Population Analysis & Breeding and Transfer Plan Palawan Peacock - Yello… · Population Analysis...

Population Analysis &

Breeding and Transfer Plan

Palawan Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron emphanum) AZA Species Survival Plan®

Yellow Program

AZA Species Survival Plan® Coordinator and Studbook Keeper Mollie Coym, Houston Zoo, Inc.

([email protected])

AZA Population Advisor Sara Sullivan, Population Management Center, Lincoln Park Zoo

([email protected])

6 October 2015

This Animal Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

1 Palawan Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron emphanum) Yellow SSP - 2015 FINAL

Executive Summary Palawan Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron emphanum)

At the time of analyses, the Palawan Peacock Pheasant SSP population consists of 62 (34 males 25 females and 3

unknown sex) birds at 26 AZA and three non-AZA institutions within North America. Additionally, one new AZA facility is

joining the SSP as a result of these recommendations. The Galliformes Taxon Advisory Group (TAG) set a target size for

this population of 70 birds in their 2011-2016 Regional Collection Plan. Under AZA’s current sustainability designations,

this population currently qualifies as a Yellow SSP program.

Due to historical unknown-ness, not a single bird in this population has a true pedigree that can be traced back to wild

founders. In an attempt to create a baseline pedigree for genetic management, an analytical dataset was created.

However, it is important to recognize that genetic values estimated from the analytical studbook may not be an

accurate representation of the measure of gene diversity typically derived from pedigree analyses.

Based on an analytical pedigree only 67.5% known, the current known pedigree portion of the population is estimated to have descended from 20 founders with no potential founders remaining. Gene diversity is 79.27% and is equivalent to that of only two to three unrelated animals (FGE = 2.41). Gene diversity at 100 years is estimated to be 61.1% according to projections based on a target population size of 70 and a growth rate of 5% (λ = 1.05). When gene diversity falls below 90% of that in the founding population, it is expected that reproduction will be increasingly compromised by, among other factors, lower hatch weights, smaller clutch sizes, and greater neonatal mortality. However, potential gene diversity (89.54%) could be exploited through equalization of founder representation (by breeding individuals with low and well-match mean kinships) and maintenance of an already very high effective size (Ne/N = 0.5112).

Demography

Current size of population (N) - Total (Males, Females, Unknown) 62 (34.25.3)

# animals excluded from management 3 (2.1.0)

Population size following exclusions 59 (32.24.3)

Target population size 70

Mean generation time (years) 5.5

Population Growth Rates (λ; lambda)1: Historical/ 5 –year / Projected

1.134/ 1.05/ 1.082 <> 1.127 <> 1.159

1Historical from life tables (NA 1971-2015)/ 5-Year from PopLink Census/ Projected from PMx 20 year stochastic projections

Genetics

(Genetic statistics calculated from an analytical studbook) Current Potential

Founders 20 0

Founder genome equivalents (FGE) 2.41 4.78

Gene diversity (GD%) 79.27 89.54

Population mean kinship (MK) 0.2073 -

Mean inbreeding (F) 0.1498 -

Percentage of pedigree known before/after assumptions and exclusions 0/67.5 -

Effective population size/Potentially breeding population (Ne / N) 0.5112 -

PROJECTIONS λ = 1.05, Kt = 70 -

Years To 90% Gene Diversity Already <90% -

Years to 10% Loss of Gene Diversity 52 -

Gene Diversity at 100 Years From Present (%) 61.1 -

Demographic projections indicate that approximately 9 to 11 hatches are needed in the coming year to keep the

population stable (λ=1.00) and 12 to 16 to grow the population to its target size of 70 in 3 years (λ = 1.04). As with most

SSP populations, recommended pairings are prioritized through considerations of mean kinship, avoidance of inbreeding,

degree of pedigree uncertainty, and logistics. Additional pairs were recommended taking into consideration the low

likelihood of some pairs, particularly new pairs, to breed. Any institution with additional information concerning the

origin of unknown pedigree birds should contact the SSP Coordinator as soon as possible.

Summary Actions: The SSP recommends 14 breeding females and 7 transfers in order to meet institution requests.



Table of Contents

I. Executive Summary 1

II. Description of Population Status 4

Introduction 4

Demography 4

Genetics 6

Management Strategy 7

III. Recommendations

Summary recommendations by Studbook ID 8

Recommendations by Institution 11

ALEXANDRI, ATLANTA, BATONROUG, BROWNSVIL, 11

BUSCH TAM, CHATTANOO, CHICAGOLP, COLUMIBA, DENTON S (non-AZA),

12

EL PASO, GREENVISC, HONOLULU, HOUSTON 13

METROZOO, NY BRONX, OMAHA, PEARISBRG (non-AZA) 14

PHILADELP, PHOENIX, PITTS CA 15

S BARBARA, SAN ANTON, SANDIEGOZ 16

SANFORD, SEATTLE, SEAWLD TX, ST LOUIS 17

STATEN IS, SYRACUSE, TOLEDO, TORONTO (non-AZA) 18

IV. Appendices

A. Pedigree Assumptions 19

B. Summary of Data Exports 22

C. Exclusions 22

D. Available birds for Future Placement 22

E. Life Tables 23

F. Ordered Mean Kinship List 24

G. Descriptive Survival Statistics Report 25

H. Definitions 27

I. Directory of Institutional Representatives 29



Acknowledgments

The initial Palawan Peacock Pheasant SSP planning meeting was held 16 October 2013 at Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, Illinois and was attended by the following:

Mollie Coym, Houston Zoo, Inc. Chris Holmes, Houston Zoo, Inc.

Sara Sullivan, Population Management Center, Lincoln Park Zoo

Kelvin Limbrick, Population Management Center, Lincoln Park Zoo

Jessica Ray, Population Management Center, Lincoln Park Zoo

A follow up meeting was held 17 April 2015 via internet conferencing and attended by the following:

Mollie Coym, Houston Zoo, Inc. Sara Sullivan, Population Management Center, Lincoln Park Zoo

AZA Species Survival Plan® Coordinator and Studbook Keeper Mollie Coym, Houston Zoo, Inc.

[email protected]

Report and Analysis Prepared By Sara Sullivan, Population Management Center, Lincoln Park Zoo

[email protected]

&

Jessica Ray, Population Management Center, Lincoln Park Zoo [email protected]

Cover Photo by Joel Sartore

This plan was prepared and distributed with the assistance of the Population Management Center in Chicago.

[email protected]



Description of Population Status Palawan Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron emphanum)

Introduction: At the time of analyses, the current Palawan Peacock Pheasant SSP population consists of 62

(34 males 25 females and 3 unknown sex) birds at 26 AZA and three non-AZA institutions in North America.

Additionally, one new AZA facility is joining the SSP as a result of these recommendations. In the wild, this

species is endemic to the Philippines and is currently listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and protected

under CITES Appendix I as a result of habitat destruction, hunting, and capture for trade. The Galliformes

Taxon Advisory Group (TAG) set a target size for this population of 70 birds in their 2011-2016 Regional

Collection Plan. Under AZA’s current sustainability designations, it qualifies as a Yellow SSP program.

Comprehensive genetic and demographic analyses of the Palawan Peacock Pheasant SSP population were

initially performed in October 2013 and later revised during a follow up meeting with the SSP Coordinator in

April and September 2015, resulting in this current Breeding and Transfer plan. This is the first formal plan

produced for this species. Final analyses of the North American Regional Palawan Peacock Pheasant

studbook (current to 22 September 2015) were performed using PopLink 2.4 and PMxV1.3.20150612.

Analytical Studbook: Due to historical unknown-ness, the pedigree for this population is 100% unknown,

indicating that not a single bird in the currently living population can be traced back to wild founders. To

create a baseline for genetic management, extensive pedigree assumptions were developed after a

discussion with the SSP Coordinator and TAG chair to resolve the pedigrees of 23 individuals to whom the

majority of the unknown-ness traced back (Appendix A). Following the application of these assumptions and

the exclusion of three individuals for reasons outlined in Appendix C, the final pedigree increased from 0 to

67.5% known, and the potentially breeding population consists of 59 (32.24.3) individuals. However, it is

important to recognize that the genetic values estimated reflect only the portion of the living

population for whom pedigree unknown-ness could be resolved, and these assumptions may over or

under-estimate levels of relatedness.

