Postharvest Management for Perennial Crops
Transcript of Postharvest Management for Perennial Crops
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Postharvest management for
perennial crops
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Goal of growing crops
Goal is not only to produce more but maintain
the quality or at least minimize deterioration
of harvested crops
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Primary and secondary processing of jackfruit
Primary processing Secondary processing Harvesting
Ripening
Transport
Handling of fresh cut
Chip manufacture
(peeling, slicing,
cooking) Jam production
Manufacture of
wine
Flour production
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Coconut
Harvesting
Dehusking
Splitting of nuts Drying in tapahan (smoke kiln or copra drier)
or under the sun (7 d)
Grading
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Postharvest management
Storage Reduce metabolism to a biologically accepted minimum so
as to arrest deterioration and allow sale or use to a laterdate
Make produce available during off season
Reduce losses due to glut Avail of better prices of commodity
Refrigeration-single most effective method to slow
down deterioration Effectivity can be enhanced by using supplementary
treatments
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Some supplementary practices to
refrigeration
1. Ionization-breaking of chemical bonds so as toform ions that carry electrical charges; ions canalter cellular molecules and kill insects andmicroorganisms
Also a quarantine treatment
Sources of ionizing energy: RadioisotopesCo-60, produces electromagnetic
waves (gamma rays)
Electron gun produces non-nuclear energy Electron beam
Gamma rays
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Some effects of irradiation
Controls fruit fly, weevil and anthracnose in
citrus, papaya and mango w/o problem of
residues
Delays ripening by inactivating enzymes in
papaya, mango, pineapple
Retains physico-chemical and nutritional levels
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radura
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2. Some chemical treatments
a) Calcium
Ca ions membrane stabilizer by forming
bonds with polygalacturonic acids in the
middle lamella of plant cells
Ca application
Dipping in CaCl2solution (4%), vacuum infiltration,
forced infiltration
Used in mango, banana and avocado
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b) Sulfites-substances that contain S
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Potassium bisulfite (KS2O5)
Sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5)
Sulfites prevent browning or discolorationthrough their actions on enzymatic and non-
enzymatic reactions
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Sulfite effects and application
Effects
Control disease
Prevent browning
Application: fumigation
Fumigation Shot method: 1% SO2for 15 to 20 min (lychee, longan,
rambutan)
Trickle
Use of SO2release pads grapes Dipping in sodium metabisulfite (10%)
young coconut (followed by MAP)
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c) 1-Methylcyclopropene (C4H6)
Inhibits action of ethylene
receptors such that
ethylene cannot bind to
elicit action = it blocks
ethylene action
Non-toxic
Very minute amounts
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Serek et al. (1995) confirmed efficacy of
1-MCP in carnation and Christmas cactus
Early results showing the effectiveness of 1-MCP, then named SIS-X,in preventing the natural senescence of
carnations (left, photo taken after 1 week in the vase) and Christmas cactus (right, plants treated with 1-MCP,
then exposed to 1 mLL1 ethylene.) Photo courtesy of M. Serek. (Serek et al.,1995, Plant Growth Regulat.)
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1-MCP on fruit crops
apples (Bai et al.2005)
avocado (Jeong et al.2002; Feng et al.2000)
banana (Jiang 1999, Golding et al.1999)
papaya (Manenoi et al. 2007)
pineapple (Shinjiro et al.2002)
mango (Hofman et al. 2001)
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Treatment chamber
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d. Other plant growth substances
Cytokinins
Retard chlorophyll degradation, maintain high
protein level
Gibberellins
Lower respiration and delay color change (guava,
banana, orange)
Auxins
Retarded ripening in bananas
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3. Heat treatments
Hot water treatment of
mangoes for
disinfection
Vapor heat treatment
facility for fruits for
dinfestation
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4. Atmosphere modification
Advantages: Prolong shelf life
Reduction of fruit sensitivity to ethylene
Alleviation of chilling injury
Control of pests and diseases since resulting
atmosphere is not favorable for their growth
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Passive MA (product-generated MA) Surface coating or waxing
Use of semi-permeable films: ideal film shd allow
more CO2to exit than allow entry of O2 Active MA
Introduction of partial vacuum
Provision of pores in the film (macropores-pricking; micropores-engineered to allow passage
of gases)
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Evaporative cooling-provide
highly humid condition;
increase RH from 10 to 20%
and decrease temperatureby 1 to 6%
An alternative to
refrigeration
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Important insect pests of horticultural produce
Fruit flies carambola or starfruit, papaya,
mango, guava, banana, dragon fruit, jackfruit
Fruit borers-durian (husk borer), pummelo
(citrus rind borer)
Mealy bugs- secrete honey dew on which sooty
mold grow in; pineapple crown, papaya,citrus
Weevil- mango
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Sanitary and phytosanitary measures
Laws, regulations and procedures instituted bycountries to protect human, animal, plant life or
health negotiated under the GATT
Recognize standards developed by organizations(Codex Alimentarius, FAO)
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Sanitary and phytosanitary measures
Deals with:
quarantine declaring areas free from insects and diseases
preventing pest and disease spread
regulation on treatment of imported fruit
Japan, NZ, US, Australia require VHT (fruit fly disinfection)
on mango
pesticide residues in food (maximum residue level)
certification a certificate is issued attesting to thephytosanitary status of a consignment
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Treatments Chemical
Fumigation
Insecticide dust or spray
Fungicides
Irradiation
Heat treatment Hot water treatment (mango 52 to 55C for 10 min)
Vapor heat treatment raise fruit temp in a watervapor saturated atmosphere until the required
disinfestation temp is attained Carabao mango pulp temp maintained at 46C for ten min
Papaya- 46C, 70 min
Minimally processed fresh cut or
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Minimally processed, fresh cut or
ready to eat fruit
Dragon
fruit,
starfruit,
strawberry,
melon
dragonfruit
Sticky rice in
jackfruit
pummelo
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Some practices to further optimize
crop productivity
Crop rotation-growing of different crops in a
definite order of succession on the same land
Increased yields
Better control of weeds, pests
Maintenance of organic matter
Balanced utilization of nutrients
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Intercropping-growing of two or more crops in
the same land by putting the crops in
alternative rows
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com
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Multiple cropping a system of cropping in
which as many crops as possible are grown in
the same land within a year
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Hydroponics
Simplyhydro.com
Hydroponicgardening.com
Growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions, inwater, without soil
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Organic agriculture REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10068
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE INTHE PHILIPPINES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Section 1Title.- This Act shall be known as the "Organic Agriculture Act of 2010".
Section 2Declaration of Policy.- It is hereby declared the policy of the State to promote,propagate, develop further and implement the practice of organicagriculture in the Philippines that will cumulatively condition andenrich the fertility of the soil, increase farm productivity, reduce
pollution and destruction of the environment, prevent the depletion ofnatural resources, further protect the health of farmers, consumers,and the general public, and save on imported farm inputs. Towards this end,a comprehensive program for the promotion of community-based organic agriculture systemswhich include, among others, farmer-produced purely organic fertilizers such as compost,pesticides and other farm inputs, together with a nationwide educational and promotionalcampaign for their use and processing as well as adoption of organic agriculture system as a viablealternative shall be undertaken.
The State recognizes and supports the central role of the farmers, indigenous people and otherstakeholders at the grassroots in this program.
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Organic agriculture
Green manuring and use of organic fertilizers
Composting
Pest management
use of organic pesticides
companion crops
mulching
sanitation
Traps, other physical barriers
Mixed cropping, crop rotation