Presented By-Niteesh Mittal

UNIT-VENVIRONMENTAL

ISSUES & POLLUTION

Other Environmental Issues

Conservation of resourcesEnergy IssueOver populationIntensive farming and intensive agricultureLand degradationEnvironmental degradationOcean deoxygenationSustainable developmentEnvironmental pollution

Pollution

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light.

Pollution is the introduction of a waste into the atmosphere making it impossible for the life on earth possible to sustain

The dangerous effects of pollution are a result of undesirable changes in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air, land and water.

The agents or substances that causes pollution are known as pollutants (biodegradable and non-biodegradable).

Contributors of Pollution

Chemical and Nuclear Plants Industrial factories Oil refineries Human sewage Oil and antifreeze leaking

from cars Mining Over covered Landfills Deforestation Construction Debris High population density

Major forms of PollutionAir Pollution

Water Pollution

Noise Pollution

Soil Pollution

Light Pollution

Radioactive Pollution

Thermal Pollution

Visual Pollution

Littering

Today’s ScenarioEach One Grow One

Future ScenarioEach One Carry One

Air PollutionAir pollution is the

introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere.

Sources & Effects of Air Pollution Tobacco smoke: heart atacks and cancer Decomposing garbage and open sewers: breeding ground for flies,

mosquitoes, germs and other haarmul bactereia. Piosonous gases: respiratory diseases Acid rain Mining activities: lung and respiratory diseases Carbon monoxide and lead: effects brain and organs like kidney Ozone depletion effect: skin cancer and effects plant life Burning fuel and oil rigs: cancer Green house effect: global warming, melt polar ice and submerge coastal

areas Automobile exhaust: harmful to human health Asthma, Asbestosis are also effects of air pollution

Air Pollution Control

Planting trees Checking automobile

emission Treatment of air

pollution in industries Pollution Control

DevicesElectrostatic precipitatorWet ScrubberCyclone separatorBag House

Water Pollution Water pollution is the contamination

of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater). Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.

Sources of Water Pollution Point Source: due to a single, well

identified starting place like oil spill, drain, etc

Non-point Source: if pollution comes from many sources which cannot be identified such as acid rain, farmer’s field.

Contributors & causes of Water Pollution

Agriculture waste water Factories/Industrial processes Natural factors effects ground

water Oil spills Refineries Mining Trash on common

roads/ground Silt from constuction sites

EFFECTS

Water pollution has damaged the food chainContaminated drinking water causes cholera, typhoid, poor blood pressure, vomiting, and damage to nervous systemPollution in water alter overall chemistry of water, causing a lot of changes in temperature which adversely effects the marine life and destroys it.

Control

Imposing laws to combat water pollution Care of existing trees and planting new

ones to promote penetration of water into soil

Supplementary nutrients in agriculture Domestic sewage Being conscious over selves and

educating younger ones Waste water treatment

Noise Pollution

Noise is any undesirable sound.

Noise pollution is excessive, displeasing human, animal or machine-created environmental noise that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life.

Effects Noise health effects are both health

and behavioral in nature. The unwanted sound is called noise. This unwanted sound can damage physiological and psychological health. Noise pollution can cause annoyance and aggression, hypertension, high stress levels, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects

An impact of noise on animal life is the reduction of usable habitat that noisy areas may cause, which in the case of endangered species may be part of the path to extinction

Control• Source Control: Include source

modification such as acoustic treatment to machine surfaces, design changes, limiting the operational timings

• Transmission Path Intervention: Containing the sources inside a sound insulating enclosure, construction of noise barrier

• Receptor Control: protection on receiver’s side.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Solid Waste can be defined as-’Any garbage, refuse, sludge from a waste treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, including solid, semi solid, liquid or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations.’

• Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal and monitoring of waste materials.

Elements of Waste Management1. Generation Rate: Used to evaluate reuse, recycle feasibility,

processing and disposal requirements.2. On site handling, storage and processing: Onsite preparation

of waste for reuse, recycle, etc.3. Collection: Physical gathering of waste.

4. Transfer and transport: Bulk transport to a processing, recovery or disposal facility.

5. Processing and recovery: recovery of waste as raw material or energy or preparation of waste for disposal.

6. Disposal: Ultimate fate of non-reusable and non-recyclable waste.

Methods of DisposalI. Recycling :

Recycling refers to the widespread collection and reuse of everyday waste materials such as empty containers.

