Poperties of Gases and Liquids

GAS & MARINE SERVICE

1

PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS

GAS & MARINE SERVICEWORLD – WIDE SERVICE FOR LIQUID GAS CARRIERS

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We offer service probably in short time, world-wide. Available technical documentation,drawings and specifications (e.g. CRYOGAS, LGA, LGE, LGI, MOSS etc.). We are capable of understanding arising problems and provide the best solution.

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- Inspection and examination of the Gas Plant- Test and repair of the Electrical Plant, Control and Alarm Systems- Test, repair and adjusting of the MSRE-Plant (Temperature, Pressure, Level)- Test, calibration of the Gas Detection Systems- Test, repair and adjusting of Safety Valves (e.g. Tank-POSRV, Spring Relief Valves)- Delivery of spare parts for all components of the Gas Plant, Auxiliary engines, etc.- Preparation of the Gas Plant and assistance of Classification Acceptance- Precommissioning, commissioning and projectmanagement for newbuildings

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Contents

Introduction 3

Index of gases and liquids 5

Definition of terms 6

Symbols and units - used in diagrams 8

Units of measurement 9

Conversion factors between metric units (SI) andAmerican and British units 9

Conversion table temperature (°C, °F, K) 13

Conversion table pressure (bar -psi; mbar -inch Hg) 15

Properties 16

Tables with general, thermodynamic and safety data on flammability* 16

Thermodynamic properties at saturaled conditionsversus temperature diagrams* 17

Flammability diagrams* 86

Use of diagrams and lables for thermodynamic properties 97

Use of flammability diagrams 104

Review of vapour pressure versus temperature diagrams 116

*Refer to "Index of gases and liquids" on page 5 to find the page for the required information.


3

Introduction

Since the first issue of these Properties in 1975 the importance of transport, storage andhandling of liquid gases has increased considerably and new products have alsoentered the market. The staff involved frequently requires suitable data and appropriatepublications. Although these publications are available, they are much too detailed andcomprehensive. This leads to the great demand for our Properties. Also the knowledgegained in this field in the meantime was reason for us to present a new edition.

Additionally to the products listed in the first issue we also included the products statedin Chapter 19 of the IMO/ IGC Code, Resolution MSC. 5 (48"). They are in alphabeticalorderto facilitate finding the appropriate information.

In accordance with the legal requirements in force all measures were altered. They arebased on the internationally stipulated SI standards. However, additional tables make itpossible to convert them to the previous or to British and American measures.

As far as information was available, the "Limit of flammability" diagrams are presentedas "Triangular Plots".

Newly included are also instructions for the use of the diagrams by means of simpleexamples.

The "Biological Data" stated in the tables are in compliance with the followingpublications:"Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentrationen (MAK) und BiologischeArbeitsstofftoleranzwerte 1984" of Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and "TLVS for 1984-85 by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists".

We elaborated these Properties very critically and to our best knowledge evaluating allknown sources. Nevertheless we cannot assume any liability for possible claims whichmay arise from the use of this booklet.

Suggestions for alterations or supplementations are always appreciated.

GAS & MARINE SERVICE / BERGHAUS GmbH


4

LEFT:CARGO PISTON COMP

RIGHT:TANK SAFETY VALVE

BOTTOM LEFT:LPG/c "BERGEN“DOCKING AT LLOYDWBREMERHAVEN / GER

BOTTOM MIDDLE:LPG/c "BAROUDA"DOCKING AT BAZAN CCARTAGENE / SPAIN

BOTTOM RIGHT:LPG/c "BERKINE" DOCKING AT MALTA-D

LEFT:MANIFOLDDISCHARGEOF ETHYLENELIQUID LINE

RIGHT:SAMPLE VALVESTANK DOME

LEFT:RELIQUEFACTION UNITCASCADE OFCARGO PISTONCOMPRESSOR (SULZER)AND FREON SCREWCOMPRESSOR (MYCOM)

RIGHT:OVERHAULDED SREWCOMPRESSORBEFORE PAINTING

RESSOR (SULZER)

(POSRV)

ERFTMANY

ARENAS

RYDOCK / MALTA


5

Index of gases and liquids Table Diagram DiagramCommon Name Synonym physical thermodyn. flammability properties properties characteristics

acetaldehyde ethyl aldehyde 16 17ammonia (anhydrous) ammonia(anhydrous) 18 19 86butadiene 1,3-butadiene 20 21 87n-butane n-butane 22 23 88i-butane 2-methylpropane 24 25 88

α-butylene 1-butene 26 27 89i-butylene 2-methylpropene 28 29 90carbon dioxide carbon dioxide 30 31chlorine chlorine 32 33diethyl ether ethyl ether 34 35

dimethylamine dimethylamine 36 37(anhydrous) (anhydrous)ethane ethane 38 39 91ethyl chloride chloro ethane 40 41ethylene ethene 42 43 92

ethylene oxide ethylene oxide 44 45 93Freon-12 (R12) Dichlorodifluoromethane 46 47Freon-13B1 (R13B1) Bromotrifluoromethane 48 49Freon-22 (R22) Chlorodifluoromethane 50 51Freon-502 (R502) Azeotrope of R22 and R115 52 53

isoprene 2-methyI1,3 butadiene 54 55isopropylamine 2-amino propane 56 57methane methane 58 59 94methyl acetylene propyne 60 61methyl bromide bromomethane 62 63

methyl chloride chloromethane 64 65monoethylamine ethylamine 66 67nitrogen nitrogen 68 69propadiene allene 70 71propane propane 72 73 95

propylene propene 74 75 96propylene oxide propene oxide 76 77sulphur dioxide sulphur dioxide 78 79vinyl chloride chloroethylene 80 81vinyl ethyl ether ethyl vinyl ether 82 83

vinylidene chloride 1,1 dichloroethylene 84 85


6

Definition of termsBoiling pointis here the temperature at which, under standard pressure (1.013 bar) the substanceboils or (e.g. CO2) sublimates.

Critical pressure/ critical temperatureThe critical pressure and the critical temperature are the conditions of the critical pointat which liquid and vapour have identical properties. Above the critical temperaturethere is no line of demarcation between liquid and gaseous phases.

Explosion limits in airgive the range in vol. % at normal ambient conditions when mixed with air, at whichrange ignition through an outside source if ignition is possible, that is, the mixture canpropagate flame freely.

Flashpointof a substance is the lowest temperature at which, under standard pressure (1.013 bar)it develops sufficient (inflammable) gas that the mixture consisting of vapour and the airimmediately above the surface of the substance is flammable by an external ignitionsource. The flame is extinguished when the ignition source is removed.

FormulaWhere necessary in order to define the substance a simplified structural formula isgiven instead of the summation formula.

Freezing pointis the temperature at standard pressure (1.013 bar) at which the substance changesfrom liquid to solid state.

Ignition pointof a substance is the lowest temperature of a wall chamber at which an ignitable (moreexactly the most ignitable) gas-air-mixture of the relevant substance ignitesspontaneously under standard pressure (1.013 bar). After ignition the mixture is liable topropagate the flame. (Estimation of data acc. to DIN 51794/7.61 or ASTM D 286-30resp. D 286-58 T)

MAK-ValueThe MAK-value (Maximale Arbeitsplatz-Konzentration) is the highest permissibleconcentration of the gas in the air a person can be exposed to during 40 hr/ week for along period. The values are revised yearly by "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,Senatskommission zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe".


7

Definition of terms

Relative densityRelative density is the ratio of the weight of 1 m3 gas to that of 1 m3 air at 1.013 barand °0 C. If there is no gas phase under standard conditions, the figures represent theweight ratio of the gas to that air both at the boiling temperature of the particular gasand at 1.013 bar.

Specific heat ratioThe specific heat ratio is the quotient of the specific heat at constant pressure to thespecific heat at constant volume at 0° C.

Threshold limit value - TWA Threshold Limit-Value-Time Weighted Average (TLV - TWA) is the time weightedaverage concentration for a normal 8-hour-workday and a 40-hour-workweek to whichnearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect.

PressureIn all tables, diagrams and examples of this booklet the pressure unit bar is to beunderstood as absolute pressure.

Threshold limit value - STELThreshold Limit Value-Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL) – the maximumconcentration to which workers can be exposed for a period up to 15 minutescontinuouslywithout suffering from 1) irritation, 2) chronic or irreversible tissue change or 3) narcosisof sufficient degree to increase accident proneness, impair self-rescue, or materialIyreduce work efficiency, provided that no more than four excursions per day arepermitted, with at least 60 minutes between exposure periods, and provided that thedaily TLV- TWA also is not exceeded. The STEL should be considered a maximumallowable concentration, or ceiling, not to be exceeded at any time during the 15-minuteexcursion period.

Threshold of smellThe threshold of smell is the smallest concentration which is recognized by mostpeople. The given vaIues are not absolute and can vary.


