• The 72-story building is located near Central MTR station.• This was the tallest building in Hong Kong and Asia from 1990 to 1992.• It is now the fourth tallest skyscraper in Hong Kong, after International Commerce

Centre, Two International Finance Centre and Central Plaza.• The building consists of four triangular towers of glass and aluminum, all of varying

heights, emerging from a triumphal podium of beautiful granite.

Bank of China Tower

Concept• Its triangular structure of glass and aluminum evokes shoots of bamboo leaves, which

represent prosperity in China and the sustenance of life.

Spaces• The sloping terraces allow a more natural lighting and therefore require less energy for

artificial lighting.• The interior has provisions for flexible spaces and offices of the Bank.

Structure• The Tower is composed of four towers of triangular shape that evoke the bamboo

leaves, Chinese symbol of prosperity and livelihood.• The whole structure is supported by five steel columns, four in the corners of the

building and one in the center, which together bear the weight and forces.• The towers are lifted to different heights and the loads of the central column are

directed to those found in the corners, forming a triangular frame. This allows the architect to design a lighter structure, because the diagonal elements required are less important, while the three-dimensional internal structure provides a clear floor that allows for future changes in the disposition of their use, thus saving energy and resources.

Materials• The main structural elements are the vertical and horizontal steel members. Reinforced

concrete also plays a role.• The entire building is covered with silver-blue reflective glass framed in aluminum. Such

a skin not only reflects the changing images of the sky and the city, but it also absorbs sunlight so that energy consumption for lighting and heating costs are reduced.

Typical Floor Plan, Floors 51-66                           Typical Floor Plan, Floors 38-50 Typical Floor Plan, Floors 20-37

Assumed First Floor Structural Plan

Assumed Cross Section of Building(Outer thick lines and central line represent major structural supportcolumns. Horizontal lines represent each floor approximately.)

Northwest Elevation Southeast Elevation

Massing model showing the shape of the Bank of China Tower

• The National Gallery of Art's East Building designed by an architect ‘I.M.Pei and his design team and a representation of the three-dimensional model for the project.

• It is rigorously geometrical, dividing the trapezoidal shape of the site into two triangles: one isosceles and the other a smaller right triangle.

• The isosceles triangle houses the museum’s public functions.• The right triangle works as a study center.• The building's most dramatic feature is its high atrium designed as an open interior court,

it is enclosed by a sculptural space frame spanning 16,000 square feet (1,500 m2).• This is made in pink tennesee marble which gives a pleasing visual effect at night.

National Gallery Of Art’s East Builading

• To emphase the sharp angles, though, lighter stone was used for the vertical corners.• The atrium is centered on the same axis that forms the circulation spine for the west

building .• The atrium has pyramidal skylights.

Interior view

Detail of a corner

Satellite image of National Gallery of Art grounds and surrounding streets

East building Plan

• The Miho Museum stands deep in the forested hill west of central Koka.• It was designed by the renowned architect, I. M. Pei.• It is named after Koyama Mihoko, one of the richest women in Japan and the founder of

the museum.• The most interesting aspect of the museum is the design of its structures and how they

are integrated into their natural surroundings.• This is highlighted in the museum's approach which leads through a mixture of man-

made and natural environments. • The inside of the museum continues this theme by contrasting steel and glass with warm

stone and panoramic views of the surrounding valleys.

Miho Museum

• He was born on 28 february, 1929 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.• At the age of 17, he moved with his family to Los Angeles, California and studied architecture at the University of Southern California.• Later, he studied city Planning at Harvard University. • He established his own firm in 1962 in Los Angeles.• Since that time, he has designed public and private buildings in America, Japan and

Europe.• Gehry’s work has earned him several of the most significant awards in the architectural

field. Including the Pritzker Architectural Prize.

Frank Owen Goldberg(Frank O Gehry)

• Gehry’s architecture has undergone a marked evolution from the plywood and corrugated-metal vernacular of his early works to the distorted but pristine concrete of his later works. However, the works retain a deconstructed aesthetic that fits well with the increasingly disjointed culture to which they belong.

