Portofolio Khaematemesis Melena-1

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  • PORTOFOLIO KASUS(HAEMATEMESIS MELENA)dr. Sakina

    RSUD Dr.Soedarsono Kota Pasuruan

  • Haematemesis: Muntah darah warna hitam yang berasal dr saluran cerna bagian atasMelena: BAB warna hitam yang berasa dari saluran cerna bagian atas.Ligament of Treitz

  • CAUSES OF UGIB ( HEMATEMESIS/MELENA)

  • ENDOSCOPIC EROSIVE GASTRITIS

  • BENIGN GASTRIC ULCER

  • MALLORY-WEISS TEAR

  • UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDINGSigns and SymptomsGeneral abdominal discomfortHematemesis and melenaClassic signs and symptoms of shock Changes in orthostatic vital signsTreatmentFollow general treatment guidelines.Differentiate life-threatening from chronic problem.

  • ASSESSMENT OF THE BLOOD LOSSMANAGEMENTResusitasiABC

    CLASS 1CLASS 2CLASS 3CLASS 4Blood loss750-15%750-150025-30%1500-200030-40%>2000>40%Pulse rate100>120>140BPNNDDPulse pressureNDDDRR14-2020-3030-40>35CNS/MENTALSlightlyAnxiousMildlyAnxAnx/confConf/lethFluid replacementCrystalloidCrystalloidCryst/bloodCryst/blood

  • Gastric acid lowering drugsPPI. Clinical trials have shown that an 80 mg bolus of omeprazole followed by a 72 hour infusion of 8 mg/hour significantly reduces the risk of re-bleeding and need for emergency surgery.

    SomatostatinThis drug and its analogue octreotide are theoretically attractive because they reduce mesenteric arterial flow and suppress gastric acid secretion.

    Tranexamic acidThis antifibrinolytic agent has the potential to improve the stability of the clot and reduce the risk of re-bleeding. Although one trial showed benefit in treated patients, tranexamic acid is not often used, possibly because of a fear that its use could lead to the development of venous thrombosis.

  • KASUS

  • IDENTITAS PXNama: Tn FUsia: 60 thnAlamat: BlandonganPekerjaan: -Dtng ke UGD RSUD Dr. Soedarsono pada tanggal 27 Juli 2015 jam 07.45 wib

  • ANAMNESISRPSKeluhan Utama: Muntah DarahSejak tadi pagi pasien muntah warna coklat kehitaman 1x, banyaknya +/- 1/2 gelas aqua kecil.BAB warna hitam sejak 1 hr yll. 1x/hr.Dada terasa sesak dan perut terasa mualDemam (-)Ma/mi : sedikit karena pasien mual dan muntahRPDMempunyai sakit lambung sebelumnya sudah di periksakan ke poli penyakit dalam di RSUD Drsoedarsono Pasuruan dan 1 minggu yll melakukan pemeriksaan endoskopi di RSUD Bangil.-RPK : -RPSos : -

  • PEMERIKSAAN FISIKGCS : 456TTVTD :110/70 mmHgNadi: 106 x/mntRR: 22 x/mntSuhu ax: 37 x/mntKU : baikK/L : A/I/C/D : -/-/-/-Thorax :SimetrisAusk: suara nafas vesikular simetris, Rh (-) Whez (-)Abdomen :Insp: soeflAusk: BU (+)Perk/palp: nyeri tekan pada regio epigastrium, pembesaran/kelainan organ tdk ditemukan.Eks : AH +/+ edema -/-

  • PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG

  • Dx :Hematemesis Melena e.c Gastritis Erosiva dd Varises OesophagusTerapi:MRSO2 NC 2 LpmInfus (transfusi set) RL 20 tpmInj Ranitidin 1 amplInj Omepazole 1 amplInj As Traneksamat 1 ampl

  • ESOPHAGEAL VARICESCausePortal HypertensionChronic alcohol abuse and liver cirrhosisIngestion of caustic substances

  • ESOPHAGEAL VARICESSigns and SymptomsHematemesis, dysphagiaPainless bleedingHemodynamic instabilityClassic signs of shockTreatmentFollow general treatment guidelines.Aggressive airway managementAggressive fluid resuscitation

  • Gynaecomastia in cirrhosis

  • CAPUT MEDUSAE

  • SPIDER ANGIOMAS

  • PALMAR ERYTHEMA

  • WHITE NAILS

  • EDEMA EKSTREMITAS

  • TERAPI

    Menghilangkan sumber racun (misalnya alkohol) Asupan makanan yang tepat, termasuk vitamin tambahan Pengobatan komplikasi :Asites Ensefalopati hepatikVarises esofagus

  • CONTD...Asitestirah baring, diawali diet rendah garam + obat diuretik (Spironolakton 100-200mg/hr)Ensefalopati hepatikneomisin mengurangi bakteri usus penghasil amonia, diet protein dikurangi 0,5 kg/BB/hrVarises esofagussebelum & sesudah berdarah propanololperdarahan akut somatostatin / oktreotid skleroterapi / ligasi endoskopi

  • CONTD...Peritonitis bakterial spontan antibiotika (sefotaksim iv, amoksilin atau aminoglikosida)Sindrom hepatorenal atasi perubahan sirkulasi darah hepar, atur keseimbangan Na & air

  • GASTRITISAdalah proses inflamasi pada mukosa dan sub mukosa lambung.Dibedakan menjadi 3 tipe utama :Gastritis hemorogik dan erosifGastristis aktif kronis,non erosifGastritis atrofi

  • GASTRITIS HEMORAGIK DAN EROSIFETIOLOGIPenggunaan OAINSIskemiaStresPenyalahgunaan alkoholTrauma(gastroskopi)Trauma radiasi

  • GASTRITIS AKTIF KRONISNON EROSIFAkibat kolonisasi bakteri Helicobacter pylori.

    Biasanya hanya terbatas pada daerah antrum.

  • GASTRITIS ATROFIMekanisme AutoantibodiGastritis kelenjar fundud atrofi (Tipe B)Pepsinogen Sekresi asam Sekresi IFGastrin Hiperplasia sel ECLKarsinoidHiperplasia sel GMetaplasia epitelKarsinomaAbsorbsi kobalamineDefisiensi kobalamineAnemia pernisiosa

  • H2 - RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST

  • PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS (PPI)

  • ANTIKOLINERGIK

  • ERADIKASI H. PYLORIDual Tx : PPI + oral AB (dulu)Tripple Tx : PPI+ metro / amox + clarithromicin 14 hrQuadriplle Tx (kasus resisiten) : PPI+ metro + amox + clarithromicin Komb PPI menguntungkan : me pH lambung, perbaiki stabilitas & absorbsi AB kemamp eradikasi

    bismuth (Pepto-Bismol) - sbg Tx tunggal: kemamp eradikasi hanya 20%- dpt mengikat dasar ulkus spt sukralfat

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