Pope Clement XIV

Pope Clement XIV (Latin: Clemens XIV ; 31 October1705 22 September 1774), born Giovanni VincenzoAntonio Ganganelli, reigned from 19 May 1769 to hisdeath in 1774. At the time of his election, he was the onlyFranciscan friar in the College of Cardinals. To date, heis the last pope to take the pontical name of Clementupon his election.He is best known for his suppression of the Society ofJesus.

1 Biography

1.1 Early life

Ganganelli was born in Santarcangelo di Romagna in1705[2] as the second child of Lorenzo Ganganelli andAngela SeranaMariaMazza. He received the sacramentof baptism on 2 November 1705.He initially studied at Verucchio but later received his ed-ucation from the Society of Jesus at Rimini from 1717.He also studied with the Piarists of Urbino. Ganganellientered the Order of Friars Minor Conventual on 15May 1723 in Forli and he changed his name to LorenzoFrancesco. He did his novitiate in Urbino where hiscousin Vincenzo was a friar. He was professed as a fullmember of that order on 18 May 1724. He was sent tothe convents of Pesaro, Fano and Recanati from 1724 to1728 where he did his theological studies. He continuedhis studies in Rome under Antonio Lucci and obtainedhis doctorate in theology in 1731.[3]

1.2 Priesthood and cardinalate

He was ordained around this time after he received hisdoctorate and he taught philosophy and theology for al-most a decade in Ascoli, Bologna and Milan. He later re-turned to Rome as the regent of the college that he stud-ied in and was later elected as the Denitor General orthe order in 1741.[2] In the general chapters of his orderin 1753 and 1756, he declined the generalship of his or-der and some rumored it was due to his desire of a higheroce.[3]

Ganganelli became a friend of Pope Benedict XIV whoin 1758 appointed him to investigate the issue of the tra-ditional blood libel regarding the Jews, which Ganganellifound to be untrue.[4]

Pope Clement XIII elevated Ganganelli to the cardi-nalate on 24 September 1759 and appointed him as theCardinal-Priest of San Lorenzo in Panisperna. His eleva-tion came at the insistence of Lorenzo Ricci who was theSuperior-General of the Society of Jesus.Ganganelli opted to become the Cardinal-Priest of Ss.XII Apostoli in 1762. In 1768 he was named the po-nens of the cause of beatication of Juan de Palafox yMendoza.[3]

1.3 Election to the papacy

Cardinal Ganganelli

Main article: Papal conclave, 1769

1.3.1 Pressures

King Louis XV of Frances (171574) minister, the ducde Choiseul, had former experience of Rome as theFrench ambassador and was Europes most skilled diplo-mat. When one has a favour to ask of a Pope, hewrote, and one is determined to obtain it, one mustask for two. Choiseuls suggestion was advanced to theother ambassadors and it was that they should press, inaddition to the Jesuit issue, territorial claims upon thePatrimony of Peter, including the return of Avignon andthe Comtat Venaissin to France, the duchies of Beneventoand Pontecorvo to Spain, an extension of territory adjoin-ing the Papal States to Naples, and an immediate and nalsettlement of the vexed question of Parma and Piacenzathat had occasioned a diplomatic rift between Austria andPope Clement XIII.

1

2 1 BIOGRAPHY

The conclave had been sitting since 15 February 1769,heavily inuenced by the political manoeuvres of the am-bassadors of Catholic sovereigns who were opposed tothe Jesuits. Some of the pressure was subtle: for an un-precedented impromptu visit to the conclave by EmperorJoseph II (176590) and his brother Leopold, the GrandDuke of Tuscany ocially incognito, the seals were bro-ken, the Austrians inspected the proceedings with greatinterest and brought with them a festive banquet. Dur-ing the previous ponticate, the Jesuits had been ex-pelled from Portugal and from all the courts of the Houseof Bourbon, which included France, Spain, Naples, andParma. Now the general suppression of the order wasurged by the faction called the court cardinals, whowere opposed by the diminished pro-Jesuit faction, theZelanti (zealous), who were generally opposed to theencroaching secularism of the Enlightenment.[2]

1.3.2 Election

Cardinal Ganganelli was elected pope on 19 May 1769largely due to support of the Bourbon courts which hadexpected that he would suppress the Society of Jesus. Hetook the pontical name of Clement XIV. Ganganellirst received episcopal consecration in the Vatican on 28May 1769 by Cardinal Federico Marcello Lante and wascrowned as pope on 4 June 1769 by the cardinal protodea-con Alessandro Albani.