Demography: Although the first Palawan peacock pheasant entered North America in 1930, population size

remained less than ten until the early 1970s, when consistent zoo reproduction began. By 1988, the

population reached its peak size of 76 individuals as a result of successful zoo hatches and sporadic imports

from the private sector, but a steady population decline followed (Fig. 1; average 27 year λ = 0.992). In 2007,

the population fell to 45 birds, its lowest size in recent years, after only eight hatches were produced in the

two preceding years. However, the population has recovered to its current size of 62 individuals, representing

an average growth of 5% over the past five years (average λ = 1.051), with annual hatches ranging from 15 to

18 per year. If the SSP can maintain this high growth rate, the population should meet the TAG

recommended target size of 70 birds within three years (λ=1.043).

Figure 1. Census of the Palawan Peacock Pheasant SSP population by sex (left) and origin (right).



Despite a recently established base of pre-reproductive individuals, the age structure of this population deviates from a stable one (Fig. 2). Years of low and inconsistent reproduction are illustrated by several empty age classes. Additionally, the male sex bias could limit space availability and egg production in the future for this monogamously breeding species. However, due to few post-reproductive individuals and a relatively long reproductive span, it is possible that this age structure can be improved. Producing a consistent number of hatches from year to year will help to keep age classes full and support future reproduction.

Based on demographic data from 1971 to present in North America, observed first year mortality is 42% for

males and 46% for females. Assuming survival past the first year of life, median life expectancy is calculated

to be 8.3 years for males and 6.4 years for females, indicating that roughly 50% of Palawan peacock

pheasants born in the population are expected to die before these ages and 50% after (Appendix F).

Maximum longevity in zoos is recorded as high as 24 and 21 years for males and females, respectively.

According to the SSP Coordinator, this bias towards male longevity may be at least partially related to

male aggression in the species and could potentially be alleviated in the future with improved

husbandry. However, if this bias continues, breeding space in the SSP will increasingly be limited by

singly housed males. Institutions experienced in sexing eggs may be requested to do so in order to

select for female eggs.

Breeding can occur year round, though most hatches have been recorded between March and August. Clutch

sizes typically range from one to two eggs with an incubation period of about 19 days. Females appear to

breed from one to 18 years and males from one to 21 years, with median ages of first reproduction at 2.5 and

3.8 years for females and males, respectively.

Figure 2. Age distribution of the total SSP population of Palawan Peacock Pheasants, N =62 (34.25.3).



Figure 3. Founder representation of the Palawan Peacock Pheasant SSP population, demonstrating the inequality of founder

lineages in the potentially breeding population (Based on an analytical pedigree; Appendix A).

Genetics: Due to historical unknown-ness, not a single bird in this population has a true pedigree that can

be traced back to wild founders. Accurate historical and current data are required even for the most basic

genetic management, such as avoidance of inbreeding. In an attempt to create a baseline pedigree for

genetic management, an analytical dataset was created based on information provided by the SSP

Coordinator and TAG chair. However, it is important to recognize that the genetic values estimated

reflect only the portion of the living population for whom pedigree unknown-ness could be resolved

and may not be an accurate representation of the measure of gene diversity typically derived from

pedigree analysis. Levels of relatedness may be over or under-estimated.

Based on an analytical pedigree only 67.5% known, the current known pedigree portion of the population is

estimated to have descended from 20 founders with no potential founders remaining. Gene diversity is

79.27% and is equivalent to that of only two to three unrelated animals (FGE = 2.41). Gene diversity at 100

years is estimated to be 61.1% according to projections based on a target population size of 70 and a growth

rate of 5% (λ = 1.053). When gene diversity falls below 90% of that in the founding population, it is expected

that reproduction will be increasingly compromised by, among other factors, lower hatch weights, smaller

clutch sizes, and greater neonatal mortality. However, potential gene diversity (89.54%) could be exploited

through equalization of founder representation (by breeding individuals with low and well-match mean

kinships, Fig. 3) and maintenance of an already very high effective size (Ne/N = 0.5112). Further resolution

of the pedigree may reveal this potential to be even higher.

Genetic Summary1 Current Potential

Founders 20 0

Founder genome equivalents (FGE) 2.41 4.78

Gene diversity (GD%) 79.27 89.54

Population mean kinship (MK) 0.2073 -

Mean inbreeding (F) 0.1498 -

Percentage of pedigree known before assumptions and exclusions 0 -

Percentage of pedigree known after assumptions and exclusions 67.5 -

Effective population size/Potentially breeding population (Ne / N) 0.5112 -

Years To 90% Gene Diversity (assuming λ = 1.053, Kt = 70) Already <90% -

Years to 10% Loss of Gene Diversity 52 -

Gene Diversity at 100 Years From Present (%) 61.1 -

Gene Diversity in 10 Generations (T x 10 = 55 years) 68.7 1Genetic statistics are based on an analytical studbook with pedigree assumptions that may over or under-estimate relatedness.



Management Strategy: Demographic projections indicate that approximately 9 to 11 hatches are needed in

the coming year to keep the population stable (λ=1.00) and 12 to 16 are needed to grow the population to its

target size of 70 birds in three years (λ = 1.04). As with most SSP populations, recommended pairings are

prioritized to maintain or increase gene diversity through considerations of mean kinship, avoidance of

inbreeding, differences in sire and dam mean kinships, and the degree of uncertainty within a pedigree.

However, the genetic statistics presented in this report are based on extensive pedigree assumptions and

may not accurately represent historical lineages. Although these assumptions are based on evidence from

studbook records and historical patterns of Galliformes imported into North America, levels of relatedness

may be over or under-estimated. Any institution with additional information concerning the origin of

unknown pedigree birds should contact the SSP Coordinator as soon as possible.

The SSP recommends:

1. Fourteen breeding females and seven transfers in order to meet demographic and genetic goals

as well as institutional requests.

a. All recommended breeding facilities should contact the SSP Coordinator after

each clutch before raising a second to avoid yearly hatches considerably

outnumbering deaths (producing more individuals than space is available to

hold),

2. Offspring are expected to remain within their natal group at least until one year of age.

3. It is currently challenging to place males in this population due to the difficulty of holding

single sex groups and the current male sex bias. New interested institutions or current SSP

participants able to hold additional birds, particularly males, should contact the SSP Coordinator

as soon as possible. Institutions experienced in sexing eggs may be requested to do so in order

to select for female eggs.

4. In the future, breeding males and females with unknown pedigree should only be recommended

to breed together. Some pairs consisting of a male or female with known pedigree paired with a

breeding partner of unknown pedigree have been left together this year to minimize the number

of transfers and meet demographic needs. However, these individuals should be repaired in the

future to prevent the perpetuation of unknown pedigree in this population.



Summary of Breeding and Transfer Recommendations (Sorted by studbook ID)

