Nematode Thresholds and Damage Levels Annual and Perennial Crops.
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Transcript of Nematode Thresholds and Damage Levels Annual and Perennial Crops.
Nematode Thresholdsand
Damage Levels
Annual and Perennial Crops
Sources of Data
• Ferris et al, 1970s and 1980s• Roberts et al, 1980s• Cooke and Thomason, 1970s
Some Constraints to Early Adoption
• Availability of inexpensive nematicides
• Development of resistant varieties in some crops
• Publication of thresholds in arcane format
Some of those involved….
• Dan Ball• Larry Duncan• Pete Goodell• Joe Noling• Diane Alston• Sally Schneider• Lance Beem
Thresholds by field plot
South Coast Field StationUSDA ShafterTulelake
Thresholds by transectImperial and Coachella Valleys
Ventura CountyTulare County
Seinhorst Damage Function
• Y=m+(1-m)z(Pi-T)
• Y=relative yield• m=minimum yield• Z=regression parameter• Pi=population level• T=tolerance level
• Based on preplant population levels – measured or predicted from overwinter survival rates
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 2 4 6 8
Ln (Pi+1)R
elat
ive
Yie
ld
Case Study on Cotton
Cultivar Soil Location (T)olerance Z m
SJ2 loamy sand south SJV 65 0.998 0.55
Deltapine loamy sand imperial 50 0.9972 0.65
SJ2, SJ5, SJ-C1 l. sand/s. loam south SJV 55 0.999 0.48
average (all) --------------------- ------------- 57 0.998 0.56
average (SJV) --------------------- ------------- 60 0.9985 0.52
SJ2(-FOV) sandy loam south SJV 55 0.9966 0.54
SJ2(+FOV) sandy loam south SJV 55 0.9847 0.38
Meloidogyne incognita, J2/250 cc soil
Expected % yield loss at different preplant nematode densities
Cultivar Soil Location Threshold 20 50 100 200 500
SJ2 loamy sand south SJV 25 0 5 15 27 41
Deltapine loamy sand imperial 19 0 7 16 26 34
SJ2, SJ5, SJ-C1 l. sand/s. loam south SJV 21 0 4 10 19 37
average (all) --------------------- ------------- 22 0 6 15 27 40
average (SJV) --------------------- ------------- 23 0 5 12 24 41
SJ2(-FOV) sandy loam south SJV 21 0 10 23 37 45
SJ2(+FOV) sandy loam south SJV 21 0 42 59 62 62
Case Study on Cotton
Damage Function Parameters for Selected Crops
Crop (T)olerance Z m
Bell Pepper 65 0.9978 0.87
Cantaloupe 10 0.9972 0.40
Carrot 0 0.99 0.6
Chile Pepper 39 0.9934 0.70
Cotton 57.5 0.9976 0.6
Cowpea 22 0.9816 0.96
Potato 18 0.99 0.49
Snapbean 14 0.9978 0.57
Squash 0 0.9898 0
Sugarbeet 0 0.9955 0.89
Sweetpotato 0 0.99375 0.47
Tomato 41.8 0.99934 0.47
Thresholds and Expected Yield Loss
Meloidogyne incognita, J2/250 cc soil; adjusted for extraction efficiency
Expected % yield loss at different preplant nematode densities
Crop Threshold 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200
Bell Pepper 25 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 8
Cantaloupe 4 0 0 1 3 7 17 30 46
Carrot 0 1 2 5 9 16 29 37 40
Chile Pepper 15 0 0 0 0 3 14 24 30
Cotton 22 0 0 0 0 0 6 15 27
Cowpea 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 8
Potato 7 0 0 0 4 15 34 47 51
Snapbean 5 0 0 0 1 3 10 18 29
Squash 0 3 5 12 23 41 74 93 100
Sugarbeet 0 0 0 1 1 2 5 8 10
Sweetpotato 0 1 2 4 8 15 30 43 51
Tomato 16 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 14
Expected Damage
Meloidogyne chitwoodi; summer crop potato; Klamath Basin
Fall population levels; adjusted for extraction efficiency
Expected % tuber blemish at different fall nematode densities
J2/250 cc 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500
% Blemish 3 4 5 7 8 12 15 18 25
Thresholds and Expected Yield Loss
Cultivar Soil Location (T)olerance Z m
US-H9 clay Imperial 100 0.99886 0
US-H9 loam SJV/Idaho 300 0.99976 0
Heterodera schachtii, eggs/100g soil
Sugarbeets
Cultivar Soil Location Threshold 50 100 200 500 1000
US-H9 clay Imperial 100 0 0 11 37 64
US-H9 loam SJV/Idaho 300 0 0 0 5 15
Expected % yield loss at different preplant nematode densities
Mesocriconema xenoplax
Bacterial canker of Prunus
Mesocriconema
Mesocriconema
Mesocriconema xenoplax
Mesocriconema
Mesocriconema
Some ReferencesBenedict, J.H., K.M. El-Zik, L.R. Oliver, P.A. Roberts, and L.T. Wilson. 1989. Economic injury levels for cotton pests. Chapter 6.
In: Integrated Pest Management Systems and Cotton Production. R.E. Frisbie, K.M. El-Zik, and L.T. Wilson (eds.). John Wiley and Sons, New York. Pp. 121-153.
Cooke, D. A., and I. J. Thomason. 1979. The relationship between population density of Heterodera schachtii, soil temperature, and sugarbeet yields. Journal of Nematology 11:124-128.
Duncan, L. W. and H. Ferris. 1983. Effects of Meloidogyne incognita on cotton and cowpeas in rotation. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conference: 22-26.
Ferris, H. 1984. Probability range in damage predictions as related to sampling decisions. Journal of Nematology 16:246-251.
Ferris, H. 1985. Population assessment and management strategies for plant-parasitic nematodes. Agricultural, Ecosystems and Environment 12(1984/85):285-299.
Ferris, H., D. A. Ball, L. W. Beem and L. A. Gudmundson. 1986. Using nematode count data in crop management decisions. California Agriculture 40:12-14.
Ferris, H., H. L. Carlson and B. B. Westerdahl. 1994. Nematode population changes under crop rotation sequences: consequences for potato production. Agronomy Journal 86:340-348.
Ferris, H., P. B. Goodell and M. V. McKenry. 1981. Sampling for nematodes. California Agriculture 35:13-15.
Goodell, P.B., M. A. McClure, P. A. Roberts, and S. H. Thomas 1997. Nematodes. In: Integrated Pest Management for Cotton in the Western Region of the United States. 2nd edition. Univ. of California Publ. No. 3305. Pp. 103-110.
Roberts, P.A. and G.D. Griffin. 1994. The economic feasibility of management alternatives. In: Quantifying Nematode Control. G.D. Griffin and P.A. Roberts (eds.). Western Regional Research Publication #149, Utah State University Press, Logan, UT. Pp. 23-49.
Roberts, P.A. and I.J. Thomason. 1981. Sugarbeet Pest Management: Nematodes. Univ. of California Special Publ. No. 3272. 32 pages.