• Most recently, Gehry has combined sensuous curving forms with complex deconstructive massing, achieving significant new results.

• In spite of changes in Gehry’s design over the years, his approach to a building as a sculpture retains.

Design Style

• Gehry House, 1978• Guggenheim Museum Bilbao,1997• IAC Building, New York City, 2007• Maggies Centre, Dundee, Scotland, 1999• Walt Disney Concert hall, Los Angeles CA,1989-2004• Weisman Art Museum, University Of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1993• Merriweather Post Pavilion Columbia, Maryland, 1967.

Famous Projects

• The Gehry House is architect Frank Gehry's own house. • The Gehry Residence is located in Santa Monica, California.• It was originally an extension, designed by Gehry and built around an existing Dutch

colonial style house.• It makes use of unconventional materials, such as chain-link fences and corrugated steel.• It is sometimes considered one of the earliest deconstructivist buildings.• Gehry wanted to explore with the materials he was already using — metal, plywood,

chain link fencing, and wood framing.• He hardly touched the rear and south facades and to the other sides of the house he

wedged in tilted glass cubes.

Gehry House (Gehry’s Private Home)

• The original structure is the convention two-storey bungalow with framing.• Some interior finishes have been stripped to reveal the support of the structure inside

the residence.• The bearing wall is raised inner and outer structural frames wooden support beams,

girders and joists.

Materials• It makes use of unconventional materials such as fences with trellis, glass inner wire and

corrugated metal sheets, wood framing, corrugated steel, plywood and light wood frames.

By wrapping the perimeter of the lot with construction materials and

leaving the original house as it was, Gehry created a new space between

the lots lines and the old house.

THE ORIGINAL BUNGLOW

THE ORIGINAL HOUSE WAS A SMALL, TWO STORY COTTAGE

THE CONCRETE LAYER

Low aqua concrete walls were used to mark the boundary

THE CORRUGATED METAL LAYER

CORRUGATED METAL walls were used TO build NEW SPACES AS

KITCHEN AND DINING

THE WOODEN LAYER

Wooden plank walls were build in the back yard

LAYER OF FLOOR

A new roof was added to the additional spaces created

LAYER OF CHAIN LINK FENCING

Chain link fencing was used to enclose the floor added.

LAYER OF GLASS

Glass cubes were placed over the kitchen and dining to

throw in light

• The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is a museum of modern and contemporary art, designed by Canadian-American architect Frank Gehry, and located in Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.

• It is situated on a plot of 32,500 square meters, of which 24,000 square meters are occupied by building . 9,066 square meters are devoted to exhibition spaces.

Guggenheim Museum ,Bilbao, Spain

Concept

• The design of the building follows the style of Frank Gehry. • Inspired by the shapes and textures of a fish, it can be considered a sculpture, a work

of art in itself.• The museum is essentially a shell that evokes the past industrial life and port of bilbao.• The museum is intergrated into the city both by it height and the materials used.

Structure• The building is built with load-bearing walls and ceilings, which have an internal

structure of metal rods that form grids with triangles.

Material• Built of limestone, glass and titanium, the museum used 33,000 pieces of titanium half

a millimeter thick, each with a unique form suited to its location.• As these pieces are so thin, a perfect fit to the curves is necessary.• The glass has a special treatment to let in the sun’s light, but not its heat.

Entrance to the building Skylight over the Atrium

Galleries

PARKING

OFFICES

The service areas

Plan

Elevation

• The Walt Disney Concert Hall, designed by the architect Frank Gehry, opened in 2003 after many years of gestation.

• The history of the building began in 1987 when Lillian Walt Disney, window of businessman donates $50 million to start building a philharmonic hall. The idea was to create a reference point for music, art and architecture, which position the city of Los Angeles in the cultural level.