8

Symbols and units - used in diagrams

Symbol Unit Term

p bar saturation pressure

t °C saturation temperature

v' dm3/ kg specific volume of the boiling liquid (reciprocal specific weight)

v" m3/ kg specific volume of the saturated vapour (reciprocal specific weight)

h' kJ/ kg enthalpy of the boiling liquid

h" kJ/ kg enthalpy of the saturated vapour

∆h kJ/ kg heat of vaporization (h" - h' )


9

Units of measurementConversion factors between metric units (SI) and American and British units.

LengthUnit Abbreviation Subdivision Metric Metric Brit. and US Equivalent Unit Equivalent

1 inch 1" , in 25.40 mm 1 cm 0.3937"1 foot 1' , ft 12" 30.48 cm 1 m 1.094yds = 3.28'1 yard yd 3' = 36" 0.9144 m 1 km 0.62138 miles1 mile 1760 yds 1.609 km

AreaUnit Abbreviation Subdivision Metric Metric Brit. and US Equivalent Unit Equivalent

1 square inch sq.in., in2 6.4516 cm2 1 cm2 0.1550 sq. in.1 square foot sq.ft., ft2 144 in2 0.0929 m2 1 m2 10.764 sq.ft.

VolumeUnit Abbreviation Subdivision Metric Metric Brit. and US Equivalent Unit Equivalent

1 cubic inch cu.in., in3 16.387 cm3 1 cm3 0.0610 cu.in.1 cubic foot cu.ft., ft3 1728 in3 28.317 dm3 1 dm3 0.0353 cu.ft.1 registerton reg.ton 100 cu.ft. 2.8317 m3 1 m3 0.353 reg.ton1 lmp.gallon Imp.gal 4.546 dm3 1 dm3 0.220 Imp.gal1 US gallon US. gal 3.785 dm3 1 dm3 0.2642 US.gal1 barrel (UK) bl (UK) 163.66 dm3 1 m3 6.11 bl (UK)1 barrel (US) bl (US) 158.987 dm3 1 m3 6.2898 bl (US)

106 cubicfoot MMscft 26790 m3 (iN) 1 m3 (iN) 37.33 scft(standard at 60 °F; 14.696 psi) (iN at 0 °C; 1.013 bar)


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Units of measurementConversion factors between metric units (SI) and American and British units.

Volume flowUnit Abbreviation Subdivision Metric Metric Brit. and US Equivalent Unit Equivalent

106 cubic MMscfd 1116 m3iN/h 1 m3iN/h 896.06 scfdfoot/day (iN at 0° C; 1.013 bar) (standard at 60° F; 14.696 psi)

1 US gpm (US) 0.227 m3/h 1 m3/h 4.405 gpm (US)gallon/min

WeightUnit Abbreviation Subdivision Metric Metric Brit. and US Equivalent Unit Equivalent

1 grain 1 gr 1/7000 Ib 0.0648 g 1 g 15.43 grains1 ounce 1 oz 1/16 Ib 28.35 g 1 g 0.0353 oz1 pound 1 Ib 16 oz=7000 grs 0.4536 kg 1 kg 2.205 Ibs1 hundred- weight 1 cwt 112 Ibs 50.802 kg 1 kg 0.0197 cwts1 short ton 1 shtn 2000 Ibs 907.185 kg 1 t 1.102311 shtns1 long ton 1 Itn 20 cwts = 1016.047 kg 1 t 0.984206 ltns 2240 lbs1 pound mole 1 Ib mole 0.4536 kmol 1 kmol 2.2046 lb mole

Density / Specific volumeUnit Metric Metric Brit. and US Equivalent Unit Equivalent

1 grain/ cubic feet = 2.29 g/m3 1 g/m3 = 0.437 gr/ cu.ft.1 grain/ Imperial gallon = 0.01426 kg/m3 1 kg/m3 = 70.13 grs/ lmp.gal1 ounce/ cubic feet = 1.00 kg/m3 1 kg/m3 = 1.00 oz/ cu.ft.1 pound/ cubic feet = 16.018 kg/m3 1 kg/m3 = 0.0643 Ib/ cu.ft.1 pound/ gallon = 99.776 kg/ m3 1 kg/m3 = 0.01002 Ib/ gal1 cubic feet/ pound = 62.43 dm3/kg 1 dm3/kg = 0.016018 cu.ft./ lb1 cubic feet/ pound = 0.0624 m3/kg 1 m3/kg = 16.018 cu.ft./ lb


11

Units of measurement

Pressure bar Pa Atm * kp/cm2 (at)*

1 bar = 106 dyn/ cm2 = 1 105 0.987 1.021 Pascal(Pa) = 1N/ m2 = 10-5 1 0.987 ·10-5 0.102 ·10-4

1 phys. Atm.(Atm)* = 1.0133 101325 1 1.03331 techn. Atm. (at)* = 1 kp/ cm2 * = 0.980665 98100 0.968 11 Torr* = 1 mm Hg *= 1.333 ·10-3 133.3 1.316 ·10-3 1.360 ·10-3

1 Ib/ sq. in. (psi) = 0.0689 6890 0.0680 0.07031 Ib/ sq.ft. = 0.479 ·10-3 47.9 4.725 ·10-4 4.88 ·10-4

1 inch mercury = 0.03387 3387 0.0334 0.03454

Torr= Ibs/ sq.in. Ibs/ sq.ft. mm Hg

1 bar = 106 dyn/ cm2 = 750.06 14.506 20881 Pascal (Pa) = 1 N/ m2 = 00075 1.4506 ·10-4 0.020881 phys. Atm. (Atm)* = 760 14.696 2116.21 techn. Atm. (at)* = 1 kpl cm2 * = 735.5 14.223 2048.11 Torr* = 1 mm Hg * = 1 0.01933 2.7841 Ib/ sq. In. (psi) = 51 7 1 1441 Ib/ sq. ft. = 0.359 6.945 ·10-3 11 inch mercury = 25.40 0.491 70.7


12

Units of measurement

Energy Joule= kWh kcal B.T.U. kpm Watt · sec.

1 Erg. = 10-7 0.278 ·10-13 0.239 ·10-10 0.948 ·10-10 1.0197 ·10-8

1 Joule = 1 Nm = 1 0278 ·10-6 0.239 ·10-3 0.948 ·10-3 0.101971 kWh = 3.6 ·106 1 859.8 3411 0.367 ·106

1 kcal= 4186.8 1.1632 ·10-3 1 3.968 426.91 B.T.U.= 1054.4 0.293 ·10-3 0.252 1 107.641 kpm = 9.807 2724 ·10-6 2.3438 ·10-3 9.29 ·10-3 11 ftlb = 1.356 3.77 ·10-7 3.24 ·10-4 1.28 ·10-3 0.13831 PSh = 2.65 ·10-6 0.7355 632.5 2509 270.0001 horse-power- hour (HPhr) = 2.685 ·10-6 0.746 641.2 2544 273.8001 litre atmosphere = 101.33 0.282 ·10-4 0.024214 0.0961 10.3331 m3 · at = 0.9807 ·105 0.0272 23.438 92.97 10 000

Thermal unitsUnit Metric Metric Brit. and US Equivalent Unit Equivalent

1 BTU = 1.055 kJ 1 kJ = 0.948 BTU1 BTU/ Ib = 2.326 kJ/ kg 1 kJ/ kg = 0.430 BTU/ Ib1 BTU/ Ib ·°F = 4.1868 kJ/ kg ·°C 1 kJ/ kg ·°C = 0.239 BTU/ Ib ·°F1 BTU/ cu.ft. = 37.26 kJ/ m3 1 kJ/ m3 = 0.0268 BTU/ cu.ft.1 BTU/ sq.ft. = 11.36 kJ/ m2 1 kJ/ m2 = 0.088 BTU/ sq.ft.1 BTU/ sq.ft. ·h ·°F = 20.44 kJ/ m2 ·h ·°C 1 kJ/ m2 ·h ·°C = 0.049 BTU/ sq.ft.·h ·°F1 BTU/ ft. ·h ·°F = 6.231 kJ/m ·h ·°C 1kJ/ m ·h ·°C = 0.161 BTU/ ft. ·h ·°F1 BTU/ in ·h ·°F = 74.77 kJ/m ·h ·°C 1kJ/ m ·h ·°C = 0.0134 BTU/ in ·h ·°F


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Units of measurementConversion table temperature (°C, °F, K)

K °C °F K °C °F K °C °F

0 -273 -459,4 183 -90 -130,0 229 -44 -47,2 3 -270 -454,0 184 -89 -128,2 230 -43 -45,4 13 -260 -436,0 185 -88 -126,4 231 -42 -43,6 23 -250 -418,0 186 -87 -124,6 232 -41 -41,8 33 -240 -400,0 187 -86 -122,8 233 -40 -40,0

43 -230 -382,0 188 -85 -121,0 234 -39 -38,2 53 -220 -364,0 189 -84 -119,2 235 -38 -36,4 63 -210 -346,0 190 -83 -117,4 236 -37 -34,6 73 -200 -328,0 191 -82 -115,6 237 -36 -32,8 83 -190 -310,0 192 -81 -113,8 238 -35 -31,0

