Population Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation.
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Transcript of Population Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation.
Population Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation
Population Density
• What can cause a population to grow?– Births, immigration
• What can cause a population to decline? – Deaths, emigration
Population Growth Models
• Exponential model (red) • idealized population in an unlimited environment (J-curve); r-selected species (r=per capita growth rate)
• Logistic model (blue) •carrying capacity (K): maximum population size that a particular environment can support (S-curve); K-selected species
Population limiting factors
• Density-dependent factors •competition •predation
•stress/crowding •waste accumulation
• Density-dependent factors regulate population size
• Density-independent factors (abiotic)
• •weather/climate•periodic disturbances
Question
• No matter where you live, would you say that the total human population is growing faster today or that it grew faster 50 years ago?
Answer
• The rate of growth was faster 50 years ago, but the total number of people being added to the population each day is greater today.
Demography: factors that affect growth & decline of (human) populations
• Birthrate (natality, fecundity)~ # of offspring produced
• Death rate (mortality)
• Age structure~ relative number of individuals of each age
• Survivorship curve~ plot of numbers still alive at each age
Human Populations
• Not all countries have the same growth rate– Highly developed countries (US, Germany, Japan,
etc.)• Low birth rates and infant mortality rates and longer life
expectancies
– Developing countries• Moderately developing countries (Mexico, Thailand, etc.):
birth and infant mortality rates high, but declining• Less developed countries (Bangladesh, Niger, Ethiopia,
Laos, Cambodia, etc.): highest birth and infant mortality rates and lowest life expectancies
• What happens when a new building project starts in an area that was previously undeveloped?
Endangered and Extinction
• What is the difference between background extinction and mass extinction? – Background extinction is a gradual process; mass
extinction is a large percentage of species gone extinct
• Which one is going on now? – Mass Extinction
• What is its cause? – People
• What is extinction? Endangered?
Biodiversity
• What is it? The genetically-based variety of all organisms in the biosphere
• Species diversity – the number of different species in the biosphere
• The greater the biodiversity, the more stable (able to rebound from disturbance) an ecosystem is
Threats to Biodiversity
• What are some threats to biodiversity?– Invasive species, – Overexploitation, – destruction of habitat, – disruption of habitat, – fragmentation of habitat, – pollution
Word Clue
• From the words used, what do you think these words mean?– habitat fragmentation – invasive species – biological magnification
Word Clue
• From the words used, what do you think these words mean?– habitat fragmentation – when a habitat is split
into pieces, usually due to development– invasive species – non-native species– biological magnification – concentrations of a
harmful substance increase in organisms at higher trophic levels
Pollution and Biodiversity
• What three kinds of pollution affect biodiversity?
• Biological magnification (DDT),
• Acid rain (plants),
• Eutrophication from fertilizers, sewage, etc. that lead to algae growth
How can we help?
• Conservation and preservation the two main ways of slowing the decrease of biodiversity. What is the difference? – Conservation involves maintaining species
and habitats as resources for use; preservation involves complete protection
• What is a renewable resource? Nonrenewable resource?
Human Impact• Biological magnification: trophic
process in which retained substances become more concentrated at higher levels
• Greenhouse effect: warming of planet due to atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide and other gases
• Ozone depletion: effect of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) released into the atmosphere
• Rainforest destruction • Cause: Overpopulation?