ID Location Local

ID Sex Age Known Disposition Location Breeding With Notes

528 OMAHA 6293 M 24 1.0000 HOLD OMAHA DO NOT BREED

Excluded - Age

575 BATONROUG 7183 M 23 1.0000 HOLD BATONROUG DO NOT BREED

Excluded - Age

689 BUSCH TAM 60228 F 18 1.0000 HOLD BUSCH TAM DO NOT BREED

Excluded - Plumage

697 NY BRONX 996210 F 17 1.0000 HOLD NY BRONX BREED WITH

708 Demographic pair

698 PHILADELP 205121 M 17 1.0000 HOLD PHILADELP DO NOT BREED

703 ST LOUIS 111047 F 17 1.0000 HOLD ST LOUIS BREED WITH

787 Valuable breeding pair

708 NY BRONX 996001 M 17 0.0000 HOLD NY BRONX BREED WITH

697

Demographic pair; 0% known pedigree – please investigate

713 SANFORD 99B601 M 16 1.0000 HOLD SANFORD DO NOT BREED

Genetically over-represented

721 TOLEDO 6839 M 15 0.5000 HOLD TOLEDO DO NOT BREED

Low % pedigree known

723 SANFORD 5659 F 15 0.0000 HOLD SANFORD DO NOT BREED

0% pedigree known – please investigate

726 SEATTLE 200223 F 15 0.5000 HOLD SEATTLE DO NOT BREED


759 PHILADELP 205311 F 13 0.7500 SEND TO BROWNSVIL BREED WITH

909 Demographic pair; valuable female

761 ALEXANDRI AV0107 M 13 0.5000 HOLD ALEXANDRI BREED WITH

811 Demographic pair; low % known pedigree

767 SANDIEGOZ 305470 M 15 0.0000 HOLD SANDIEGOZ DO NOT BREED


771 SYRACUSE B02014 F 13 0.5000 HOLD SYRACUSE DO NOT BREED


777 S BARBARA 202004 F 13 1.0000 HOLD S BARBARA BREED WITH

803

Valuable breeding pair; See institution notes about egg sexing

787 ST LOUIS 103284 M 12 1.0000 HOLD ST LOUIS BREED WITH


788 PEARISBRG NONE M 11 1.0000 HOLD PEARISBRG DO NOT BREED

789 ATLANTA A90016 M 11 0.8750 HOLD ATLANTA BREED WITH


790 EL PASO 200720 M 11 0.8750 HOLD EL PASO BREED WITH


791 SAN ANTON A08008 F 11 1.0000 HOLD SAN ANTON BREED WITH


795 CHATTANOO B09019 M 11 0.5000 HOLD CHATTANOO DO NOT BREED

Low % known pedigree

801 HONOLULU 206080 F 11 0.5000 HOLD HONOLULU DO NOT BREED



ID Location Local


803 S BARBARA 700086 M 11 0.7500 HOLD S BARBARA BREED WITH

777

Valuable breeding pair; See institution notes about egg sexing

804 ATLANTA A90017 F 10 0.5000 HOLD ATLANTA BREED WITH


811 ALEXANDRI AV0252 F 9 0.8750 HOLD ALEXANDRI BREED WITH


822 HOUSTON 26386 M 7 1.0000 HOLD HOUSTON BREED WITH

880

See institution notes about egg sexing; demographic pair

838 SAN ANTON Y14093 M 7 0.7500 HOLD SAN ANTON BREED WITH


861 SEATTLE 204399 M 5 0.0000 HOLD SEATTLE DO NOT BREED


866 PHOENIX 11680 F 5 0.6875 HOLD PHOENIX BREED WITH

874

Demographic pair; over-represented female

872 GREENVISC B11001 M 5 0.5000 HOLD GREENVISC BREED WITH

934 Low % known pedigree

874 PHOENIX 11972 M 5 1.0000 HOLD PHOENIX BREED WITH

866 Demographic pair; valuable male

880 HOUSTON 26938 F 4 0.7500 HOLD HOUSTON BREED WITH

822

See institution note about egg sexing; demographic pair

881 PEARISBRG NONE M 4 0.7500 HOLD PEARISBRG DO NOT BREED

892 DENTON S NONE M 3 0.7500 HOLD DENTON S DO NOT BREED

893 METROZOO 12B084 F 3 0.7500 HOLD METROZOO BREED WITH


895 SEAWLD TX PPH500 M 3 0.6875 HOLD SEAWLD TX DO NOT BREED

896 SEAWLD TX PPH500 M 3 0.6875 SEND TO TORONTO DO NOT BREED

899 TORONTO 45575 F 3 0.0000 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED


900 TORONTO 45576 M 3 0 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED

0% pedigree known – please investigate Death reported during comment period

909 HOUSTON 28139 M 2 0.8750 SEND TO BROWNSVIL BREED WITH

759

910 SAN ANTON M13027 M 2 1.0000 SEND TO COLUMBIA BREED WITH


913 CHICAGOLP 23368 M 2 0.6875 HOLD CHICAGOLP DO NOT BREED


914 EL PASO 201407 F 3 0.6875 HOLD EL PASO BREED WITH


915 STATEN IS UNK M 3 0.6875 HOLD STATEN IS DO NOT BREED

Genetically over-



ID Location Local


represented

919 HONOLULU 213118 U 1 0.5938 HOLD HONOLULU DO NOT BREED

Please sex Death reported during comment period

920 PITTS CA 8466 M 2 1.0000 HOLD PITTS CA BREED WITH

926

Demographic pair; over-represented female

926 PITTS CA 8486 F 2 0.5000 HOLD PITTS CA BREED WITH


927 SANFORD 13B786 F 2 0.5000 HOLD SANFORD DO NOT BREED


928 METROZOO 14B005 M 1 0.7500 HOLD METROZOO DO NOT BREED

Available for placement

929 SANDIEGOZ 314576 F 1 0.7813 HOLD SANDIEGOZ DO NOT BREED


931 METROZOO 14B062 M 2 0.0000 HOLD METROZOO BREED WITH

893

Demographic pair; 0% known pedigree – please investigate

933 HOUSTON 28828 F 1 0.8750 SEND TO CHICAGOLP DO NOT BREED


934 ALEXANDRI AV0529 F 1 0.6875 SEND TO GREENVISC BREED WITH

872

936 HONOLULU 214044 F 1 0.5938 HOLD HONOLULU DO NOT BREED

937 S BARBARA 700774 M 1 0.8750 HOLD S BARBARA DO NOT BREED

Available

940 PHOENIX 12572 M 1 0.8438 HOLD PHOENIX DO NOT BREED

941 TOLEDO 10971 F 1 1.0000 HOLD TOLEDO DO NOT BREED

Genetically valuable

942 S BARBARA 700789 F 1 0.8750 SEND TO COLUMBIA BREED WITH


943 S BARBARA 700790 M 1 0.8750 HOLD S BARBARA DO NOT BREED

Available for placement; genetically valuable

944 PHOENIX 12831 U 0 0.8438 HOLD PHOENIX DO NOT BREED

945 PHOENIX 12832 U 0 0.8438 HOLD PHOENIX DO NOT BREED

946 EL PASO 201675 M 0 0.7813 HOLD EL PASO DO NOT BREED

950 PITTS CA 8614 U 0 0.7500 HOLD PITTS CA DO NOT BREED



Recommendations by Institution

Individuals with < 50% known pedigree are highlighted. Please investigate the pedigrees of these individuals if possible to facilitate genetic management.

ALEXANDRI

Alexandria Zoological Park

Alexandria, LA

ID Local ID Sex Age Known Disposition Location Breeding With Notes

761 AV0107 M 13 0.5000 HOLD ALEXANDRI BREED WITH 811

811 AV0252 F 9 0.8750 HOLD ALEXANDRI BREED WITH 761 Established pair

934 AV0529 F 1 0.6875 SEND TO GREENVISC BREED WITH 872

ATLANTA

Zoo Atlanta

Atlanta, GA


789 A90016 M 11 0.8750 HOLD ATLANTA BREED WITH 804

804 A90017 F 10 0.5000 HOLD ATLANTA BREED WITH 789 Established pair

BATONROUG

BREC's Baton Rouge Zoo

Baker, LA

Institution Notes: The SSP will look for a breeding pair to replace this older male in the future.


575 7183 M 23 1.0000 HOLD BATONROUG DO NOT BREED

Excluded - Age

BROWNSVIL

Gladys Porter Zoo

Brownsville, TX

Institutional Notes: New SSP participant.


759 205311 F 13 0.7500 RECEIVE

FROM PHILADELP BREED WITH 909

909 28139 M 2 0.8438 RECEIVE

FROM HOUSTON BREED WITH 759



BUSCH TAM

Busch Gardens Tampa Bay

Tampa, FL


689 60228 F 18 1.0000 HOLD BUSCH TAM DO NOT BREED

Excluded - Plumage

CHATTANOO

Tennessee Aquarium

Chattanooga, TN


795 B09019 M 11 0.5000 HOLD CHATTANOO DO NOT BREED

CHICAGOLP

Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens

Chicago, IL

Institution Notes: Reproduction from this pair is not needed currently to support demographic goals but may be needed in the

future.


913 23368 M 2 0.6875 HOLD CHICAGOLP DO NOT BREED

933 28828 F 1 0.8750 RECEIVE

FROM HOUSTON

DO NOT BREED

COLUMBIA

Riverbanks Zoo and Garden

Columbia, SC

Institution Notes: New SSP participant.


942 700789 F 0 0.8750 RECEIVE

FROM S BARBARA BREED WITH 910

910 M13027 M 2 1.0000 RECEIVE

FROM SAN ANTON BREED WITH 942

DENTON S, non-AZA participant

Stuart Denton

Palm City, FL


892 NONE M 3 0.7500 HOLD DENTON S DO NOT BREED



EL PASO

El Paso Zoo

El Paso, TX


790 200720 M 11 0.8750 HOLD EL PASO BREED WITH 914

914 201407 F 3 0.6875 HOLD EL PASO BREED WITH 790 Established pair

946 201675 M 0 0.7813 HOLD EL PASO DO NOT BREED

GREENVISC

Greenville Zoo

Greenville, SC


872 B11001 M 5 0.5000 HOLD GREENVISC BREED WITH 934

934 AV0529 F 1 0.6875 RECEIVE

FROM ALEXANDRI BREED WITH 872

HONOLULU

Honolulu Zoo

Honolulu, HI


801 206080 F 11 0.5000 HOLD HONOLULU DO NOT BREED

919 213118 U 1 0.5938 HOLD HONOLULU DO NOT BREED

Please sex Death reported during comment period

936 214044 F 1 0.5938 HOLD HONOLULU DO NOT BREED

HOUSTON

Houston Zoo, Inc.