Walt Disney Concert hall, Los Angeles CA

Concept• The design represents the style of their creator, architect Frank Gehry, could be

considered a work of art in itself.• The forms are external inspired by a boat with sails drenched.• The building is essentially a shell which consists of a series of interconnected volumes,

some form of orthogonal coated stone and other forms of organic and surfaces covered with a corrugated metal skin of steel. As a bridge between the different volumes are used glazed surfaces.

• The centerpiece of the interior of the building was designed to represent the hull of a boat.

• The idea of the architect was to design a room with an evocative sculptural forms of music, achieving an intimate connection between the archestra and audience

• The building also fulfills an important role in urban areas.

Structure• To calculate the complex shapes of the curves Walt Disney Concert Hall was used to

Catia software. This allowed us to determine the structure and shape of each piece of steel that covers them.

Materials • To coat the outer surfaces were used corrugated 12,500 pieces of steel together on the

outside. No two equal parts,as each piece takes a unique form of agreement to their location.

• In areas outside of regular forms, the stone was used.• Glass surfaces function as a liaison between the various volumes.• The interior of the auditorium and rooms, is lined with fir wood. This is the same type of

wood that is used in the back of violonces and violas. Here was used in floors, walls and ceilings.

Gallery Level Plan

Plan Elevation

• The Maggie’s Centre is very much on a domestic scale, with a floor area of 250m2 and around the size of a large bungalow.

• It includes an information library, a kitchen, sitting room, large relaxation common room , and two small consultation rooms.

• Stability for the remainder of the single-storey structure was achieved by tying the square hollow sections to the walls.

• Structure is fully constructed in brickwork.This was for two reasons: firstly, some of the walls are too small radii which was not easily achievable in blockwork, and secondly there was a need to minimize control joints.

• To maintain uniformity of beam sizes, raking kickers were provided to minimize overhang deflections.

Maggies Centre, Dundee, Scotland

ElevationPlan

Section

Richard Joseph Neutra

• He was born in Leopoldstadt in Vienna , Austria in 1892.

• He was the pioneer architect of International style and was graduated in 1917 from the university of Zurish and influenced by Ar. Otto Wagner.

• The works of Frank Lloyd Wright and America attracted Neutra.

• In 1923, he moved to US and worked for F.L Wright for few months in 1924.

• Neutra and Rudolph schinder have worked on several projects. He also worked with Joseph Allen Stein.

• He was closely related with International style and he established himself as a leading figure

of modernism.• He designed more than 300 houses in california.

Early Life

Design Philosophy• His design approach is very simple.• His designs are pure, clean and straight line

organized without any curve or arc and mixed with landscape of the site without any confusion in deign.

• His ability to incorporate technology, aesthetics, science and nature in his designs brought him to the forefront of “MODERNISM ARCHITECTURE”.

• Plate glass walls, ceilings and deep over hangings connecting indoors and outdoors had become the trade mark of his architecture.

• He introduced green design concept in connection with building and nature.

• He termed “BIOREALISM” to describe the inherent and inseperable relationship between man and nature. He used natural elements like water, light and concrete throughout his designs.

• He adopted international style to the region by using desert natural elements like rugged stone and desert plants in landscaping which leds to the “DESERT MODERNISM”.

Famous Buildings

Lovell House, Los Angeles

Grace Millar House, CaliforniaKaufmann Desert House, california

James D.Moore House

Lovell House, Los Angeles

• The Lovell House or Lovell Health House is an International style modernist residence designed and built by Richard Neutra and Joseph Allen Stein between 1927 and 1929.

• Area of the house is 2.5 acres.• It is often described as the first steel frame house in the United States, and also an

early example of the use of gunite (sprayed-on concrete).• Externally , it is simple having sprayed concrete surfaces.

• The building appears as a series of floating white trays, abstract and machine-crafted designed in modernist international style.

• The house is called health house because it is deeply set in close relationship with health factors of nature having outdoor play and recreational areas.