93 -180 -292,0 193 -80 -112,0 239 -34 -29,2103 -170 -274,0 194 -79 -110,2 240 -33 -27,4113 -160 -256,0 195 -78 -108,4 241 -32 -25,6123 -150 -238,0 196 -77 -106,6 242 -31 -23,8133 -140 -220,0 197 -76 -104,8 243 -30 -22,0

143 -130 -202,0 198 -75 -103,0 244 -29 -20,2153 -120 -184,0 199 -74 -101,2 245 -28 -18,4154 -119 -182,0 200 -73 -99,4 246 -27 -16,6155 -118 -180,4 201 -72 -97,6 247 -26 -14,8156 -117 -178,6 202 -71 -95,8 248 -25 -13,0

157 -116 -176,8 203 -70 -94,0 249 -24 -11,2158 -115 -175,0 204 -69 -92,2 250 -23 -9,4159 -114 -173,2 205 -68 -90,4 251 -22 -7,6160 -113 -171,4 206 -67 -88,6 252 -21 -5,8161 -112 -169,6 207 -66 -86,8 253 -20 -4,0

162 -111 -167,8 208 -65 -85,0 254 -19 -2,2163 -110 -166,0 209 -64 -83,2 255 -18 -0,4164 -109 -164,2 210 -63 -81,4 256 -17 1,4165 -108 -162,4 211 -62 -79,6 257 -16 3,2166 -107 -160,6 212 -61 -77,8 258 -15 5,0

167 -106 -158,8 213 -60 -76,0 259 -14 6,8168 -105 -157,0 214 -59 -74,2 260 -13 8,6169 -104 -155,2 215 -58 -72,4 261 -12 10,4170 -103 -153,4 216 -57 -70,6 262 -11 12,2171 -102 -151,6 217 -56 -68,8 263 -10 14,0

172 -101 -149,8 218 -55 -67,0 264 -9 15,8173 -100 -148,0 219 -54 -65,2 265 -8 17,6174 -99 -146,2 220 -53 -63,4 266 -7 19,4175 -98 -144,4 221 -52 -61,6 267 -6 21,2176 -97 -142,6 222 -51 -59,8 268 -5 23,0

177 -96 -140,8 223 -50 -58,0 269 -4 24,8178 -95 -139,0 224 -49 -56,2 270 -3 26,6179 -94 -137,2 225 -48 -54,4 271 -2 28,4180 -93 -135,4 226 -47 -52,6 272 -1 30,2181 -92 -133,6 227 -46 -50,8 273 0 32

182 -91 -131,8 228 -45 -49,0 Contlnued on next page


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Units of measurementConversion table temperature (°C, °F, K)

-Continued-

K °C °F K °C °F K °C °F

274 1 33,8 311 38 100,4 348 75 167,0275 2 35,6 312 39 102,2 349 76 168,8276 3 37,4 313 40 104,0 350 77 170,6277 4 39,2 314 41 105,8 351 78 172,4278 5 41,0 315 42 107,6 352 79 174,2

279 6 42,8 316 43 109,4 353 80 176,0280 7 44,6 317 44 111,2 354 81 177,8281 8 46,4 318 45 113,0 355 82 179,6282 9 48,2 319 46 114,8 356 83 181,4283 10 50,0 320 47 116,6 357 84 183,2

284 11 51,8 321 48 118,4 358 85 185,0285 12 53,6 322 49 120,2 359 86 186,8286 13 55,4 323 50 122,0 360 87 188,6287 14 57,2 324 51 123,8 361 88 190,4288 15 59,0 325 52 125,6 362 89 192,2

289 16 60,8 326 53 127,4 363 90 194,0290 17 62,6 327 54 129,2 364 91 195,8291 18 64,4 328 55 131,0 365 92 197,6292 19 66,2 329 56 132,8 366 93 199,4293 20 68,0 330 57 134,6 367 94 201,2

294 21 69,8 331 58 136,4 368 95 203,0295 22 71,6 332 59 138,2 369 96 204,8296 23 73,4 333 50 140,0 370 97 206,6297 24 75,2 334 61 141,8 371 98 208,4298 25 77,0 335 62 143,6 372 99 210,2

299 26 78,8 336 63 145,4 373 100 212,0300 27 80,6 337 64 147,2 383 110 230,0301 28 82,4 338 65 149,0 393 120 248,0302 29 84,2 339 66 150,8 403 130 266,0303 30 86,0 340 67 152,6 413 140 284,0

304 31 87,8 341 68 154,4 423 150 302,0305 32 89,6 342 69 156,2 433 160 320,0306 33 91,4 343 70 158,0 443 170 338,0307 34 93,2 344 71 159,8 453 180 356,0308 35 95,0 345 72 161,6 463 190 374,0

309 36 96,8 346 73 163,4 473 200 392,0310 37 98,6 347 74 165,2


15

Units of measurementConversion table pressure (bar - psi ; mbar - inch Hg)

bar psi bar psi bar psi mbar inch Hg

1 14,504 44 638,17 87 1261,8 2 0,059 2 29,008 45 652,67 88 1276,3 4 0,118 3 43,511 46 667,17 89 1290,8 6 0,177 4 58,015 47 681,68 90 1305,3 8 0,236 5 72,519 48 696,18 91 1319,8 10 0,295

6 87,023 49 710,68 92 1334,3 12 0,354 7 101,53 50 725,19 93 1348,9 14 0,413 8 116,03 51 739,69 94 1363,4 16 0,472 9 130,53 52 754,20 95 1377,9 18 0,53210 145,04 53 768,70 96 1392,4 20 0,591

11 159,54 54 783,20 97 1406,9 22 0,65012 174,05 55 797,71 98 1421,4 24 0,70913 188,55 56 812,21 99 1435,9 26 0,76814 203,05 57 826,71 100 1450,4 28 0,82715 217,56 58 841,22 110 1595,4 30 0,886

16 232,06 59 855,72 120 1740,5 32 0,94517 246,56 60 870,23 130 1885,5 34 1,00418 261,07 61 884,73 140 2030,5 36 1,06319 275,57 62 899,23 150 2175,6 38 1,12220 290,08 63 913,74 160 2320,6 42 1,240

21 304,58 64 928,24 170 2465,6 44 1,29922 319,08 65 942,75 180 2610,7 46 1,35823 333,59 66 957,25 190 2755,7 48 1,41724 348,09 67 971,75 200 2900,8 50 1,47625 362,59 68 986,26 210 3045,8 60 1,772

26 377,10 69 1000,8 220 3190,8 70 2,06727 391,60 70 1015,3 230 3335,9 80 2,36228 406,11 71 1029,8 240 3480,9 90 2,65829 420,61 72 1044,3 250 3625,9 100 2,95330 435,11 73 1058,8 260 3771,0 200 5,906

31 449,62 74 1073,3 270 3916,0 300 8,85932 464,12 75 1087,8 280 4061,1 400 11,81233 478,62 76 1102,3 290 4206,1 500 14,76534 493,13 77 1116,8 300 4351,1 600 17,71835 507,63 78 1131,3 310 4496,2 700 20,671

36 522,14 79 1145,8 320 4641,2 800 23,62437 536,64 80 1160,3 330 4786,2 900 26,57738 551,14 81 1174,8 340 4931,3 1000 29,53039 565,65 82 1189,3 350 5076,340 580,15 83 1203,8 400 5801,5

41 594,65 84 1218,3 500 7251,9 42 609,16 85 1232,843 623,66 86 1247,3


16

Acetaldehyde CH3 CHO

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 44.05 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar 123 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar 20.45 °CCritical temperature 187.85 °CCritical pressure 55.7 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 1.53Specific heat ratio (gas) 1.19

Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point -27 °CIgnition point 140 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 4 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 57 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE T4Explosion group acc to DIN IIA

Biological Data (Toxicity)Threshold of smell 0.04-0.38 ppm (vol)MAK-FRG *) 50 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (TWA)-USA 100 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (STEL)-USA 150 ppm (vol)

*) Acetaldehyde is suspected of having carcinogetic potential.

General PropertiesAcetaldehyde is a colourless and inflammable liquid at standard conditions with apungent suffocating odour, fruity when diluted. It dissolves easily and completely inwater. Acetaldehyde vapour is easily inflammable. The vapour has an irritating effecton the eyes, nose and throat; the liquid causes eye burns. It is highly reactive, formsexplosive peroxides with air and polymerizes to paraIdehyde. lt shows only negligiblecorrosion to mild steel.


17

Acetaldehyde CH3 CHO


18

Ammonia (anhydrous) NH3

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 17.03 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar -80 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar -33.45 °CCritical temperature 132.3 °CCritical pressure 111.3 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 0.6Specific heat ratio (gas) 1.31

Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point *) - °CIgnition point 630 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 15 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 28 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE T1Explosion group acc. to DIN IIA

*) only given for gases which are liquid under standard conditions.

