Political Studies Power Point

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POLITICAL STUDIES Political Systems



POLITICS

Politics from politikos in Greek ("of, for, or relating to

citizens") as a term is generally applied to the art of

running governmental or state affairs, including

behaviour within civil governments. It consists of

"social relations involving authority or power and tothe methods and tactics used to formulate and apply

policy.

Modern political discourse focuses on democracy and

the relationship between people and politics. It isthought of as the way we "choose government officials

and make decisions about public policy".



M AJOR POLITICAL PHILOSPHIES: CONSERVATISM

Conservatism is a political and social philosophy

that promotes retaining traditional social

institutions. A person who follows the philosophies

of conservatism is referred to as a traditionalist or

conservative. Some conservatives seek to preservethings as they are, emphasizing stability and

continuity, while others oppose modernism and seek

a return to "the way things were".



M AJOR POLITICAL PHILOSPHIES: SOCIALISM

Socialism is an economic system characterised by

social ownership of the means of production and co-

operative management of the economy and a political

philosophy advocating such a system. "Social

ownership" may refer to cooperative enterprises,common ownership, direct public ownership or

autonomous state enterprises. A socialist economic

system would consist of an organization of production

to directly satisfy economic demands and human

needs, so that goods and services would be produceddirectly for use instead of for private profit driven by

the accumulation of capital. Distribution of output

would be based on the principle of individual

contribution.



M AJOR POLITICAL PHILOSPHIES: LIBERALISM

Liberalism is a broad political ideology or

worldview founded on the ideas of liberty and

equality Liberals espouse a wide array of views

depending on their understanding of these

principles, but generally liberals support ideas such

as capitalism constitutionalism, liberal democracy,

free press, free and fair elections, human rights,and the free exercise of religion]The early liberal

thinker John Locke, who is often credited for the

creation of liberalism as a distinct philosophical

tradition, employed the concept of rulers beingsubject to the consent of the governed, and that

private individuals had a fundamental right to life,

liberty, and property.



M AJOR POLITICAL PHILOSPHIES: FEMINISM

Feminism is a collection of movements and

ideologies aimed at defining, establishing, and

defending equal political, economic, and social

rights for women. In addition, feminism seeks to

establish equal opportunities for women ineducation and employment. A feminist is "an

advocate or supporter of the rights and equality

of women. Feminism is mainly focused on

women's issues, but because feminism seeksgender equality, some feminists argue that men's

liberation is a necessary part of feminism, and

that men are also harmed by sexism and gender

roles.



M AJOR POLITICAL PHILOSOPHIES: FUNDAMENTALISM

Fundamentalism is the demand for a strict

adherence to specific theological doctrines. The

term "fundamentalism" was originally coined by

its supporters to describe a specific package of

theological beliefs that developed into amovement within the Protestant community of

the United States in the early part of the 20th

century. The term usually has a religious

connotation indicating unwavering attachment toa set of irreducible beliefsas in the phrase "right-

wing fundamentalists.



ENVIRONMENTALISM

Environmentalism is a broad philosophy, ideology andsocial movement regarding concerns for environmentalconservation and improvement of the health of theenvironment, particularly as the measure for this healthseeks to incorporate the concerns of non-human elements.Environmentalism advocates the preservation, restoration

and/or improvement of the natural environment, and maybe referred to as a movement to control pollution. For thisreason, concepts such as a land ethic, environmental ethics,biodiversity, and ecology. At its crux, environmentalism isan attempt to balance relations between humans and thevarious natural systems on which they depend in such away that all the components are accorded a proper degreeof respect. The exact nature of this balance is controversialand there are many different ways for environmentalconcerns to be expressed in practice. Environmentalismand environmental concerns are often represented by thecolor green



M AJOR POLITICAL PHILOSPHIES 4

Postcolonialism comprises methods of intellectualdiscourse that present analyses of, and responses to,the cultural legacies of colonialism and of imperialism, which draw from different post-modernschools of thought, such as critical theory. In the field

of anthropology, post-colonial studies record thehuman relations among the colonial nations and thepeoples of the colonies they had ruled and exploited.To present the ideology and the praxis of (neo)colonialism, post-colonial critical theory draws from,illustrates, and explains with examples from the

humanities — history, architecture, anthropology, thecinema, feminism, human geography, linguistics,Marxist theory, philosophy, political science,sociology, religion and theology, and post-colonialliterature.