Houston, TX

Institution Notes: Please monitor the sexes of eggs produced, and rear up to two female chicks per year before discussing with the

SSP Coordinator if additional clutches are needed.


822 26386 M 7 1.0000 HOLD HOUSTON BREED WITH 880 See institution notes about egg sexing

880 26938 F 4 0.7500 HOLD HOUSTON BREED WITH 822

See institution notes about egg sexing; Established pair

909 28139 M 2 0.8750 SEND TO BROWNSVIL BREED WTH 759

933 28828 F 1 0.8750 SEND TO CHICAGOLP DO NOT BREED



METROZOO

Zoo Miami

Miami, FL


893 12B084 F 3 0.7500 HOLD METROZOO BREED WITH 931 Demographic pair

928 14B005 M 1 0.7500 HOLD METROZOO DO NOT BREED

931 14B062 M 2 0.0000 HOLD METROZOO BREED WITH 893

0% known pedigree - please investigate pedigree

NY BRONX

Bronx Zoo/Wildlife Conservation Society

Bronx, NY


697 996210 F 17 1.0000 HOLD NY BRONX BREED WITH 708 Established demographic pair

708 996001 M 17 0.0000 HOLD NY BRONX BREED WITH 697

0% known pedigree - please investigate pedigree

OMAHA

Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo

Omaha, NE


528 6293 M 24 0.0000 HOLD OMAHA DO NOT BREED Excluded - Age

PEARISBRG, non-AZA participant

Mountain View Zool Gardens (Sam Chupp)

Pearisburg, VA


788 NONE M 11 1.0000 HOLD PEARISBRG DO NOT BREED

881 NONE M 4 0.7500 HOLD PEARISBRG DO NOT BREED



PHILADELP

The Philadelphia Zoo

Philadelphia, PA

Institutional Notes: The SSP will continue to look for a replacement female.


698 205121 M 17 1.0000 HOLD PHILADELP DO NOT BREED

759 205311 F 13 0.7500 SEND TO BROWNSVIL BREED WITH 909

PHOENIX

Phoenix Zoo

Phoenix, AZ


866 11680 F 5 0.6875 HOLD PHOENIX BREED WITH 874 Established pair

874 11972 M 5 1.0000 HOLD PHOENIX BREED WITH 866

940 12572 M 1 0.8438 HOLD PHOENIX DO NOT BREED

944 12831 U 0 0.8125 HOLD PHOENIX DO NOT BREED

945 12832 U 0 0.8125 HOLD PHOENIX DO NOT BREED

PITTS CA

National Aviary in Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh, PA


920 8466 M 2 1.0000 HOLD PITTS CA BREED WITH 926

926 8486 F 2 0.5000 HOLD PITTS CA BREED WITH 920 Established pair

950 8614 U 0 0.7500 HOLD PITTS CA DO NOT BREED



S BARBARA

Santa Barbara Zoological Gardens

Santa Barbara, CA

Institution Notes: Please monitor the sexes of eggs produced, and rear up to two female chicks per year before contacting the SSP

Coordinator to see if additional clutches are needed.


777 202004 F 13 1.0000 HOLD S BARBARA BREED WITH 803

See institution notes about egg sexing ; Established pair

803 700086 M 11 0.7500 HOLD S BARBARA BREED WITH 777 See institution notes about egg sexing

937 700774 M 1 0.8750 HOLD S BARBARA DO NOT BREED

942 700789 F 1 0.8750 SEND TO COLUMBIA BREED WITH 910

943 700790 M 1 0.8750 HOLD S BARBARA DO NOT BREED

SAN ANTON

San Antonio Zoological Gardens & Aquarium San Antonio, TX


791 A08008 F 11 1.0000 HOLD SAN ANTON BREED WITH 838

838 Y14093 M 7 0.7500 HOLD SAN ANTON BREED WITH 791

910 M13027 M 2 1.0000 SEND TO COLUMBIA BREED WITH 942

SANDIEGOZ

San Diego Zoo San Diego, CA

Institution Notes: Reproduction from this pair is not needed currently to support demographic goals.


767 305470 M 15 0.0000 HOLD SANDIEGOZ DO NOT BREED 0% pedigree known – please investigate

929 314576 F 1 0.7813 HOLD SANDIEGOZ DO NOT BREED Genetically over-represented



SANFORD

Central Florida Zoological Park

Lake Monroe, FL



713 99B601 M 15 1.0000 HOLD SANFORD DO NOT BREED Genetically over-represented

723 5659 F 16 0.0000 HOLD SANFORD DO NOT BREED 0% pedigree known - please investigate

927 13B786 F 2 0.5000 HOLD SANFORD DO NOT BREED

SEATTLE

Woodland Park Zoo

Seattle, WA



726 200223 F 15 0.5000 HOLD SEATTLE DO NOT BREED

861 204399 M 5 0.0000 HOLD SEATTLE DO NOT BREED

0% pedigree known - please investigate

SEAWLD TX

Sea World San Antonio

San Antonio, TX


895 PPH500 M 3 0.6875 HOLD SEAWLD TX DO NOT BREED

896 PPH500 M 3 0.6875 SEND TO TORONTO DO NOT BREED

ST LOUIS

Saint Louis Zoological Park

St. Louis, MO


703 111047 F 17 1.0000 HOLD ST LOUIS BREED WITH 787

787 103284 M 12 1.0000 HOLD ST LOUIS BREED WITH 703



STATEN IS

Staten Island Zoo

Staten Island, NY

Institution Notes: Please contact the SSP Coordinator if interested in receiving additional birds for exhibit.


915 UNK M 3 0.6875 HOLD STATEN IS DO NOT BREED Genetically over-represented

SYRACUSE

Rosamond Gifford Zoo at Burnet Park

Syracuse, NY

Institution Notes: Please contact the SSP Coordinator if interested in receiving a male to establish an exhibit pair with

female 771.


771 B02014 F 13 0.5000 HOLD SYRACUSE DO NOT BREED

TOLEDO

Toledo Zoological Gardens

Toledo, OH


721 6839 M 15 0.5000 HOLD TOLEDO BREED WITH 941

941 10971 F 1 0.8125 HOLD TOLEDO BREED WITH 721

TORONTO, non-AZA participant

Toronto Zoo

Scarborough, Ontario, Canada

Institution Notes: Please also contact the SSP Coordinator with additional information concerning the origin of female #899 and

her sire and dam if possible.


899 45575 F 3 0.0000 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED 0% pedigree known - please investigate pedigree

900 45576 M 3 0.0000 HOLD TORONTO DO NOT BREED

0% pedigree known - please investigate pedigree Death reported during comment period

896 PPH5001 M 3 0.6875 RECEIVE

FROM SEAWLD TX DO NOT BREED



Appendix A

Analytical Assumptions

Hypothetical Individuals

ID Sire Dam Sex Notes

BERLIN1 WILD WILD Male Hypothetical sire to represent the unique Berlin lineage of female 898 who was recently transferred from DENTON S --> ST AUGUST. The Berlin stock was supposedly acquired from a private breeder with wild birds."

BERLIN2 WILD WILD Female Hypothetical dam to represent the unique Berlin lineage of female 898 who was recently transferred from DENTON S --> ST AUGUST. The Berlin stock was supposedly acquired from a private breeder with wild birds."

FLOR1 22 23 Male Hypothetical sire to represent the only two potential sires (22, 23) at SEATTLE at the time of conception. Both are dead with no living descendants, but are assumed to be wild-caught imports.

FLOR2 24 25 Female Hypothetical dam to represent the only two potential dams (24, 25) at SEATTLE at the time of conception. Both are dead with no living descendants, but are assumed to be wild-caught imports.

HONGK1 WILD WILD Male Hypothetical sire to represent assumed wild caught sire of 18 at Hong Kong.

HONGK2 WILD WILD Female Hypothetical dam to represent assumed wild caught dam of 18 at Hong Kong.

HONGK3 WILD WILD Male Hypothetical sire to represent assumed wild caught sire of 104 at Hong Kong.

HONGK4 WILD WILD Female Hypothetical dam to represent assumed wild caught dam of 104 at Hong Kong.

HYP1 599 605 Female

Hypothetical dam to represent the only two potential dams (599 605) at HAWLEY J at the time of conception for 648. These birds arrived and went LTF on 3/4/1994 but the records indicate male 598 who went LTF at the same time to be the sire of 630 and 651 in 1994 and 1995. This indicates these dams were also likely still at the institution and breeding.

HYP2 WILD WILD Male To represent hypothetical sire of 47 and 68 at SAN ANTON

HYP3 WILD WILD Female To represent hypothetical dam of 47 at SAN ANTON

HYP4 WILD WILD Female To represent hypothetical dam of 68 at SAN ANTON

HYP5 599 605 Female Hypothetical dam to combine 599 and 605 as the potential dam.