1.4 Ponticate

Clement XIVs policies were calculated from the outset tosmooth the breaches with the Catholic Crowns that haddeveloped during the previous ponticate. The disputebetween the temporal and the spiritual Catholic author-ities was perceived as a threat by Church authority, andClement XIV worked towards reconciliation among theEuropean sovereigns. The arguing and ghting among themonarchs seemed poised to lead Europe towards heavyinternational competition.By yielding the Papal claims to Parma, Clement XIV ob-tained the restitution of Avignon and Benevento and ingeneral he succeeded in placing the relations of the spir-itual and the temporal authorities on a friendlier foot-ing. The ponti went on to suppress the Jesuits, writ-ing the decree to this eect in November 1772 and sign-ing it on 21 July 1773. This measure, to late 19th-century Catholics, had covered Clement XIVs memorywith infamy in his church, and was also quite controver-sial, with the Catholic Encyclopedia supporting ClementXIVs suppression of the Jesuits as abundantly justied.His work was hardly accomplished, before Clement XIV,whose usual constitution was quite vigorous, fell into alanguishing sickness, generally attributed to poison. Noconclusive evidence of poisoning was ever produced. Theclaims that the Pope was poisoned were denied by those

closest to him, and as theAnnual Register for 1774 stated,he was over 70 and had been in ill health for some time.

1.4.1 Suppression of the Jesuits

Main article: Suppression of the Society of Jesus

The Jesuits had been expelled from Brazil (1754),Portugal (1759), France (1764), Spain and its colonies(1767) and Parma (1768). Though he had to face strongpressure on the part of the ambassadors of the Bourboncourts Clement XIII always refused to yield to their de-mands to have the Society of Jesus suppressed. His suc-cessor Clement XIV tried to placate the enemies of theJesuits by treating them harshly: he refused to meet theSuperior General, Lorenzo Ricci, ordered them not to re-ceive novices, etc.The pressure kept building up to the point that Catholiccountries were threatening to break away from theChurch. Clement XIV ultimately yielded in the nameof peace of the Church and to avoid a secession in Eu-rope and suppressed the Society of Jesus by the briefDominus ac Redemptor of the 21 July 1773.[5] How-ever, in non-Catholic nations, particularly in Prussia andRussia, where papal authority was not recognized, the or-der was ignored. It was a result of a series of politicalmoves rather than a theological controversy.[6]

1.4.2 Clement XIV and Mozart

Tomb of Pope Clement XIV.

3Pope Clement XIV and the customs of the CatholicChurch in Rome are described in letters of WolfgangAmadeus Mozart and of his father Leopold Mozart, writ-ten from Rome in April and May 1770 during their tourof Italy. Leopold found the upper clergy oensivelyhaughty, but was received, with his son, by the pope,where Wolfgang demonstrated an amazing feat of musi-cal memory. The papal chapel was famous for perform-ing a Miserere mei, Deus by the 17th-century composerGregorio Allegri, whose music was not to be copied out-side of the chapel on pain of excommunication. The 14-year-oldWolfgang was able to transcribe the compositionin its entirety after a single hearing. Clement made youngMozart a knight of the Order of the Golden Spur.[7]

1.4.3 Activities

Clement XIV elevated sixteen new cardinals into the car-dinalate in twelve consistories.The pope held no canonizations in his ponticate but hebeatied a number of individuals.