PLAN

• The house is located on a landscaped, steeply terraced hills and has views of Santa Monica mountains, pacific oceans and the city of Los angeles illuminated in night in the foreground.

The building was built in three levels:• Swimming pool, Gymnasium, Playground at base level.• Living room, kitchen and maid’s quarter at mid level.• Bedrooms and study at the entrance level ( top level).• It has sun decks, outdoor exercise areas, outside sleeping porches, water pools and body

massage etc.• Interior reflects neutra’s interest in cubism, transparency and hygeine.

Kaufmann Desert House, California

• This house is a landmark house built on the edge of a desert town palm springs.

• This building is virtually a glorification of modernist’s International style with its skeletal steel frames and open plan.

• The surrounding land of the house is landscaped with stones and cactus plants.

• It is "one of the most important examples of International style architecture in the United States and the only one still in private hands“.

• This five-bedroom, five-bathroom vacation house in Palm Springs, was designed to emphasize connection to the desert landscape while offering shelter from harsh climatic conditions.

• Large sliding-glass walls open the living spaces and master bedroom to adjacent patios.•A combined living and dining space, roughly square, lies at the center of the house. While the house favors an east-west axis, four long, perpendicular wings extend in each cardinal direction from the living areas.•Thoughtful placement of larger rooms at the end of each wing helps define adjacent outdoor rooms, with circulation occurring both indoors and out.•The south wing connects to the public area and includes the two long, covered walkways. These walkways are separated by a massive stone wall and lead to public and service entries, respectively.•The east wing of the house is connected to the living space by a north-facing internal gallery and houses a master bedroom suite.•To the west, a kitchen, service spaces, and staff quarters are reached by a covered breezeway.• In the northern wing, another open walkway passes along an exterior patio, leading to two guest rooms.

Grace miller House in palm springs , California

• He worked with Miller and listened her needs and wants and finally designed a house perfect for miller’s lifestyle.

• Throughout the design, the building lines are clean, simple and straight in modernist international style.

• Natural elements like water, light and concrete were used.• The building shows floor to ceiling glass screens in one corner and stucco finish walls

on other side.• The pool in the corner with a canopy over it has been linking outside and inside

spaces visually by casting dancing light on the white ceiling and acted as a reflector bringing bright light inside.

Concept•He sought functions in the same way that transitions space. As once said, more optimistic than realistic, "our rooms are not called living room, dining room, bedroom .•The rooms are large portions of the space in which we live and are pragmatically elastic. “•Miller's house is close to the Japanese concept of zashiki, or master bedroom flexible depending on the circumstances which plays the roles of the various placements of the traditional house and being able to transform into living room, bedroom and place of entertainment.•Being designed for a single woman this unit does not affect the privacy inside the house that in any case could differentiate their most intimate parts mendiante curtains guided by profiles anchored to the roof giving a total visual privacy.

Spaces•The northeast corner is the side that reflects the "house of tribal people", with white stucco walls going backwards, as in the traditional native architecture.•The southeast corner will also be away, but here in clear glass, sliding his protective shell to reveal a swimming pool next to the screened porch. •In the north face, a large translucent glass with light zenith for ventilation was used to illuminate the gym.•The bedroom contains a pair of French doors, 1 m each. An outdoor display of the same size was located at the same distance from the wall.•To create a tiny porch, the doors were fastened with bolts at its base so that, sustained and at right angles to the wall, completed a rectangle.•The sense of smell was not confined to the bedroom: the right to the kitchen sink there was a small door of aluminum, which could be eliminated by the garbage discreetly.•Next to the toilet designed a bedroom, but with tiny light from the sun's north with translucent glass for her morning toilet.

James D.Moore House

• This is an award winning house from American Institute in 1954.• The house situates on a mountain slope in lush green vegetation.• It is a minimum pavilion elegantly crafted with thin planes and glass, which enables

connection between interior and exterior spaces.• Lush green vegetation and water pool surrounds the house.

P l a n

Front view of house

Landscaping around the house

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