PRIV1 WILD WILD Female Hypothetical female to represent the grand-dam from Hong Kong lineages of 897.

PRIV2 WILD WILD Female Hypothetical female to represent the other grand-dam from Hong Kong lineages of 897.

PRIV3 18 PRIV1 Male Hypothetical sire representing Hong Kong lineages of 897. This connects 897 to the only other living Hong Kong descendants in the population.

PRIV4 104 PRIV2 Female Hypothetical dam representing Hong Kong lineages of 897. This connects 897 to the only other living Hong Kong descendants in the population.



Analytical Data for True Individuals

ID Field TRUE Overlay Notes

104 Dam UNK HONGK4 Hong Kong Zoo was known to import wild-caught birds from the Philippines. According to San Diego Zoo, this bird was captive hatched at Hong Kong and so is assumed to be an offspring of a wild-caught pair and unrelated to 18, who was hatched in 1968. Sire UNK HONGK3

12 Dam UNK WILD Male 12 and female 13 were recorded as hatched" at a private breeder (BOEHM EM = Edward Marshall Boehm). However, as breeding was infrequent in the 1960s, it is assumed that these birds were actually imported as an unrelated wild caught breeding pair."

Sire UNK WILD

13 Dam UNK WILD Male 12 and female 13 were recorded as hatched" at a private breeder (BOEHM EM = Edward Marshall Boehm). However, as breeding was infrequent in the 1960s, it is assumed that these birds were actually imported as an unrelated wild caught breeding pair."

Sire UNK WILD

154 Dam UNK WILD Only three birds (79, 154, and 155) are recorded at LIVERMORE (Virgil Denton) at this time and it is assumed that these were unrelated wild caught imports. Stuart Denton, living nephew of Virgil Denton, indicated that about 10-15 wild caught pairs were held at LIVERMORE around this time. Wild caught birds were being transferred as it was difficult to get F1s to breed at this time.

Sire UNK WILD

155 Dam UNK WILD Only three birds (79, 154, and 155) are recorded at LIVERMORE (Virgil Denton) at this time and it is assumed that these were unrelated wild caught imports. Stuart Denton, living nephew of Virgil Denton, indicated that about 10-15 wild caught pairs were held at LIVERMORE around this time. Wild caught birds were being transferred as it was difficult to get F1s to breed at this time.

Sire UNK WILD

18 Dam UNK HONGK2 Hong Kong Zoo was known to import wild caught birds from the Philippines. According to San Diego Zoo, this bird was captive hatched at Hong Kong and so is assumed to be an offspring of a wild caught pair and unrelated to 104. Sire UNK HONGK1

22 Dam UNK WILD Florida was a one of the major import stations around that time, so assumed to be an unrelated wild caught import as consistent breeding did not begin until the mid-1970s. Sire UNK WILD

23 Dam UNK WILD Florida was a one of the major import stations around that time, so assumed to be an unrelated wild caught import as consistent breeding did not begin until the mid 1970s.

Sire UNK WILD

24 Dam UNK WILD Florida was a one of the major import stations around that time, so assumed to be an unrelated wild caught import as consistent breeding did not begin until the mid 1970s. Sire UNK WILD

25 Dam UNK WILD Florida was a one of the major import stations around that time, so assumed to be an unrelated wild caught import as consistent breeding did not begin until the mid 1970s.

Sire UNK WILD

35 Dam UNK FLOR2 FLOR1 and FLOR2 represent two potential sires (22, 23) and two potential dams (24, 25), respectively, that were the only birds capable of breeding at SEATTLE at the time of conception. Sire UNK FLOR1

413 Dam UNK 155 Private breeder, Don Butler (BUTLER D), received his initial birds from ASHEBORO in 1988, so assume 413 is descended from the ASHEBORO breeding pair 155 x 154.

Sire UNK 154

47 Dam UNK HYP3 No living potential sires or dams were recorded at SAN ANTON at the times of conception/birth. 47 and 68 were assumed to be half sib offspring of wild caught birds, as it is unlikely they would be the offspring of F1 birds around this time.

Sire UNK HYP2



Analytical Data for True Individuals

ID Field TRUE Overlay Notes

648 Dam UNK HYP5 The only individuals available to breed at HAWLEY J at the time of conception were 598, 599, and 605. All went LTF shortly after arrival. However, since 598 is recorded as the sire for two individuals born in 1994 and 1995, it is likely all were still at the institution and breeding. Assume 598 as the sire and use a hypothetical dam to combine 599 and 605 as the potential dam.

Sire UNK 598

68 Dam UNK HYP4 No living potential sires or dams were recorded at SAN ANTON at the times of conception/birth. 47 and 68 were assumed to be half sib offspring of wild caught birds, as it is unlikely they would be the offspring of F1 birds around this time. Sire UNK HYP2

777 Dam UNK 634 The only individuals at S BARBARA at the time of conception were the main breeding pair, 517 and 634, and their male offspring, 750. However, 750 was likely too young to breed, and 517 x 634 continued to produce chicks into 2004, so assume they are the sire and dam.

Sire UNK 517

79 Dam UNK WILD Only three birds (79, 154, and 155) are recorded at LIVERMORE (Virgil Denton) at this time and it is assumed that these were unrelated wild caught imports. Stuart Denton, living nephew of Virgil Denton, indicated that about 10 - 15 wild caught pairs were held at LIVERMORE around this time. Wild caught birds were being transferred rather than F1s as it was difficult to get F1s to breed at this time.

Sire UNK WILD

797 Dam UNK 634 The only breeding individuals at S BARBARA at the time of conception were the main breeding pair, 517 and 634, and their female offspring, 777. However, 796 was hatched on the same date as 797 with known parents 517 x 634 (with no date estimates), so assume them to be full siblings.

Sire UNK 517

897 Dam UNK PRIV4 This individual was acquired from a private institution in California (likely Paul Kao) from Hong Kong lineages. In order to avoid potential inbreeding, a hypothetical sire and dam connect 897 to the remaining currently living descendants of 18 and 104 from Hong Kong Zoo. Sire UNK PRIV3

898 Dam UNK BERLIN2

Hypothetical wild caught sire and dam were used to represent the unique Berlin lineages of 898's parents. Both sire and dam were imported from Berlin Zoo, who received its initial stock in the early 90s from a private breeder with wild caught birds. *Note: This individual is currently assumed unrelated to the rest of the population, but if additional European birds are imported into N.AMERICA, this assumption may need to be changed.

Sire UNK BERLIN1



Appendix B

Summary of Data Exports PMx Project: PalawanPeacockPheasantFINAL25Sept15 Created: 2015-09-24 by PMx version 1.3.20150612 File: C:\PMxProjects\PalawanPeacockPheasantFINAL25Sept15.pmxproj

Studbook Information: Common Name: PALAWAN PEACOCK PHEASANT Scientific Name: Polyplectron emphanum Data Source: PopLink Studbook Name: PalawanUPDATE_2015Sept23 Exported On: 2015-09-24 Software version: PopLink 2.4 Current through: 2015-09-22 Compiled by: Mollie Coym Scope: N.America User: JRay

Primary genetic data file Data File Name: XXPalawanUPDATE_2015Sept23.ped Genetic filters: Location = N.AMERICA, Status = Living as of 2015-09-24

Demographic input files MPrn file: mXXPalawanUPDATE_2015Sept23.prn FPrn file: fXXPalawanUPDATE_2015Sept23.prn Demographic filters: Location = N.AMERICA, Status = Living during 1971-01-01 to 201509-24 Census1 file: Exchcens.txt

Appendix C

Individuals Excluded from the Genetic Analyses

ID Location Sex Age Reason

528 OMAHA M 24 Age

575 BATONROUG M 23 Age

689 BUSCH TAM F 18 Plumage change

Appendix D

Available Birds for Future Placement

ID Location Sex Age MK Known

946 EL PASO M 0 0.2273 0.7813

928 METROZOO M 1 0.2404 0.7500

940 PHOENIX M 1 0.2176 0.8438

944 PHOENIX U 0 0.2176 0.8438

945 PHOENIX U 0 0.2176 0.8438

950 PITTS CA U 0 0.1094 0.75

937 S BARBARA M 1 0.1945 0.8750

943 S BARBARA M 1 0.1945 0.8750



Appendix E

Life Tables Qx = mortality; Px = survival; Lx = cumulative survivorship; Mx = fecundity; Vx = expected future reproduction