Recycling is processing used materials (waste) into new products to prevent

waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution and water pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emission.

II. Landfill :A landfill site (also known as

dump or rubbish dump), is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment. Historically, landfills have been the most common methods of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world. Gases are produced in landfills due to the anaerobic digestion by microbes on any organic matter. This gas can be collected and flared off or used to generate electricity in a gas fired power plant.

Landfill in Poland

II. Incineration:Incineration is a waste

treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials. Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat and reduces the volume of solid waste to 20-30 percent. Incineration significantly reduces the necessary volume for disposal

incineration plant in Vienna

Land Pollution• Land pollution is the degradation

of Earth's land surfaces often caused by human activities and their misuse of land resources. It occurs when waste is not disposed properly. Health hazard disposal of urban and industrial wastes, exploitation of minerals, and improper use of soil by inadequate agricultural practices are a few factors.

• Causes :Haphazard use of fertilizersUse of pesticides, insecticides, and herbicidesDamping of solid wasteDeforestationMining

• Effects of soil pollutants:Synthetic fertilizer: destroys the microbial plant life in soil,

effecting nitrogen fixationPesticides: take many years to degrade and remains as toxic in

soil, also enter marine environment Industrial effluents: increase toxicity level in the soilUrban waste: garbage, hospital waste, plastic bags

Waste Water TreatmentNatural Water when comes in contact with foreign matters during either

industrial process or domestic use, becomes polluted and is termed as waste water.

The removal of excessively accumulated matters from the waste water is known as treatment.

Waste water

Domestic

Industrial

Pollutants

Organic (diaries, distilleries, paper manufacturing units, oil refineries)

Inorganic (Cement, steel, alkali manufacturing units)

Types of Waste water treatment1. Chemical Treatment

a) Primary Treatmentb) Secondary Treatmentc) Tertiary Treatment

2. Biological Treatment

Chemical Treatment1. Primary Treatment: It involves screening out of large objects like cans,

rags, sticks, plastic packets etc. carried in the sewage stream. Suspended matter are allowed to settle in the primary sedimentation tank. Some chemicals like alum and lime are often added to Industrial waste for coagulation. The sedimented water is further led to another joining chamber for secondary treatment.

2. Secondary Treatment: The whole contents are thoroughly aerated in order to bring down the BOD(bio-chemical oxygen demand) load from 400ppm to 30ppm and then finally to 0ppm.

3. Tertiary Treatment: It involves the treatment of water containing phosphate and nitrogen. It includes processes like: Coagulation Filtration Membrane separation process, etc

Industrial Pollution Industries generate a lot of

wastes which spoil our ecosystem.

Industries causes all types of pollution like soil pollution, water pollution, air pollution, etc.

Industrial pollution control mainly includes steps to reduce present and future air pollution control, product or waste heat recovery by:

Adhering to the government regulations.

Creating green zones in factories. Identify and select right type device

or system, it could be a stand alone or fully engineered complete packaged for pollution control.

The best method for any type of waste treatment is to recycle or to recover the pollutants from the waste. It ensures conservation of environmental resources, reduces the cost of production, creates opportunity for employment, besides considerable eliminating the load of pollution.

Chemical Pollution Chemical Pollution is caused due to

contamination of the environment due to chemicals byproduct.

It may originate from industrial areas as well as from anywhere where there are people.

Its major effect is on marine or soil composition.

Various chemical waste are: Industrial Chemical waste Oil Sewage disposal in water

Government Initiatives for Environment

• The government is not just the protector of the environment but also has a major responsibility for sustaining environmental conscience.

• In India, the Ministry of Environment and Forest is the main nodal agency for generating environmental consciousness and making and implementing schemes for environmental protection.

• The government’s policy focuses to check land and water degradation through waste land management and restoration of river water quality programs.

• The policy also focuses to provide for conservation of natural resources by declaration of reserved forests, biosphere reserve and protection of endangered species.

• It also makes laws and acts for environment protection and strictly implementing them.

SOCIAL AND INDIVIDUAL

INITIATIVES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION

THANK YOU