Population & Migration Population density per square kilometer.
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Transcript of Population & Migration Population density per square kilometer.
Recall from the last class:Recall from the last class:Some numbers AD 0 – AD 2011Some numbers AD 0 – AD 2011
YearYear Population (est.)Population (est.)
00
10001000
12501250
15001500
17501750
18001800
300,000,000300,000,000
310,000,000310,000,000
400,000,000400,000,000
500,000,000500,000,000
790,000,000790,000,000
980,000,000980,000,000
YearYear Population (est.)Population (est.)
18501850
19001900
19501950
20002000
20112011
1,260,000,0001,260,000,000
1,650,000,0001,650,000,000
2,520,000,0002,520,000,000
6,000,000,0006,000,000,000
7,000,000,0007,000,000,000
Thomas Malthus & Thomas Malthus & the “principle of population”the “principle of population”
A persistent & controversial theory of population
“(…) population, when left unchecked, increased in a geometrical ratio, and subsistence for man in an arithmetical ratio”
Malthus proven wrong (so far) industrialization of agriculture (1600s—) “Green Revolution” (1960s—) other technologies
Thomas Robert Malthus1766-1834
Some expressionsSome expressions
Demography: the study of population Birth rate: births per 1000 persons Mortality rate: deaths per 1000 persons Fertility rate: # of children per woman (replacement
rate = 2.1; current world average = 2.5) Demographic transition: going from high birth &
mortality rates to low birth & mortality rates
Source: World Health Organization, www.who.int
For the fertility For the fertility rate rankings of rate rankings of all countries all countries click here.click here.
For the fertility For the fertility rate rankings of rate rankings of all countries all countries click here.click here.
How to address the issue:How to address the issue:Population policyPopulation policy
Is there even a problem? Malthus, 21st century style: neo-
Malthusianism What motives behind this discussion?
geopolitics and economics: population as a weapon & a resource
culture & ethnicity women’s bodies & women’s rights
Population data by country and by yearfrom the U.S. Census Bureau
Population data by country and by yearfrom the U.S. Census Bureau
How to address the issue:How to address the issue:The “biotech revolution”The “biotech revolution”
A purported solution to food scarcity
More crops & more resistant crops
The safety factor
The intellectual property factor
How to address the issue:How to address the issue:Consumption, againConsumption, again
Too many people or too much consumption?
The “ecological footprint”
Resources & pollution
North American & European lifestyle for 7000,000,000 people ?
Technology & recycling?
How to address the issue:How to address the issue:Women’s reproductive rightsWomen’s reproductive rights
A sensitive topic sexuality male-female relations a kind of interference
A fundamental social change
The most effective solution
Broaching reproduction from a health point of view, the case of Afghanistan. See also this article from the New York Times.
Broaching reproduction from a health point of view, the case of Afghanistan. See also this article from the New York Times.
MigrationMigration
Migration: movement of population * emigration immigration
Other statuses landed immigrants, Green Card holders (US) “guest workers” non-documented, undocumented, illegal
immigrants, illegal aliens nomadic peoples
Voluntary migrationVoluntary migration
Economic reasonsEconomic reasons Poverty … but not life-
threatening “Economic refugees” The largest migration
in history…
Political reasonsPolitical reasons No direct threat … but generally
unfavourable context Opportunities for
political participation Immigration policy as
diplomacy
Involuntary migrationInvoluntary migration
Asylum-seekers*
War situations Threat to life Inhuman treatment A permanent move A common debate:
asylum seeker vs. “economic refugees”
Refugees*
War situations Natural catastrophes Threats to life Inhuman conditions A temporary move Do not confuse
“refugees” & “displaced persons”
* These are legal terms in international law
Citizenship: Citizenship: TheThe “right to have rights” “right to have rights”
Two ways to be born a citizen
Acquiring citizenship: naturalization
Citizenship is a legal status, not an identity
SoilSoil
BloodBlood NaturalizationNaturalization
The decision to admit The decision to admit (or not) immigrants(or not) immigrants
National interest
Not everyone (peoples & governments) wants immigrants
Choosing immigrants educated migrants immigrant investors family reunification guest workers / temporary foreign workers boosting population numbers
Sept. 22, 2010Sept. 22, 2010CBC’s The CurrentCBC’s The Currentsegment about immigration segment about immigration in Canada in Canada
Immigration controversiesImmigration controversies
Response to levels of immigration
The transformation of society “ghettoization”, integration & assimilation national culture & values
Cultural & religious accommodations
On Sunday, March 14, 2010, the CBC radio show Cross-Country Checkup asked the On Sunday, March 14, 2010, the CBC radio show Cross-Country Checkup asked the question: “question: “As Canadian multiculturalism nears 40 years of age, can Canada avoid the As Canadian multiculturalism nears 40 years of age, can Canada avoid the ethnic tensions plaguing other countries?” (streaming)ethnic tensions plaguing other countries?” (streaming)
On Sunday, March 14, 2010, the CBC radio show Cross-Country Checkup asked the On Sunday, March 14, 2010, the CBC radio show Cross-Country Checkup asked the question: “question: “As Canadian multiculturalism nears 40 years of age, can Canada avoid the As Canadian multiculturalism nears 40 years of age, can Canada avoid the ethnic tensions plaguing other countries?” (streaming)ethnic tensions plaguing other countries?” (streaming)
A changing national identityA changing national identity
Recall: characteristics of the nation-state
National culture & national identity
National identities are social constructs homogeneity is a myth national identity need to be reiterated
The identity-citizenship disconnect