Polnat11 mh.abb
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POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
OUTLINE
Main topics:•Explaining Nationalisms (2)•State options•Elimination•Exclusion•Assimilation• Incorporation
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
GROWTH OF NATIONALISMETHNIC v. CIVIC NATIONS?
• Commonly referred to as the “Kohn dichotomy” after Hans Kohn (1944)
• In fact, nineteenth-century roots
• Has strong normative connotations (not just German v. French, “eastern” v. “western”, exclusive v. inclusive, but “bad” v. “good”)
• Better seen as referring to ideal types
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
GROWTH OF NATIONALISMETHNIC v. CIVIC NATIONS?
• “Ethnic” nation: Herder, Fichte; nation an entity in which membership is inherited, e.g. blood, language
• “Civic” nation: Rousseau, Renan; nation an entity in which membership is voluntary, “daily plebiscite”
• Can we separate the two that clearly? Could we have elements of each type in all national ideologies? Are there regional variations?
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
CIVIC VS ETHNIC NATIONALISM
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
GROWTH OF NATIONALISMNATIONALIST MOBILISATION
• Phase A: Local elite control is firm; rest of population quiescent (ancien régime)
• Phase B: Counter-elites emerge; propose political programme favouring masses; separate party, or parties; possible cultural revival movement (transitional systems)
• Phase C: Emergence of mass parties / movements (modern state structures)
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
VICTORY OF NATIONALISMDETERMINANTS OF POLITICAL OUTCOME
• Commitment and resources of nationalists (e.g. regional activists)
• Commitment and resources of opponents (e.g. imperial state; normally much greater)
• International context (e.g.:(1) international power balance(2) ideological “viruses”)
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
Nationalism Demands and Statehood
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
VICTORY OF NATIONALISMCONTINUING CHALLENGES?
• Sometimes, continuing conflict with (new) minorities
• Common drive for cultural integration, sometimes leading to authoritarian nationalism, e.g. in fascist form
• To be explained by theories of communal insecurity, elite manipulation?
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
Nationalism and the State
How does the modern nation state respond to challenges from
minority nations?1.How much are a state’s minority
management strategies based on individual rights?
2.How open are a state’s minority management strategies for the recognition of group rights?
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
STATE OPTIONS
TYPOLOGY OF STRATEGIESINSTITUTIONAL ACKNOWLEDGE-MENT OF GROUPSlow high
PROTECTION
OF INDI- low
VIDUAL
RIGHTS high 3.ASSIMILATION
1. ELIMINATION
2. EXCLUSION
4.INCORPORATION
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
ELIMINATION OF MINORITIES
Approaches:• Genocide
–systematic murder of some or all of population
–undermining of capacity for life• Removal of population
–expulsion–“repatriation”–“exchange”
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
ELIMINATION OF MINORITIESGenocide: examples
•Indigenous peoples in Americas–killing of native peoples (N & S America, etc.)
•Armenians in Turkey–killing of more than 1m., 1915-16
•Jews in Germany–killing of c. 6m, 1941-45
•Others (many examples)
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
ELIMINATION OF MINORITIES
Population removal: expulsion•Direct or indirect pressure to leave
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
ELIMINATION OF MINORITIES
c. 3 m. Germans expelled, 1945-46
POLAND, 1945
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
ELIMINATION OF MINORITIES
Population removal: other strategies•“Repatriation” (removal on initiative of external power)–Baltic Germans, 1939
•“Exchange” (removal by agreement between powers)–c. 1m. Greeks to Turkey, ½ m. Turks to Greece, 1923
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
EXCLUSION OF MINORITIES
APPROACHDIMENSION
GROUP AUTONOMY
TERRITORIALMANAGEMENT
CULTURE
POLITICS(AT CENTRE)
One culture privileged over others
Ethnic hegemony (one group rules; possible minority rule)
High, but uneven (separate devt.; groups have different rights)Extensive territorial devolution on an unequal basis (bantustans)
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
EXCLUSION OF MINORITIES
Example: traditional states(e.g. British colonies—USA, Canada, Australia in past)•English language and christianity given precedence•Political rights confined to white settlers•Indigenous peoples allowed some self-administration, e.g. in reservations
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
EXCLUSION OF MINORITIES
Example: South Africa under apartheid:•Conflict between Dutch and English languages; christianity given precedence•Political rights confined to European settlers; “apartheid” system•Separate parliamentary bodies for Indians and Coloureds•Planned removal of Africans to “homelands” (“bantustans”)
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
Exclusion of ‘minorities’: South Africa
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
ASSIMILATION OF MINORITIES
APPROACHDIMENSION
GROUP AUTONOMY
TERRITORIALMANAGEMENT
CULTURE
POLITICS(AT CENTRE)
Only one culture is recognised; others marginalised
De facto rule by majority ethnic group or coalition
No group autonomy; all individuals equal before the law
Centralised state administered on a prefectoral basis
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
ASSIMILATION OF MINORITIESExample: Post-revolutionary France• French as only acceptable language in
public sphere, education etc.• Emphasis on popular sovereignty based
on equality; majoritarian democracy• Refusal to offer institutional recognition
to culturally distinct groups• Administrative system based on
centrally managed districts of equal sizeOther examples: Poland, Romania, Turkey
POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM
ASSIMILATION OF MINORITIES
Example: USA• English as sole official language• Majoritarian democracy as basis of
political system• Low level of autonomy for culturally
distinct groups• Symmetrical federal system based on
culturally homogeneous unitsOther examples: other “melting pot” societies