Biological Data (Toxicity)Threshold of smell 5-50 ppm (vol)MAK-FRG 50 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (TWA)-USA 25 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (STEL)-USA 35 ppm (vol)

General PropertiesNH3 gas is colourless, poisonous, not easily inflammable, of pungent smell, and ofstrongly alkaline taste. It has a sharply irritating caustic effect on the eyes, mucousmembranes of the respiratory tract, and on moist areas of the skin. It dissolves verywell and with vehemence in water. Below 60°C ammonia reacts with CO2 toammonium carbamate in the form of a white salt crust which adheres to walls; thiscrust is volatile at normal temperatures in dry air and decomposes again above 50°C.With mercury, ammonia can form a high explosive which is very sensitive to impact.Copper, zinc and most of the alloys of these metais are attacked by ammonia.Aluminium will corrode in a moist NH3 -atmosphere.


19

Ammonia (anhydrous) NH3


20

Butadiene CH2 CH CH CH2

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 54.09 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar -108.85 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar - 4.45 °CCritical temperature 151.85 °CCritical pressure 43.3 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 1.27Specific heat ratio (gas) 1.121

Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point *) - °CIgnition point 415 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 1.1 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 12.5 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE T2Explosion group acc. to DIN IIB


Biological Data (Toxicity)Threshold of smell 1000 ppm (vol)MAK-FRG **) 50 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (TWA)-USA 1000 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (STEL)-USA 1250 ppm (vol)

**) Butadiene is recognized of having carcinogetic potential.

General PropertiesLiquid butadiene is Glear as water. As a gas, butadiene is colourless, inflammable, ofpeculiar aromatic odour, and slightly poisonous. ln high concentrations it irritates theskin and acts as an anaesthetic. Brought into contact with air, butadiene readilyforms peroxides which do not dissolve in liquid butadiene. Storage is assisted bykeeping the gas in cool, clean, dry steel tanks which are fully airtight and by addingchemical stabilizers (hydroquinone, pyrocatechin, 4-tert. butylcatechol, pyrogallol,p-phenylene diamine etc.). These stabilizers prevent polymerization in the liquidphase but in most cases they have no effect on the process in the vapour phase.


21

Butadiene CH2 CH CH CH2


22

N-Butane C4 H10

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 58.12 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar -138.35 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar - 0.65 °CCritical temperature 152.05 °CCritical pressure 38 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 2.09Specific heat ratio (gas) 1.096

Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point *) - °CIgnition point 365 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 1.5 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 8.5 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE T2Explosion group acc. to DIN IIA


Biological Data (Toxicity)Threshold of smell 5000 ppm (vol)MAK-FRG 1000 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (TWA)-USA 800 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (STEL)-USA - ppm (vol)

General PropertiesN-butane is a colourless, practically odourless, non-poisonous inflammable gas; ithas a stronger anaesthetic effect than propane. The inhaling of large volumes (5%for 30 minutes) produces slight depression. Readily miscible with mineral oils. It hasno specitic effect on the usual materials.


23

N-Butane C4 H10


24

I-Butane CH (CH3)3

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 58.12 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar -159.55 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar - 11.85 °CCritical temperature 134,95 °CCritical pressure 36.5 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 2.01Specific heat ratio (gas) 1.11



Biological Data (Toxicity)Threshold of smell 5000 ppm (vol)MAK-FRG 1000 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (TWA)-USA - ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (STEL)-USA - ppm (vol)

General PropertiesI-butane is a colourless, practically odourless, non-poisonous, inflammable gas. It isless reactive with oxygen than n-butane but is very similar to n-butane inphysiological and chemical properties.


25

I-Butane CH (CH3)3


26

α-Butylene CH3 CH2 CH:CH


Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point *) - °CIgnition point 440 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 1.6 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 10 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE T2Explosion group acc. to DIN IIA


Biological Data (Toxicity)Threshold of smell - ppm (vol)MAK-FRG - ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (TWA)-USA - ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (STEL)-USA - ppm (vol)

General Propertiesα-butylene is a colourless, odourless, inflammable, non-poisonous, gas which, ifrather highIy concentrated and inhaled as a gas/ air mixture, has a narcotic effect. Itseffect on the usual materials is neutral.


27

α-Butylene CH3 CH2 CH:CH


28

I-Butylene CH3 :C(CH3)2


Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point *) - °CIgnition point 465 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 1.8 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 8.8 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE T1Explosion group acc. to DIN IIA/ B



General PropertiesI-butylene is a colourless, inflammable, slightly poisonous gas with an odour which istypical of city gas. If inhaled with air at high butylene concentration, it acts as ananaesthetic. lt has no corroding effect on the usual materials.


29

I-Butylene CH3 :C(CH3)2


30

Carbon Dioxide CO2

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 44.01 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar - 57 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar - 79 °CCritical temperature 31.05 °CCritical pressure 72.95 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 1.53Specific heat ratio (gas) 1.303

Safety Data on FlammabilityNon-inflammable

Biological Data (Toxicity)Threshold of smell - ppm (vol)MAK-FRG 5000 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (TWA)-USA 5000 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (STEL)-USA 15000 ppm (vol)

General PropertiesCO2 is a non-inflammable, colourless, odourless gas of acid taste, non-poisonous butwith a suffocating effect at over 8% concentration by volume in air. lt is soluble inwater. By reason of its high specific density, it accumulates in closed spaces near thefloor (danger of suffocation). Below 5.18 bar (= vapour pressure at tripie point) liquidCO2 does not exist i.e. at atmospheric pressure CO2 vapourizes directly into thegaseous phase without melting. At normal service temperature dry CO2 is compatiblewith the commonly used metals and alloys. Moist CO2 is corrosive.


31

Carbon Dioxide CO2


32

Chlorine CL2

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 70.91 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar -100.95 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar - 34.45 °CCritical temperature 143.85 °CCritical pressure 77 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 2.45Specific heat ratio (gas) 1.355


Biological Data (Toxicity)Threshold of smell 0.05 ppm (vol)MAK-FRG 0.5 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (TWA)-USA 1 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (STEL)-USA 3 ppm (vol)

General PropertiesIn the liquid phase, chlorine is very fluid, greenish-yellow, orange-yellow in the vicinityof the freezing point and yellowish-green in the gaseous phase. The gas has apungent smell, is not inflammable and dissolves readily in cold water. Chlorine gasdestroys animal and plant tissue; even in low concentration, it has an irritating effecton the respiratory system and the eyes. At higher concentration, it produces bleedingof the lungs and irritation of the skin. As a result of its high specific gravity, the gasaccumulates in enclosed spaces near the floor level. It forms an explosive mixturewith hydrogen. Aluminium is attacked by pure liquid chlorine at temperatures above-20° C while magnesium, cast iron, forged iron, steel, phosphorbronze, brass, zinc,copper and lead are not attacked. Moist chlorine gas attacks nearly all metals;materials resistant to it include a few synthetic materials (PVC), pottery, glass andrubber vulcanized surfaces.


33

Chlorine CL2


34

Diethyl Ether C2H5OC2H5

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 74.12 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar -116.25 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar 34.55 °CCritical temperature 193.55 °CCritical pressure 36.4 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 2.57Specific heat ratio (gas) 1.08

Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point - 40 °CIgnition point 170 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 1.7 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 36 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE T4Explosion group acc. to DIN IIB

Biological Data (Toxicity)Threshold of smell 100 ppm (vol)MAK-FRG 400 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (TWA)-USA 400 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (STEL)-USA 500 ppm (vol)

General PropertiesDiethylether is a colourless, highly inflammable liquid with a sweet pungent odour. Itis a volatile liquid and in a wide range the vapour forms explosive mixtures with airwhich are heavier than air. Inhaling of excessive quantities of diethylether may leadprogressively to intoxication, unconsciousness and death due to respiratory failure.Diethylether is not particularly corrosive and most constructional materials like mildsteel, stainless steel and aluminium are suitable, as well as plastic. Rubber will beattacked and may swell.


35

Diethyl Ether C2H5OC2H5


36

Dimethylamine (anhydrous) (CH3)2 NH

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 45.08 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar - 92.15 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar 6.85 °CCritical temperature 164.45 °CCritical pressure 53.1 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 1.56Specific heat ratio (gas) 1.149

Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point - °CIgnition point 400 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 2.8 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 14.4 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE T2Explosion group acc. to DIN IIA

Biological Data (Toxicity)Threshold of smell 0.04 ppm (vol)MAK-FRG 10 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (TWA)-USA 10 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (STEL)-USA - ppm (vol)

General PropertiesDimethylamine is a flammable, alkaline, colourless gas at room temperature andatmospheric pressure. It has a characteristic fishy odour in lower concentrations. lnhigher concentrations (100-500 ppm), the fishy odour is no langer detectable and theodour is more like ammonia. The vapour has an extremely irritating effect on eyes,nose and throat. lt is very soluble in water, methanol, and ethylalcohol. Mild steel andstainless steel are suitable construction materials. Copper and its alloys are attackedreadily. Moist liquid dimethylamine is corrosive.