Males Age (years) Px Qx Risk Qx Lx Mx Risk Mx Ex Vx

0 0.58 0.42 392.40 1.00 0.00 392.40 --- 1.27

1 0.87 0.13 160.30 0.58 0.13 160.30 --- 2.06 2 0.88 0.12 123.60 0.50 0.22 123.60 --- 2.48

3 0.94 0.06 100.60 0.44 0.36 100.60 --- 2.78 4 0.93 0.07 91.20 0.42 0.39 91.20 --- 2.90

5 0.93 0.07 80.30 0.39 0.52 80.30 --- 3.03 6 0.92 0.08 72.70 0.36 0.66 72.70 --- 3.03

7 0.92 0.08 65.60 0.33 0.64 65.60 --- 2.89 8 0.90 0.10 59.70 0.31 0.51 59.70 --- 2.76

9 0.98 0.02 53.50 0.28 0.60 53.50 --- 2.69 10 0.91 0.09 52.50 0.27 0.81 52.50 --- 2.48

11 0.98 0.02 45.20 0.25 0.56 45.20 --- 1.98 12 0.88 0.12 41.30 0.24 0.50 41.30 --- 1.71

13 1.00 0.00 35.40 0.21 0.62 35.40 --- 1.44 14 0.91 0.09 35.00 0.21 0.36 35.00 --- 0.97

15 0.87 0.13 31.40 0.19 0.08 31.40 --- 0.76 16 0.84 0.16 25.40 0.17 0.36 25.40 --- 0.89

17 0.80 0.20 19.70 0.14 0.43 19.70 --- 0.73 18 0.87 0.13 15.00 0.11 0.20 15.00 --- 0.40

19 0.77 0.23 13.00 0.10 0.10 13.00 --- 0.27 20 0.70 0.30 10.00 0.08 0.20 10.00 --- 0.26

21 0.86 0.14 7.00 0.05 0.09 7.00 --- 0.09 22 1.00 0.00 6.00 0.05 0.00 6.00 --- 0.00

23 0.61 0.39 5.10 0.05 0.00 5.10 --- 0.00 24 0.18 0.82 2.40 0.03 0.00 2.40 --- 0.00

25 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 --- 0.00 26 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 --- 0.00

r = 0.113 λ = 1.120 Ro = 2.050 T = 6.3 N20 = 369

Females Age (years) Px Qx Risk Qx Lx Mx Risk Mx Ex Vx

0 0.54 0.46 385.50 1.00 0.00 385.50 6.04 1.30 1 0.84 0.16 143.50 0.54 0.23 143.50 7.82 2.31

2 0.88 0.12 116.40 0.45 0.54 116.40 7.94 2.79 3 0.95 0.05 98.10 0.40 0.52 98.10 7.61 2.83

4 0.87 0.13 87.40 0.38 0.72 87.40 7.25 2.91 5 0.86 0.14 73.20 0.33 0.94 73.20 7.23 2.91

6 0.85 0.15 62.00 0.28 0.85 62.00 7.28 2.64 7 0.88 0.12 50.30 0.24 0.60 50.30 7.27 2.39

8 0.91 0.09 43.70 0.21 0.64 43.70 7.01 2.30 9 0.90 0.10 38.20 0.19 1.01 38.20 6.64 2.10

10 0.80 0.20 32.00 0.17 0.62 32.00 6.62 1.47 11 0.96 0.04 23.80 0.14 0.52 23.80 6.45 1.12

12 0.86 0.14 22.00 0.13 0.26 22.00 5.98 0.76 13 0.94 0.06 17.20 0.11 0.35 17.20 5.55 0.64

14 0.87 0.13 15.00 0.11 0.13 15.00 5.03 0.36 15 0.92 0.08 12.20 0.09 0.15 12.20 4.51 0.30

16 0.90 0.10 10.00 0.09 0.06 10.00 3.85 0.19 17 1.00 0.00 7.90 0.08 0.07 7.90 3.01 0.16

18 0.84 0.16 6.20 0.08 0.11 6.20 2.19 0.11 19 0.60 0.40 5.00 0.07 0.00 5.00 1.62 0.00

20 0.33 0.67 3.00 0.04 0.00 3.00 1.25 0.00 21 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.01 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00

22 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

r = 0.139 λ = 1.149 Ro = 1.885 T = 4.6 N20 =315



Appendix F Ordered Mean Kinship

This list is current to September 2015 and based on an analytical studbook with pedigree assumptions that may over or under-estimate relatedness. Values are subject to change with any hatch, death, import, export,

inclusion, or exclusion. Unknown sex individuals are shown both as males and females. Individuals with < 50% known pedigree are highlighted gray.

Average Population MK = 0.2073

Males

Females

ID MK Known Age Location

ID MK Known Age Location

920 0.0290 1.0000 2 PITTS CA

950 U 0.1110 0.7500 0 PITTS CA

721 U 0.0894 0.5000 15 TOLEDO

703 U 0.1263 0.7500 17 ST LOUIS

950 U 0.1110 0.7500 0 PITTS CA

941 U 0.1530 0.8125 1 TOLEDO

838 U 0.1328 0.7500 7 SAN ANTON

791 U 0.1738 0.8750 11 SAN ANTON

787 U 0.1674 0.8750 12 ST LOUIS

759 U 0.1821 0.7500 13 PHILADELP

872 U 0.1731 0.5000 5 GREENVISC

942 U 0.1944 0.8750 1 S BARBARA

910 U 0.1731 0.9375 2 SAN ANTON

777 0.1947 1.0000 13 S BARBARA

874 U 0.1817 0.9375 5 PHOENIX

811 U 0.2046 0.8750 9 ALEXANDRI

803 U 0.1821 0.7500 11 S BARBARA

944 U 0.2174 0.8125 0 PHOENIX

937 U 0.1944 0.8750 1 S BARBARA

945 U 0.2174 0.8125 0 PHOENIX

943 U 0.1944 0.8750 1 S BARBARA

933 U 0.2191 0.8438 1 HOUSTON

822 0.2018 1.0000 7 HOUSTON

771 U 0.2235 0.5000 13 SYRACUSE

788 U 0.2027 0.8750 11 PEARISBRG

934 U 0.2276 0.6875 1 ALEXANDRI

940 U 0.2174 0.8125 1 PHOENIX

929 U 0.2304 0.7813 1 SANDIEGOZ

944 U 0.2174 0.8125 0 PHOENIX

914 U 0.2306 0.6875 3 EL PASO

945 U 0.2174 0.8125 0 PHOENIX

893 U 0.2321 0.6875 3 METROZOO

909 U 0.2191 0.8438 2 HOUSTON

880 U 0.2337 0.6875 4 HOUSTON

790 U 0.2231 0.8750 11 EL PASO

697 0.2430 1.0000 17 NY BRONX

795 U 0.2235 0.5000 11 CHATTANOO 866 U 0.2561 0.6875 5 PHOENIX

915 U 0.2276 0.6875 3 STATEN IS

936 U 0.2571 0.5938 1 HONOLULU

946 U 0.2304 0.7813 0 EL PASO

927 U 0.2596 0.5000 2 SANFORD

881 U 0.2306 0.6875 4 PEARISBRG

801 U 0.2624 0.5000 11 HONOLULU

892 U 0.2321 0.6875 3 DENTON S

926 U 0.2624 0.5000 2 PITTS CA

789 U 0.2329 0.8750 11 ATLANTA

726 U 0.2712 0.5000 15 SEATTLE

928 U 0.2353 0.6875 1 METROZOO

804 U 0.2765 0.5000 10 ATLANTA

698 0.2367 1.0000 17 PHILADELP

723 U ??? 0.0000 15 SANFORD

895 U 0.2517 0.6875 3 SEAWLD TX

899 U ??? 0.0000 3 TORONTO

896 U 0.2517 0.6875 3 SEAWLD TX

913 U 0.2517 0.6875 2 CHICAGOLP

713 0.2540 1.0000 16 SANFORD

761 U 0.2599 0.5000 13 ALEXANDRI

708 U ??? 0.0000 17 NY BRONX

767 U ??? 0.0000 15 SANDIEGOZ

861 U ??? 0.0000 5 SEATTLE

931 U ??? 0.0000 2 METROZOO



Appendix G Descriptive Survival Statistics Report

Palawan Peacock Pheasant

Polyplectron emphanum North America Studbook

Studbook data current as of 9/22/2015

Compiled by Mollie Coym

[email protected]

PopLink Studbook filename: PalawanUPDATE_2015Sept23 + PMC2015 PopLink User Who Exported Report: JRay

Date of Export: 9/25/2015 Data Filtered by: Locations = N.AMERICA AND Start Date = 1/1/1971 AND End Date = 9/25/2015

PopLink Version: 2.4 REPORT OVERVIEW:

Based on this analysis, if a PALAWAN PEACOCK PHEASANT survives to its first birthday, its median life expectancy is 8.3 years for males and 6.4 years for females. Please see the body of the report for more details.