4 June 1769: Francis Caracciolo 16 September 1769: Juliana Puricelli, Bernard ofBaden & Catherine of Pallanza

1771: Thomas Bellacci 14 December 1771: Martyrs of Otranto 8 June 1772: Paul Burali dArezzo 29 August 1772: John del Bastone 1773: Pope Benedict XI (formal beatication afterPope Clement XII conrmed the cultus)

1774: Beatrix of Este the Younger

1.4.4 Death and burial

The last months of his life were embittered by his failuresand he seemed always to be in sorrow because of this.On 10 September 1774, he was bedridden and receivedExtremeUnction on 21 September 1774. It is said that St.Alphonse Liguori assisted Clement XlV in his last hoursby the gift of bi-location.Clement XIV died on 22 September 1774, execrated bythe Ultramontane party but widely mourned by his sub-jects for his popular administration of the Papal States.When his body was opened for the autopsy, the doctorsascribed his death to scorbutic and hemorrhoidal disposi-tions of long standing that were aggravated by excessivelabour and the habit of provoking articial perspirationeven in the greatest heat. His Neoclassical style tomb wasdesigned and sculpted by Antonio Canova, and it is foundin the church of Santi Apostoli in Rome. To this day, heis best remembered for his suppression of the Jesuits.

The Catholic Encyclopedia (or the 1876 EncyclopdiaBritannica) says that:

[N]o Pope has better merited the title ofa virtuous man, or has given a more perfectexample of integrity, unselshness, and aver-sion to nepotism. Notwithstanding his monas-tic education, he proved himself a statesman, ascholar, an amateur of physical science, and anaccomplished man of the world. As Pope LeoX (151321) indicates the manner in whichthe Papacy might have been reconciled withthe Renaissance had the Reformation nevertaken place, so Ganganelli exemplies the typeof Pope which the modern world might havelearned to accept if the movement towards freethought could, as Voltaire wished, have beenconned to the aristocracy of intellect. In bothcases the requisite condition was unattainable;neither in the 16th nor in the 18th century hasit been practicable to set bounds to the spirit ofinquiry otherwise than by re and sword, andGanganellis successors have been driven intoassuming a position analogous to that of PopesPaul IV (155559) and Pius V (156672) inthe age of the Reformation. The estrangementbetween the secular and the spiritual author-ity which Ganganelli strove to avert is now ir-reparable, and his ponticate remains an ex-ceptional episode in the general history of thePapacy, and a proof how little the logical se-quence of events can be modied by the virtuesand abilities of an individual.

Jacques Cretineau-Joly, however, wrote a critical historyof the Popes administration.

2 See also Suppression of the Society of Jesus Cardinals created by Clement XIV

3 Notes[1] Pope Clement XIV (1769-1774)". GCatholic. Retrieved

2 April 2014.

[2] Wilhelm, Joseph. Pope Clement XIV. The Catholic En-cyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Com-pany, 1908. 5 Jan. 2015

[3] Ganganelli, O.F.M. Conv., Lorenzo (1705-1774)". Car-dinals of the Holy Roman Church. Retrieved 22 February2015.

[4] Ganganelli, Lorenzo. The Ritual Murder Libel and theJew, (Cecil Roth ed.), The Woburn Press, 1934

4 5 EXTERNAL LINKS

[5] The Suppression of the Jesuits by Pope Clement XIV, TheCatholic American Quarterly Review, Vol. XIII, 1888.

[6] Roehner, Bertrand M. (1997). Jesuits and the State:A Comparative Study of their Expulsions (15901990)".Religion 27 (2): 165182. doi:10.1006/reli.1996.0048.

[7] Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Mozarts Letters, MozartsLife: Selected Letters, transl. Robert Spaethling, (W. W.Norton & Company Inc., 2000), 17.

4 References Initial text from the 9th edition (1876) of theEncyclopdia Britannica

Valrie Pirie, 1965. The Triple Crown: An Accountof the Papal Conclaves from the Fifteenth Century toModern Times Spring Books, London

5 External links Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). "Clement XIV".The New Students Reference Work. Chicago: F. E.Compton and Co.

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BiographyEarly lifePriesthood and cardinalateElection to the papacyPressuresElection

PontificateSuppression of the JesuitsClement XIV and MozartActivitiesDeath and burial

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