37

Dimethylamine (anhydrous) (CH3)2 NH


38

Ethane C2H4


Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point *) - °CIgnition point 510 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 3 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 15.5 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE T1Explosion group acc. to DIN IIA



General PropertiesEthane is a colourless, odourless, non-poisonous, inflammable gas which, in highconcentrations, acts as a weak anaesthetic and has a suffocating effect. lt may bemixed in any proportion with mineral oils. It has no specific effect on the usualmaterials.


39

Ethane C2H4


40

Ethyl Chloride C2H5Cl


Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point -50 °CIgnition point 510 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 3.6 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 14.8 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE T1Explosion group acc. to DIN IIA

Biological Data (Toxicity)Threshold of smell variable ppm (vol)MAK-FRG 1000 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (TWA)-USA 1000 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (STEL)-USA 1250 ppm (vol)

General PropertiesIn the liquid phase, ethyl chloride resembles a colourless oil of low viscosity. It burnswith a green-bordered flame. The odour is like that of chloroform. It has a sweetburning taste, acts as an anaesthetic and is slightly poisonous.ln general, it is veryreactive. Ethyl chloride dissolves readily in all organic solvents. It is very resistant indry condition but even slight traces of water cause hydrolysis. The usual materialsare not attacked by dry ethyl chloride.


41

Ethyl Chloride C2H5Cl


42

Ethylene C2 H4

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 28.05 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar -169.15 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar -103.75 °CCritical temperature 152.05 °CCritical pressure 9.25 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 0.977Specific heat ratio (gas) 1.255

Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point *) - °CIgnition point 425 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 2.7 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 34.0 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE T2Explosion group acc. to DIN IIB



General PropertiesEthylene is a colourless, practically odourless, inflammable, slightly poisonous gas;as an olefin it is more narcotic than lower paraffins (propane, butane). In highconcentrations, it reveals its presence by a weak peculiar sweet smell. Ethyleneburns in air with a soot-forming red luminous flame. It has no specific effect on theusual materials.


43

Ethylene C2 H4


44

Ethylene Oxide C2 H4 O


Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point -18 °CIgnition point 440 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 2.6 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 100 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE T2Explosion group acc. to DIN IIB

Biological Data (Toxicity)Threshold of smell 700 ppm (vol)MAK-FRG **) - ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (TWA)-USA 10 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (STEL)-USA 20 ppm (vol)

**) Ethylene oxide is recognized of having carcinogetic potential.

General PropertiesEthylene oxide is a colourless, neutral reacting fluid of low viscosity at standardconditions. It may be mixed in any proportion with water. The gas is colourless,inflammable, poisonous and its presence is revealed by its ether-Iike smell even inlow concentrations. When inhaled in large quantities, it causes vomiting andsickness. Pure ethylene oxide tends to self-polymerisation. With water, it forms asolid hydrate the melting point of which is about 10° C. Gaseous ethylene oxide isextremely reactive especially in the presence of acid and alkaline substances. Whenheated above 300° C or brought into contact with copper and its alloys containingmore than 60% copper it decomposes explosively.lt is neutral towards the usualmaterials.


45

Ethylene Oxide C2 H4 O


46

Freon-12 (R12) C Cl2 F2

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 120.92 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar -158 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar - 29.8 °CCritical temperature 112 °CCritical pressure 41.6 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 4.18Specific heat ratio (gas) 1.14



General PropertiesR12 is considered to be the most important refrigerant. lt is colourless, non-inflammable, non-poisonous, practically odourless. It has a slightly sweet smell inhigh concentration. It is thermally stable in the absence of substances exerting acatalytic action up to about 450 °C. This temperature of decomposition is, however,significantly lower in the presence of ferrous oxide powder, metallic powders (Fe, Cu)and oil. On decomposition (in open flames and on hot surfaces) the poisonous gaseschlorine and phosgene may be given off. R12 is an excellent Ieak-detect!ng agent,slnce Its vlscoslty is very sllght and it can, therefore, infiltrate through the smallest ofpores. R12 attacks magnesium alloys, zinc and (in the presence of water) the alloysof aluminium. Resistant synthetic materials include perbunan, neoprene andpoIyacrylonitrile. Buna S and superpoIyamide may be suitable materials but onlyunder certain circumstances. PTFE (Teflon) diffuses in liquid R12.


47

Freon-12 (R12) C Cl2 F2


48

Freon-13 B1 (R13B1) CBrF3

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 148.92 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar -168 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar - 57.8 °CCritical temperature 67 °CCritical pressure 39.6 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 5Specific heat ratio (gas) 1.12



General PropertiesR13 B1 is a colourless, odourless, non-inflammable and non-poisonous gas which ischemically very highly stable; it does not readily decompose even under the influenceof open fiames and is therefore sui table as a fire-fighting agent. As it does not tendto attack organic substances, it is well compatible with such materials. Zinc andmagnesium alloys are not recommended as materials.


49

Freon-13 B1 (R13B1) CBrF3


50

Freon-22 (R22) CHCIF2

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 86.48 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar -160 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar - 40.8 °CCritical temperature 96.18 °CCritical pressure 49.9 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 2.98Specific heat ratio (gas) 1.2


Biological Data (Toxicity)Threshold of smell - ppm (vol)MAK-FRG *) - ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (TWA)-USA 1000 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (STEL)-USA 1200 ppm (vol)

*) Freon 22 is suspected of having carcinogetic potential.

General PropertiesR22 gas is colourless, odourless, non-inflammable and practically non-poisonous. Itis chemically less stable than R12. It decomposes in open fiames and on contactinghot surfaces giving off hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride and traces of chlorineand phosgene. Thermal stability is very much lowered by ferrous oxide and byferrous and copper powders. R22 is neutral in ist reaction to metallic materials withthe exception of zinc and magnesium alloys. Perbunan is destroyed by R22, PTFE and Buna S are suitable under certainconditions, while neoprene is not attacked by R22.


51

Freon-22 (R22) CHCIF2


52

Freon-502 (R502) CHCIF2 (48,8 w-%) CCIF2CF3 (51,2 w-%)

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 116.6 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar -160 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar - 45.6 °CCritical temperature 82.16 °CCritical pressure 40.76 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 3.85Specific heat ratio (gas) 1.13



General PropertiesFreon-502 is an azeotropic mixture of the refrigerants R22 and R115. The gas isodourless in low concentration. lt is non-inflammable and practically non-poisonous.The liquid has a high chemical and thermal stability. It is compatible with mostmetallic materials; magnesium and zinc should not be used.


53

Freon-502 (R502) CHCIF2 (48,8 w-%) CCIF2CF3 (51,2 w-%)


54

Isoprene CH2:CHC(CH3 ):CH2

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 68.1 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar -146.0 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar 34 °CCritical temperature 211 °CCritical pressure 38.4 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 2.35Specific heat ratio (gas) 1.10

Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point - 48 °CIgnition point 220 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 1 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 9.7 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE T3Explosion group acc. to DIN IIB


General PropertiesIsoprene is a colourless, inflammable and volatile liquid at room temperature. Themixtures ot isoprene vapour and air are heavier than air and explosive. At highertemperatures, the liquid polymerizes and should be inhibited tor transportationpurpose. The vapour causes irritation ot the eyes, nose and throat and has moderatenarcotic effect resulting in dizziness and headache. Steel is a suitable material forhandling isoprene.


55

Isoprene CH2:CHC(CH3 ):CH2


56

Isopropylamine (CH3)2 CHNH2

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 59.11 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar - 95.25 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar 32.45 °CCritical temperature 202.85 °CCritical pressure 50.7 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 2.04Specific heat ratio (gas) -

Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point < - 20 °CIgnition point 403 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 2.3 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 10.7 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE T2Explosion group acc. to DIN IIA


General PropertiesIsopropylamine is a colourless, inflammable liquid at room temperature with apungent, irritating amine odour. Both the liquid and vapour irritate the eyes, lungs andthe skin, causing typical alkali burns. The liquid dissolves very well in water andreacts with several chemicals, the vapour easily forms explosive mixtures with air.Steel is compatible with isopropylamine, which corrodes aluminium, copper andcopper-based alloys strongly.


57

Isopropylamine (CH3)2 CHNH2


58

Methane CH4

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 16.04 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar -182.45 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar -161.45 °CCritical temperature - 82.55 °CCritical pressure 46.0 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 0.557Specific heat ratio (gas) 1.307

Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point *) - °CIgnition point 595 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 5 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 15 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE T1Explosion group acc. to DIN IIA



General PropertiesCH4 is a colourless, odourless, nonpoisonous, inflammable gas. In highconcentrations, it has a suffacating effect; when breathed with air, it acts as a veryweak anaesthetic. It burns with a blue flame and is miscible with mineral oils in allproportians. Its behaviour to the usual materials is neutral.