BACKGROUND ON ANALYSES:

These analyses were conducted using animals that lived during the period 1 January 1971 to 25 September 2015 at institutions within North America. The analyses mainly focus on survival statistics from 1 year (e.g. excluding any individuals that did not survive past their first birthday). These statistics most accurately reflect typical survival for animals which can be seen on exhibit in zoos and aquariums. This report summarizes survival records of individuals housed at zoological facilities for a specific geographic range and time period; these records trace an individual's history from birth or entry into the population to death, exit out of the population, or the end of the time period. As such, this history only reflects standard practices - including management, husbandry, and acquisition/disposition practices - for the specified time period and geographic range. Thus, the report contents should be viewed with some caution as they may not fully reflect current and newly emerging zoo and aquarium management techniques or practices. For example, if the population has not been maintained in zoos and aquariums long enough to have many adults living into old age, median life expectancy will likely be an underestimate until more data accrue in older age classes. Thus, users of these reports should recognize that the results produced will likely vary over time or depending on the subset of data selected. For many species, including humans, survival statistics often differ for males and females. For this population, male and female data were robust enough to detect statistical differences

1 in survival statistics. These results therefore include

separate statistics for males and females; individuals whose sex is unknown are proportionally included in calculations. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES:

SURVIVAL STATISTICS

Female Male

# of individuals with partial or full lifespans used in analysis 155 173

# of individuals which had died by 25 September 2015 (analysis end date) 102 104

% of individuals which had died by 25 September 2015 65.8% 60.1%

median life expectancy assuming an individual survives to its first birthday (years) 6.4 8.3

95% confidence interval for median (years) 5.5 to 7.3 6.5 to 11.6

only 25% of animals live beyond this age (years) 11.2 16.8

First-year (infant) survival 56.1% 62.0%

maximum longevity (years) 21.8 24.6

See footnotes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 for definitions of terminology used in this table.



The median life expectancy2 for PALAWAN PEACOCK PHEASANT was statistically different between males and

females, with males having a significantly higher median life expectancy. Given the quality of the data - how many

animals are in the database and how many have died - there is a 95% chance that the true median for each sex falls within the 95% confidence intervals displayed in the table. The table also lists the ages which only 25% of PALAWAN PEACOCK PHEASANT can be expected to survive past and the first-year (infant) survival

3 rates. The year after birth/hatching is a period of relatively low survival for many species

and life histories.

The maximum longevity4 observed for PALAWAN PEACOCK PHEASANT females is based on an individual which was

DEAD as of the analysis end date (studbook number 187, sex = Female, origin = Captive Hatch, birth date estimate = None). The maximum longevity observed for PALAWAN PEACOCK PHEASANT males is based on an individual which was DEAD as of the analysis end date (studbook number 393, sex = Male, origin = Captive Hatch, birth date estimate = None).

5

The correct interpretation of these statistics is that, if it survives the first year of life, the 'typical' male PALAWAN PEACOCK PHEASANT will live 8.3 years and the typical female will live 6.4 years; that half of all PALAWAN PEACOCK PHEASANT can be expected to die before they reach the male and female median life expectancies and half will live longer than that; that only 25% of all male PALAWAN PEACOCK PHEASANT can be expected to live to 16.8 years and females to 11.2 years; and that it is rare but possible for male PALAWAN PEACOCK PHEASANT to live 24.6 years and female PALAWAN PEACOCK PHEASANT to live 21.8 years. The median life expectancy, confidence interval, first-year survival, and maximum longevity may change as more data are accumulated, the population's age structure changes, or management practices improve. While both median life expectancy and maximum longevity are discussed in this report, it is more appropriate to rely on median life expectancy to place the age of any one individual in context. To put these statistics in perspective, median life expectancy from age one for people in the United States is 77.5 years and the maximum longevity (documented worldwide) is 122 years

6. Therefore, if a person lived to be 85 years old, the appropriate context is that they lived well

beyond the median life expectancy (77.5), not that they fell short of the maximum longevity (122). DATA QUALITY The PopLink Survival Tool uses five data quality measures to determine whether data are robust enough to make reliable estimates of key survival parameters. The subsets of male and female data for this population passed all of the following data quality tests:

1. Can the median life expectancy be calculated? PASS 2. Is the sample size (number of individuals at risk) greater than 20 individuals at the median? PASS 3. Is the 95% Confidence Interval (CI) bounded? PASS

4. Is the sample size in the first age class of analysis (e.g. the first day of analysis) greater than 30 individuals? PASS

5. Is the length of the 95% CI < 33% of the maximum longevity? PASS

PopLink data validation was last run on 9/24/2015. This validation found 9 errors, including 1 high priority errors, 8 medium priority errors, and 0 low priority errors. These errors may or may not directly affect the data in this analysis.

1 Statistical significance was determined by comparing 84% confidence intervals around median life expectancy for males and females, with 31 unknown sex individuals proportionally

incorporated into the analysis. For this population, non-overlapping confidence intervals indicated that male and female medians were significantly different. See the PopLink manual for more details. 2 The statistics analyzed for this report (median life expectancy, 95% confidence limits, and age to which 25% of individuals survive) exclude any individuals who did not survive to

their first birthday; these individuals are excluded because this Report is focused on providing median survival estimates for the typical individual that survives the vulnerable infant stage. In other words, this report answers the question, 'how long is this species expected to live once it has reached its f irst birthday?' For this studbook, 341 individuals died before their first birthday and were excluded from these analyses. For all animals that survive to their first birthday, 50% will die before the median life expectancy in this report and 50% die after. Note that the median life expectancy obtained from population management software (PM2000, PMx, ZooRisk) or from life tables in Breeding and Transfer Plans (e.g. where Lx = 0.5) will be lower because it includes these individuals that did not survive to their first birthday in order to project the correct number of births needed. See the PopLink manual for more details. 3For reference, first-year survival is provided. For this studbook and the selected demographic window, 341 individuals did not survive to their first birthday and were excluded from the

estimates provided above (median life expectancy, 95% confidence limits, and age to which 25% of individuals survive). 4 Maximum longevity is the age of the oldest known individual for this species, living or dead. It is not necessarily the biological maximum age, but only reflects the individuals included

in the dataset. 5 Censored individuals are individuals whose deaths have not been observed as of the end of the analysis window, including individuals who 1) are still alive as of the end date, 2)

exited the geographic window before the end date (through transfer or release), or 3) were lost-to-follow up before the end date. 6 Median life expectancy for people is estimated from: Xu, Jiaquan, Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, and Tejada-Vera B. 2007. Deaths: Final Data for 2007. National vital statistics reports;

vol 58 no 19. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Jeanne Calment of France was the oldest documented and fully validated human and died at 122 years and 164 days; from: http://www.grg.org/Adams/Tables.htm. Accessed August 9, 2007.



Appendix H Definitions

Management Terms (as of June 2015) Green Species Survival Plan

® (Green SSP) Program – A Green SSP Program has a population size of 50 or more

animals and is projected to retain 90% gene diversity for a minimum of 100 years or 10 generations. Green SSP Programs are subject to AZA’s Full Participation and Non–Member Participation Policies.

Yellow Species Survival Plan® (Yellow SSP) Program – A Yellow SSP Program has a population size of 50 or more

animals but cannot retain 90% gene diversity for 100 years or 10 generations. Yellow SSP participation by AZA institutions is voluntary. Red Species Survival Plan

® (Red SSP) Program – A Red SSP has a population size of greater than 20 but fewer than

50 animals, at least three AZA member institutions, and a published studbook. Animal Programs that manage species designated as Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, or Endangered (IUCN) do not need to meet minimum population size and number of participating institution criteria to be designated as an SSP Program. Red Program participation by AZA institutions is voluntary.

Full Participation – AZA policy stating that all AZA accredited institutions and certified related facilities having a Green

SSP animal in their collection are required to participate in the collaborative SSP planning process (e.g., provide relevant animal data to the AZA Studbook Keeper, assign an Institutional Representative who will communicate institutional wants and needs to the SSP Coordinator and comment on the draft plan during the 30-day review period, and abide by the recommendations agreed upon in the final plan). All AZA member institutions and Animal Programs, regardless of management designation, must adhere to the AZA Policy on Acquisitions, Transfers, and Transitions and the AZA Code of Professional Ethics. For more information on AZA policies, see http://www.aza.org/board-policies/.