59

Methane CH4


60

Methyl Acetylene CH3 C CH


Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point *) - °CIgnition point - °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 1.7 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 12 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE -Explosion group acc. to DIN -



General PropertiesMethyl acetylene (allylene, prapyne) at room temperature and atmospheric pressureis a colourless, non-toxic, highIy inflammable gas. It has same anaesthetic activityand probably acts as a simple asphyxiant. Since methyl acetylene is non-corrosive,any common or commercially available metal except copper, silver or magnesium ortheir alloys may be used as materials of construction. Methyl acetylene reactsviolently with halogens and some halogenated compounds.


61

Methyl Acetylene CH3 C CH


62

Methyl Bromide CH3 Br


Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point - °CIgnition point 538 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 8.6 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 20 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE T1Explosion group acc. to DIN IIA

Biological Data (Toxicity)Threshold of smell - ppm (vol)MAK-FRG *) 5 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (TWA)-USA 5 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (STEL)-USA 15 ppm (vol)

*) Methyl bromide is suspected of having carcinogetic potential.

General PropertiesMethyl bromide is a colourless, highIy toxic and hardly inflammable gas at roomtemperature and it is heavier than air. lt is odourless except in higher concentrationswhere it has a chloroform-like odour. lnhalation of methyl bromide causes dizziness,headache, unconsciousness or, depending on exposure, more severe effects. Theliquid causes burns. It is practically insoluble in water but soluble in the commonorganic solvents. In presence of aluminium, it forms aluminium alkyls which arespontaneously ignitable. Dry methyl bromide is not particularly corrosive to mostmetals.


63

Methyl Bromide CH3 Br


64

Methyl Chloride CH3CI

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 50.49 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar - 97.7 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar - 24.25 °CCritical temperature 143.15 °CCritical pressure 66.8 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 1.79Specific heat ratio (gas) 1.285



Biological Data (Toxicity)Threshold of smell - ppm (vol)MAK-FRG **) 50 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (TWA)-USA 50 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (STEL)-USA 100 ppm (vol)

**) Methyl cloride is suspected of having carcinogetic potential.

General PropertiesMethyl chloride is a colourless, toxic, inflammable gas with a faint sweet odour atnormal temperature and pressure. Methyl chloride is a dangerous anaesthetic andnarcotic, about one-fourth as active as chloroform. High concentrations presentserious problems to life and health. As it is absorbed quickly but eliminated slowlyrepeated exposures are very dangerous. Poisoning by methyl chloride produces thefollowing characteristic symptoms: drowsiness, mental confusion, coma, nausea,vomiting, and in severe cases, convulsions and death. Dry methyl chloride is neutralto most materials except zinc, aluminium, magnesium and their alloys.Note: The detectable odour is higher than the TLV-value.


65

Methyl Chloride CH3CI


66

Monoethylamine C2 H5 NH2


Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point - 49 °CIgnition point 384 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 3.5 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 14 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE T2Explosion group acc. to DIN IIA

Biological Data (Toxicity)Threshold of smell 0.02 ppm (vol)MAK-FRG 10 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (TWA)-USA 10 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (STEL)-USA - ppm (vol)

General PropertiesMonoethylamine is a water-white, inflammable liquid, having a strong ammoniacalodour. It is heavier than air. Monoethylamine is not a serious industrial hazard, butinhalation of higher concentrations of monoethylamine will produce moderate tosevere irritation of the upper respiratory tract and the lungs. Direct contact ofmonoethylamine with skin and mucous membranes may cause burns. Both the liquidand vapour of monoethylamine are highIy irritating to the eyes. However, the odour isdetectable at low concentrations. Monoethylamine is readily soluble in water and inmost organic solvents. It is compatible with carbon and stainless streel in theabsence of moisture. Copper, aluminium and their alloys should not be used.


67

Monoethylamine C2 H5 NH2


68

Nitrogen N2

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 28.01 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar -209.85 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar -195.75 °CCritical temperature -147.16 °CCritical pressure 33.49 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 0.967Specific heat ratio (gas) 1.404



General PropertiesN2 is colourless (even in liquid form), non-inflammable, tasteless, odourless andinert. The N2 molecule is an extremely stable compound. It has no apparent effect onthe (more highIy developed) plants and animals. Nitrogen is non-poisonous but canact as an axphyxiant by displacing the air. Behaviour in relation to all knownmaterials is neutral.


69

Nitrogen N2


70

Propadiene CH2:C:CH2


Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point *) - °CIgnition point 0 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 2.6 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) - Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE -Explosion group acc. to DIN -



General PropertiesPropadiene (Allene) is a colourless, highly inflammable gas at room temperature andatmospheric pressure. It may have some slight narcotic properties and is notexpected to be toxic. Since propadiene is non corrosive, most common ofcommercially available metals may be used. If propadiene is to be used underpressure at higher temperature, isomerization to methyl acetylene may occur and inthis event copper and silver and their alloys should not be used because of thepossibility of forming explosive acetylides.


71

Propadiene CH2:C:CH2


72

Propane C3H8




Biological Data (Toxicity)Threshold of smell 5000 - 20000 ppm (vol)MAK-FRG 1000 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (TWA)-USA - ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (STEL)-USA - ppm (vol)

General PropertiesPropane is a colourless, odourless, non-poisonous, inflammable gas which in highcancentrations and in air acts as an anaesthetic when inhaled. Miscible in anyproportion with mineral oils. It has no specific effect on the usual materials.


73

Propane C3H8


74

Propylene CH3 CH:CH2





General PropertiesPropylene is a colourless, inflammable, narcotic gas which burns in air with a yellowsoot-forming flame. In high concentrations, its presence may be detected by its slightand peculiar odour. lt has no specific effect on the usual methods.


75

Propylene CH3 CH:CH2


76

Propylene Oxide CH3 CHCH2 O

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 58.08 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar -112.1 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar 34.2 °CCritical temperature 209 °CCritical pressure 49.2 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 2.0Specific heat ratio (gas) 1.16

Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point - 45 °CIgnition point 430 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 1.9 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 24 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE T2Explosion group acc. to DIN IIB

Biological Data (Toxicity)Threshold of smell 200 ppm (vol)MAK-FRG *) - ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (TWA)-USA 20 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (STEL)-USA - ppm (vol)

*) Propylene Oxide is recognized of having carcinogetic potential.

General PropertiesPropylene oxide is a colourless fluid of ether-Iike smell. It is toxic, volatile andinflammable. The vapour is heavier than air. The liquid causes burns and injury to theeyes and has an irritating effect on the skin. The vapour causes moderate irritation ofthe eyes, nose and the respiratory tract and has a narcotic effect. Note, that thethreshold of smell is higher than the concentration dangerous for the health. Theliquid is soluble in water. Propylene oxide reacts violentIy with several substances.As construction material, carbon and stainless steel and aluminium are suitable.Copper and its alloys will be corroded.


77

Propylene Oxide CH3 CHCH2 O


78

Sulphur Dioxide SO2

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 64.06 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar - 75.45 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar - 10.15 °CCritical temperature 157.65 °CCritical pressure 78.8 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 2.26Specific heat ratio (gas) 1.29


Biological Data (Toxicity)Threshold of smell 0.3 – 1 ppm (vol)MAK-FRG 2 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (TWA)-USA 2 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (STEL)-USA 5 ppm (vol)

General PropertiesIn the liquid state, sulphur dioxide is colourless and readily mobile; in the solid state,it is a white mass. The gas is colourless, non-inflammable, poisonous, of pungentsmell and acid taste and is readily soluble in water; in low concentration, it irritatesthe eyes and the upper parts of the respiratory tract. In higher concentration, itcauses corneal opacity, difficulty in breathing (dysphonia) and inflammation of therespiratory organs. Aromatic and unsaturated hydrocarbons, resins and bitumen arereadily dissolved in liquid S02. Steel is not attacked by dry sulphur dioxide gas atroom temperature, but will corrode rapidIy in a moist S02 atmosphere. Even smallquantities of S02 in the air accelerate corrosion of metals in general.


79

Sulphur Dioxide SO2


80

Vinyl Chloride (VCM) CH2: CHCl


Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point *) - °CIgnition point 415 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 3.8 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 31 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE T2Explosion group acc. to DIN IIA


Biological Data (Toxicity)Threshold of smell 4000 ppm (vol)MAK-FRG **) - ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (TWA)-USA 5 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (STEL)-USA - ppm (vol)

*) Vinyl Chloride is recognized of having carcinogetic potential, TRK = 2 ppm (vol)

General PropertiesVinyl chloride is a colourless, highly inflammable, slightly poisonous gas. The vapourcauses irritation of the respiratory system. The threshold of smell is higher than theconcentration dangerous to the health. ln high concentration, it has a pleasant sweetodour and acts as a narcotic. It polymerizes readily to polyvinylchloride, the processbeing accelerated by higher temperature and by the addition of impurities with acatalytic action (finely powdered metals and oxides of metals). Vinylchloridedecomposes in the open flame and gives off phosgene. As construction materialscarbon steel and stainless steel are suitable, aluminium, copper, magnesium andtheir alloys are not suitable.


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Vinyl Chloride (VCM) CH2: CHCl


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Vinyl Ethyl Ether CH2 CHOCH2 CH3

Thermodynamic and Physical DataMolecular weight 72.1 kg/ molFreezing point at 1.013 bar -115 °CBoiling point at 1.013 bar 36 °CCritical temperature 202 °CCritical pressure 40.7 barRelative density at 0 °C, 1.013 bar (air = 1) 2.49Specific heat ratio (gas) -

Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point - 45 °CIgnition point 200 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 1.3 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 28 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE T4Explosion group acc. to DIN -


General PropertiesVinyl ethyl ether is a colourless, inflammable liquid with an ether-Iike odour. It reactsextremely and polymerizes in either the liquid or vapour phase. The commercial vinylethyl ether contains an inhibitor to prevent the polymerization. The liquid is nearly notsoluble in water. The vapour causes irritation of the respiratory system, already a lowconcentration of 0.2 vol. % leads to unconsciousness.


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Vinyl Ethyl Ether CH2 CHOCH2 CH3


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Vinylidene Chloride CH2 :CCl2


Safety Data on FlammabilityFlash point - 10 °CIgnition point 440 °CExplosion limit in air (lower value) 5.6 Vol-%Explosion limit in air (upper value) 16.0 Vol-%Temperature class acc. to VDE T2Explosion group acc. to DIN -

Biological Data (Toxicity)Threshold of smell - ppm (vol)MAK-FRG *) 10 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (TWA)-USA 5 ppm (vol)Threshold limit value (STEL)-USA 20 ppm (vol)

*) Vinylidene Chloride is suspected of having carcinogetic potential.

General PropertiesVinylidene chloride is a clear, colourless, easily volatile and inflammable liquid atroom temperature with a sweet odour. The vapour forms explosive mixtures whichare heavier than air. The vapour and the liquid cause moderate irritation on eyes andskin. When inhaled, it acts as a narcotic. Because of the tendency of polymerization,the liquid is inhibited for transportation. As construction materials, carbon andstainless steel are suitable; copper and its alloys should not be used.


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Vinylidene Chloride CH2 :CCl2


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Flammability diagramAmmonia Limits of flammability for mixtures with air and nitrogen


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Flammability diagramN-Butane; Iso-Butane Limits of flammability for mixtures with air and nitrogen and of air and carbon dioxide.The limits of iso-butane in atmospheres of air and nitrogen, and of air and carbon dioxide, are almost identical with the limits of n-butane.


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Flammability diagramN-Butane; Iso-Butane Limits of flammability for mixtures with air and nitrogen and of air and carbon dioxide.

The limits of iso-butane in atmospheres of air and nitrogen, and of air and carbondioxide, are almost identical with the limits of n-butane.


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Flammability diagramα-Butylene Limits of flammability for mixtures with air and nitrogen and of air and carbon dioxide


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Flammability diagramIsobutylene Limits of flammability for mixtures with air and nitrogen and of air and carbon dioxide


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Flammability diagramEthane Limits of flammability for mixtures with air and nitrogen and of air and carbon dioxide


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Flammability diagramEthylene Limits of flammability for mixtures with air and nitrogen and of air and carbon dioxide


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Flammability diagramEthylene Oxide Limits of flammability for mixtures with air and carbon dioxide


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Flammability diagramMethane Limits of flammability for mixtures with air and nitrogen and of air and carbon dioxide


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Flammability diagramPropane Limits of flammability for mixtures with air and nitrogen and of air and carbon dioxide


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Flammability diagramPropylene Limits of flammability for mixtures with air and nitrogen and of air and carbon dioxide


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Use of diagrams and tables forthermodynamic properties

List of examples

1 Determination of properties at saturated conditions

2 Pressure and temperature

3 Volume and weight

4 Warming-up

5 Weight of the gas phase

6 Weight of cargo vapour in the empty tank (superheated)

7 Discharge with warming-up


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1 Determination of properties at saturated conditions

Given:tank pressure p = 7.3 bar of an ammonia tank.

Required:saturation temperature, specific volumes and enthaipies of liquid andvapour and vaporization heat.

Procedure:see diagram page 99.As all properties are shown as a function of the saturation temperature first determinethe saturation temperature at the given tank pressure and then the other correspon-ding properties.

Result:ts = 15.4 °C v' = 1.62 dm3/ kgv" = 0.17 m3/ kg h' = 269 kJ/ kgh" = 1475 kJ/ kg ∆h = 1205 kJ/ kg


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2 Pressure and temperature

Given:maximum service pressure of an ammonia tank p = 5 bar.

Required:maximum permissible temperature at which ammonia can be transported/ stored.

Procedure:see page 19, for NH3 at 5 bar t = 4 °C

Result:If the temperature of the ammonia to be loaded is higher than + 4 °C, it must be cooled during loading.

3 Volume and weight

Given:geometric volume of a propylene tank V = 2000 m3, set pressure of the safety relief valve pset = 6 bar.

Required:maximum amount of propylene which may be transported.

Procedure:For safety reasons, it is recommended to keep the max. transport pressure with acertain safety margin below the setting tolerance of the safety valve set pressure.ln this case, the setting tolerance is 3%, the selected safety margin is 7%, see page 75, transport pressure selected p = 5.4 bar, transport temperature t = -2.5 °C,specific volume of the liquid v' = 1.82 dm3/ kg, tank volume V = 2000 m3,filling limit (acc. to IMO 15.1) VL = 0.98 · V · ρR / ρL with ρR / ρL = v'L / v'R and ρR - density of cargo at the reference temperature,i.e. the temperature corresponding to the vapour pressure of the cargo at the setpressure of the pressure relief valve, ρL - density of cargo at loading temperaturefollows the loading volume VL = 0.98 · V · ρR / ρLwith v'L = v' (5.4 bar) = 1.82 dm3/ kg, v'R = v' (6.0 bar) = 1.835 dm3/ kg,follows VL = 0.97 · V, VL = 1940 m3.

Result:the cargo weight follows with G = VL / v'L , G = 1066 t .


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4 Warming-up

Given:geometric volume of a propylene tank V = 2000 m3,temperature increase of the loading temperature during the voyage from- 3 °C to + 4 °C.

Required:the filling limit.

Procedure:see page 75, specific volume at expected discharge temperature of + 4 °C v' = 1.851 dm3/ kg (+ 4° C), filling limit at maximum expected discharge temperature of + 4 °C = 0.98,cargo volume at t = + 4 °C, VL = 0.98 · V, VL = 1960 m3 (+ 4 °C),loading weight follows with G = VL / v' , G = 1059 t,specific volume at loading temperature of t = - 3 °C, v' = 1.816 dm3/ kg (-3° C),loading volume VL = G · v' at - 3 °C is VL = 1923 m3 (- 3 °C)

Result:the filling limit at - 3 °C is = 0.962.

5 Weight of the gas phase

Given:geometric volume of a propylene tank V = 2000 m3, service pressure p = 5.4 bar.

Required:weight of the gas phase (which was neglected in the examples before)

Procedure:geometric tank volume V = 2000 m3,loading volume (liquid) (see Example 3) VL = 1940 m3,volume of the gas phase VG = V - VL , VG = 60 m3, see page 75,specific volume of the gas at - 3 °C, v" = 0.09 m3/ kg with GG = VG / v" follows

Result:the gas weight is GG = 667 kg.


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6 Weight of cargo vapour in the empty tank ( superheated)

Given:The propylene tank is completely discharged and the remaining liquid is fullyevaporated, V = 2000 m3, t = + 20 °C, p = 4 bar.

Required:weight of vapour.

Procedure:For the given pressure of 4 bar the cargo temperature is higher than the saturationtemperature (see diagramm on page 75), i.e. the gas is superheated and thediagrams of properties cannot be applied. For exact calculation, log p - h ortemperature – entropy diagrams have to be used. A rough calculation is possible withthe given table data as follows:

Relative density of the gas at standard conditions (0 °C, 1.013 bar)from page 74 is 1.48 multiplied by 1.293 (density air),results in a density of propylene ρ0 =1.91 kg/ m3,by formula for ideal gas ρ0 / (T0 · ρ0) = p1 / (T1 · ρ1),with indices 0 = standard conditions 1 = actual conditions,the actual density follows with ρ1 = (p1 / p0) · (T0 / T1) · ρ0 = (4 / 1.013) · (273 / 293) · 1.91ρ1 = 7.03 kg/ m3

gas weight G = V · ρ1

Result:the gas weight amounts to 14060 kg.