Demographic Terms Age Distribution – A two-way classification showing the numbers or percentages of individuals in various age and sex

classes. Ex, Life Expectancy – Average years of further life for an animal in age class x.

Lambda () or Population Growth Rate – The proportional change in population size from one year to the next.

Lambda can be based on life-table calculations (the expected lambda) or from observed changes in population size from year to year. A lambda of 1.11 means an 11% per year increase; lambda of 0.97 means a 3% decline in size per year. lx, Age-Specific Survivorship – The probability that a new individual (e.g., age 0) is alive at the beginning of age x.

Alternatively, the proportion of individuals which survive from birth to the beginning of a specific age class. Mean Generation Time (T) – The average time elapsing from reproduction in one generation to the time the next

generation reproduces. Also, the average age at which a female (or male) produces offspring. It is not the age of first reproduction. Males and females often have different generation times. Mx, Fecundity – The average number of same-sexed young born to animals in that age class. Because studbooks

typically have relatively small sample sizes, studbook software calculate Mx as 1/2 the average number of young born to animals in that age class. This provides a somewhat less "noisy" estimate of Mx, though it does not allow for unusual sex ratios. The fecundity rates provide information on the age of first, last, and maximum reproduction. Px, Age-Specific Survival – The probability that an individual of age x survives one time period; is conditional on an

individual being alive at the beginning of the time period. Alternatively, the proportion of individuals which survive from the beginning of one age class to the next. Qx, Mortality – Probability that an individual of age x dies during time period. Qx = 1-Px. Alternatively, the proportion of

individuals that die during an age class. It is calculated from the number of animals that die during an age class divided by the number of animals that were alive at the beginning of the age class (i.e.-"at risk").



Risk (Qx or Mx) – The number of individuals that have lived during an age class. The number at risk is used to calculate

Mx and Qx by dividing the number of births and deaths that occurred during an age class by the number of animals at risk of dying and reproducing during that age class. Vx, Reproductive Value – The expected number of offspring produced this year and in future years by an animal of age

x.

Genetic Terms Allele Retention – The probability that a gene present in a founder individual exists in the living, descendant population. Current Gene Diversity (GD) -- The proportional gene diversity (as a proportion of the source population) is the

probability that two alleles from the same locus sampled at random from the population will not be identical by descent. Gene diversity is calculated from allele frequencies, and is the heterozygosity expected in progeny produced by random mating, and if the population were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Effective Population Size (Inbreeding Ne) -- The size of a randomly mating population of constant size with equal sex

ratio and a Poisson distribution of family sizes that would (a) result in the same mean rate of inbreeding as that observed in the population, or (b) would result in the same rate of random change in gene frequencies (genetic drift) as observed in the population. These two definitions are identical only if the population is demographically stable (because the rate of inbreeding depends on the distribution of alleles in the parental generation, whereas the rate of gene frequency drift is measured in the current generation). Founder – An individual obtained from a source population (often the wild) that has no known relationship to any

individuals in the derived population (except for its own descendants). Founder Genome Equivalents (FGE) – The number wild-caught individuals (founders) that would produce the same

amount of gene diversity as does the population under study. The gene diversity of a population is 1 - 1 / (2 * FGE). Founder Representation -- Proportion of the genes in the living, descendant population that are derived from that

founder. Inbreeding Coefficient (F) -- Probability that the two alleles at a genetic locus are identical by descent from an ancestor

common to both parents. The mean inbreeding coefficient of a population will be the proportional decrease in observed heterozygosity relative to the expected heterozygosity of the founder population. Mean Kinship (MK) – The mean kinship coefficient between an animal and all animals (including itself) in the living,

captive-born population. The mean kinship of a population is equal to the proportional loss of gene diversity of the descendant (captive-born) population relative to the founders and is also the mean inbreeding coefficient of progeny produced by random mating. Mean kinship is also the reciprocal of two times the founder genome equivalents: MK = 1 / (2 * FGE). MK = 1 - GD. Percent Known – Percent of an animal's genome that is traceable to known founders. Thus, if an animal has an UNK

sire, the % Known = 50. If it has an UNK grandparent, % Known = 75. Percent Certain -- The percentage of the living individuals’ pedigree that can be completely identified as certain: (exact identity of both parents is known) and traceable back to known founders. Individuals that are 100% certain do not have any MULTs or UNKs in their pedigree. Certainty represents a higher degree of knowledge than Known and therefore is always less than or equal to Known. Prob Lost – Probability that a random allele from the individual will be lost from the population in the next generation,

because neither this individual nor any of its relatives pass on the allele to an offspring. Assumes that each individual will produce a number of future offspring equal to its reproductive value, Vx.



Appendix I Directory of Institutional Representatives

Contact Name

(IR) Institution Email Phone Fax

Lisa Laskoski ALEXANDRI - Alexandria Zoological Park, Alexandria, LA

[email protected]

318-441-6835

318-473-1149

Katie Bagley ATLANTA - Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, GA

[email protected]

404-624-5861

404-627-7514

S Winslow BATONROUG - BREC's Baton Rouge Zoo, Baker, LA

[email protected]

Colette Adams BROWNSVIL - Gladys Porter Zoo, Brownsville, TX

[email protected]

Stacy Spurlock BUSCH TAM - Busch Gardens Tampa Bay, Tampa, FL

[email protected]

813-987-5078

813-987-5604

Kevin Calhoon CHATTANOO - Tennessee Aquarium, Chattanooga, TN

[email protected]

423-785-4070

423-267-3561

Sunny Nelson CHICAGOLP - Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens, Chicago, IL

[email protected]

312-742-8859

Colleen Lynch COLUMBIA - Riverbanks Zoological Park, Columbia, SC

[email protected]

803-602-0913

803-253-6381

Stuart Denton DENTON S - Stuart Denton [email protected]

John Kiseda EL PASO - El Paso Zoo, El Paso, TX

[email protected]

Keith Gilchrist GREENVISC - Greenville Zoo, Greenville, SC

[email protected]

864-467-4311

864-467-4314

Susan Arbuthnot HONOLULU - Honolulu Zoo, Honolulu, HI

[email protected] 808.768.7152

Mollie Coym HOUSTON - Houston Zoo, Inc., Houston, TX

[email protected]

713-533-6566

713-533-6759

Jim Dunster METROZOO - Zoo Miami, Miami, FL

[email protected]

305-251-0400 x 84965

305-378-6381

David A. Oehler NY BRONX - Bronx Zoo/Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY

[email protected]

718-220-5159

Stephanie Huettner

OMAHA - Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo, Omaha, NE

[email protected]

402-738-2085

Sam Chupp PEARISBRG [email protected]

Aliza Baltz PHILADELP - The Philadelphia Zoo, Philadelphia, PA

[email protected]

215-243-5368

215-243-0219

John Sills PHOENIX - Phoenix Zoo, Phoenix, AZ

[email protected]

602-914-4369

602-917-4380

Terri Grendzinski PITTS CA - National Aviary in Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

[email protected]

Carol Hunsperger S BARBARA - Santa Barbara Zoological Gardens, Santa Barbara, CA

[email protected]

805-962-5339 x 139

805-962-1673

Josef San Miguel SAN ANTON - San Antonio Zoological Gardens & Aqua, San Antonio, TX

[email protected]

210-734-7184 x 1350

210-734-7291

Dave Rimlinger SANDIEGOZ - San Diego Zoo, San Diego, CA

[email protected] 619- 557-3978

619-232-4117

mailto:[email protected]






















Contact Name (IR)

Institution Email Phone Fax

Courtney Donner SANFORD - Central Florida Zoological Park, Lake Monroe, FL

[email protected]

407-323-4450 x141

407-321-0900

Mark Myers SEATTLE - Woodland Park Zoological Gardens, Seattle, WA

[email protected]

206-548-2507

206-632-2556

Angela Burkhalter SEAWLD TX - Sea World San Antonio, San Antonio, TX

[email protected]

210-523-3295

Michael Macek ST LOUIS - Saint Louis Zoological Park, St. Louis, MO

[email protected]

Marc Valitutto STATEN IS - Staten Island Zoo, Staten Island, NY

[email protected]

718-442-3100 x 17

718-442-8492

Adrienne Whiteley SYRACUSE - Rosamond Gifford Zoo at Burnet Park, Syracuse, NY

[email protected]

315-435-8511 x119

Chuck Cerbini TOLEDO - Toledo Zoological Gardens, Toledo, OH

'[email protected]' 419-389-6403 x 2008

419-389-8670

Kevin Kerr TORONTO - Toronto Zoo, Scarborough, Ontario

[email protected]

416-397-5202

416-392-6711








Population Analysis & Breeding and Transfer Plan Palawan Peacock - Yello… · Population Analysis...

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