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7 Discharge with warming-up

Given:Liquid ammonia is discharged at a rate V = 250 m3 / h,ammonia is to be warmed up from - 32 °C to 0 °C

Required:heating capacity Q of the cargo heater

Procedure:heating capacity = mass flow · enthalpy differenceQ = (V/ v') · (h' 0°C - h' -32°C)from diagram on page 19v' -32°C = 1.47 dm3/ kgh' 0°C = 200 kJ/ kgh' -32°C = 55 kJ/ kgfollowsQ = (250 m3/ h / 1.47dm3/ kg) · (200 - 55) kJ/ kg = 24660 · 103 kJ/ h · 0.278 · 10-3 kWh / 1 kJQ = 6850 kW

Result:the required heating capacity for warming up is 6850 kW


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Use of flammability diagrams

Introduction

The prevention of gas explosion requires the knowledge of flammabilitycharacteristics of the gases. Therefore, these data have been collected and theexplanation for their application in practice is given in the following.

The collection of data for this chapter required the utilization of various literaturesources. The data of the various sources deviate from each other due to the fact thatthe flammability data depend on the geometry of the experimental arrangement, onthe distribution of the combustible gases and on pressure and temperature. Thelaboratory conditions for determination of the flammability data differ. A standarddefinition of the experimental conditions cannot be given. Therefore, the mostconservative values have been chosen in case different data were obtained fromother sources.

The values in tables and diagrams experimentally obtained, can be used however, inpractice for normal room temperature and atmospheric pressure, as the influence ofnormal atmospheric changes of temperature and pressure is not important.

For extreme changes it is recognized that the range of flammable mixtures isextended by increasing pressure, as well as by increasing temperature.

The data given are onIy valid for homogeneous gas or vapour mixtures. In practice, itshould be taken into account that heterogeneous mixtures appear frequently.

The information in the following chapter and the diagrams of the flammability limitsare necessary for preventive measures for the avoidance of fiammable mixtures byinerting.

Other means, e. g. elimination of ignition sources, are not considered herein.


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Explanations for the application of diagrams of flammability limits

The display in the triangular diagram allows a quick reading of all volume parts of anythree-component gas mixture as well as a graphical display of all mixing procedures.Especially the necessary inerting measures for handling inflammable gases arededucible therefrom.

The range of an explosive gas mixture is limited by the ignition limit curve.

Abbreviations used

σc - volume part - combustible gas [%]σi - volume part - inert gas [%]σa - volume part - air [%]


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Determination of thecomposition of a mixture

Each point in the diagram represents a special gas mixture with a definitecomposition of three gases, the volume part of which sums up to 100%.

In the following examples, the combustible gas is ammonia and the inert gas isnitrogen.

Examples (see Figure 1)

Point Cσc = 100 %, σi = 0 %, σa = 0 %

Point 1σc = 70 %, σi = 30 %, σa = 0 %The mixture in Point 1 consists of 70 % ammonia and 30 % nitrogen.

Point 2σc = 50 %, σi = 50 %, σa = 30 %The mixture in Point 2 consists of 50 % ammonia, 20 % nitrogen and 30% air.

Point 3 and 4The upper and lower explosion limits of ammonia in air are found as intersections ofthe ignition limit curve and line A - C.


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Limits of flammability of ammonia with air and nitrogen

Figure 1


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Admixture

If one gas is added to another gas or to a mixture, the volume parts of any mixturecan be taken easily from the diagram.

Examples (see Figure 2)

Line C - APure ammonia vapour (Point C) is mixed with air.The line C - A then represents all possible mixtures. In the range between 15 and 26 % vol. of the air, the mixture air/ ammonia is within the explosion limits.

Line M1 - CPure ammonia (Point C) is added to a mixture of three gases (Point M1).All possible mixtures are respresented by line M1 - C and are not inflammable.

Line M2 - CAir is added to a mixture of three gases acc. to Point M2:

σammonia = 50 % vol.σnitrogen = 20 % vol.σair = 30 % vol.

The composition of all possible mixtures can be read from the line M2 - A.The mixture M2 which is non-inflammable, will become inflammable when the airvolume part reaches that of M3. The inflammable range stretches from M3 to M4. Withan air volume part of more than that of M4, the gas mixture is no longer inflammable.


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Figure 2


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Inerting

The examples described show, that due to air supply to an originally non-inflammablemixture or a pure combustible gas, an inflammable mixture can develop. Practically,it is required to convert inflammable mixtures or a combustible gas to non-inflammable mixtures by adding inert gases, such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide.

This process, inerting, is completed, whena) the air volume part σa is below the value σa,max

(for example, acc. to Fig. 3, smaller than 66 %)orb) the inert gas volume part σi lies above the value σi,min

(for example, acc. to Fig. 3, greater than 18 %).

An evalution is possible by measuring onIy the air (oxygen) volume part or the inertgas volume part in the total mixture.

The mixture represented in Figure 3 at Point M1 for example, fulfils these conditions.

This mixture can however, become inflammable again by admixture of air (line M1 - A).

The mixture represented in Figure 3 at Point M2 is also non-inflammable, but cannot - also by admixture of further air - become an inflammable mixture. This isillustrated by the line M2 - A which does not touch the zone of inflammable mixtures.

Consequently, it can be stated that all mixtures which are within the area A - σi,min-a - I can never become inflammable by admixture of air, i.e. all mixtures withan inert gas voIume part higher than σi,min-a. For ammonia/ air/ nitrogen mixtures, thisvalue is 52 % vol.

These facts permit the following definitions:σi,min - minimum required volume part of inert gas in a mixture which is not explosive(Note: no further air access is allowed.)

σi,min-a - minimum volume part of inert gas in a mixture which is not explosive andwhich will not become explosive also if any air access is allowed later on.

The value σi,min-a can be determined in the diagrams. For that, a line must be drawnfrom Point A tangentically to the zone of the inflammable mixture. The point ofintersection with the line C - I shows the minimum required inert gas volume part.


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Figure 3


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Practical example - First filling of a gas carrier

An empty tank, i.e. a tank filled with air, should be filled with propane gas. Aninflammable propane/ air mixture would develop if propane were added. This shouldbe avoided. For this reason, one should proceed as follows: (see Figures 4A and 4B).Note: The initial and end points of each phase as marked in both figures will beapplied in the description.

Phase I: N2 will be pumped in at closed tank until the part of air in the homogeneous N2/ air mixture is less than 57% (1 to 2). ln practical cases, a safety margin must beadded according to the conditions and experience. The aforementioned air partcorresponds to an oxygen content of 12% .The tank pressure increases accordingly.

Phase II: The pressure will be reduced almost to atmospheric level by expanding intothe atmosphere (2 to 3). The volume parts of the mixture remain unchanged. ln thediagram of inflammable gases, points 2 and 3 are identical.

Phase III: Filling of propane and displacing of the N2/ air mixture (piston effect) by blow-off into atmosphere (3 to 4). The procedure is completed at reaching the max.permissible N2/ air concentration in the product.

SummaryBy adding inert gas to the air, an air/ inert gas mixture with a reduced air contentdevelops. The air, i.e. oxygen content, is reduced to an extent whereby noinflammable mixture can develop if propane were added.


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Limits of flammability of propane with air and nitrogen


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Practical example -Fillingwith air-venting

A gas carrier has ta be taken out of service for gas-freeing. For example, propane ina tank is ta be substituted by air. The development of an inflammable propane/ airmixture should be avoided. To ensure that this does not occur, one should proceedas follows: (see Figure 5A and 5B).

Phase I: The ship tank filled with propane is connected with a tank on shore. Thepropane is displaced by N2 (piston effect). At reaching the permissible max. values ofthe N2-concentration in the removed gas, the procedure will be halted (1 to 2).

Phase II: N2 will be pumped in at closed tank until the minimum volume part σi,min-a isreached, i.e. 94% N2. N2/ C3H8 - mixture must be homogeneous over the tank volume(2 ta 3). The tank pressure increases at that time.

Phase III: Equalization of pressure almost down to atmospheric level by expandinginto the atmosphere (3 to 4). If the maximum permissible tank pressure is reachedduring Phase II, prior to reaching the minimum N2 - volume part σi,min-a, the procedureaccording to Phases II and III has to be repeated.

Phase IV: Purging with air (4 to 5).

Summary:By adding nitrogen to the propane, an N2/ propane mixture with an extremelyreduced propane content develops. lf air is then added to this mixture, noinflammable mixture can develop.


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Limits of flammability of propane with air and nitrogen


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Review of vapour pressure versus temperature diagrams

On the following pages the vapour pressure - saturated temperature relations ofgases and liquids, as included in this booklet, are summarized. Due to the numerouscurves they are shown on three diagrams:

page 117gases with a saturation temperaturebelow -18 °C at a pressure of 1 bar

page 118gases and liquids with a saturation temperature between -18 °C and +30° C at a pressure of 1 bar

page 119liquids with a saturation temperatureabove 30 °C at a pressure of 1 bar


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Poperties of Gases and Liquids

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