Neoliberalism is a label for economic

liberalizations, free trade and open markets.

Neoliberalism supports the privatization of

nationalized industries, deregulation, and

enhancing the role of the private sector inmodern society. It is commonly informed by

neoclassical or Austrian economics. The term

neoliberal today is often used as a general

condemnation of economic liberalization policiesand advocates. Neoliberalism shares many

concepts with mainstream schools of economic

thought.



POWER STRUCTURE

Confederal

Federal

Hegemony

Imperial Unitary



CONFEDERATION

A confederation in modern political terms is apermanent union of political units for commonaction in relation to other units. Some looserconfederations are similar to intergovernmental

organisations while tighter confederations mayresemble federations.

In a non-political context, confederation is usedto describe a type of organization which

consolidates authority from other autonomous (orsemi-autonomous) bodies. Examples includesports confederations or confederations of pan-European trades unions.



FEDERAL

A federation a union of partially self governing states or regions united by acentral (federal) government. In a federation, the self-governing status of thecomponent states, as well as the division of power between them and thecentral government, are typically constitutionally entrenched.

The governmental or constitutional structure found in a federation is known as

federalism. It can be considered the opposite of another system, the unitarystate. Germany with sixteen lander is an example of a federation, whereasneighbouring Austria was a unitary state with administrative divisions thatbecame federated, and neighbouring France by contrast has always beenunitary.

Federations may be multi ethnic and cover a large area of territory (eg. India),

although neither is necessarily the case. The initial agreements create astability that encourages other common interests, brings the disparateterritories closer, and gives them all even more common ground. The UnitedStates is an example of a federal state. Under the U.S. Constitution, power isshared between the U.S. federal government and the U.S. States.



HEGEMONY

Hegemony is an indirect form of government of imperialdominance in which the hegemon (leader state) rules sub-ordinate states by the implied means of power, the threat of the threat, rather than by direct military force.[One socialclass can manipulate the values of a society, in order to createand establish a ruling class

In hegemony, imperial dominance is established by means of cultural imperialism, whereby the leader state (hegemon)dictates the internal politics and the societal character of thesub-ordinate states that constitute the hegemonic sphere of influence; either by an internal, sponsored government or byan external, installed government.

Under hegemony, rebellion (social, political, economic, armed)is eliminated either by co-optation of the rebels or bysuppression (police and military), without direct interventionby the hegemon; the examples are the latter-stage Spanishand British empires, and the 19th- and 20th-century reichs of unified Germany (1871 – 1945).



IMPERIAL Politically, an empire is a geographically extensive group of states

and peoples (ethnic groups) united and ruled either by a monarch(emperor, empress) or an oligarchy.

Aside from the traditional usage, the term empire can be used inan extended sense to denote a large-scale business enterprise (e.g.a transnational corporation), or a political organisation of either

national-, regional- or city scale, controlled either by a person (apolitical boss) or a group authority (political bosses)

An imperial political structure is established and maintained intwo ways: (i) as a territorial empire of direct conquest and controlwith force (direct, physical action to compel the emperor's goals),and (ii) as a coercive, hegemonic empire of indirect conquest andcontrol with power (the perception that the emperor can physically enforce his desired goals). Territorial empires (e.g. theMongol Empire, the Median Empiree The term on occasion hasbeen applied to maritime empires, (e.g. the Athenian and BritishEmpires) with looser structures and more scattered territories.



UNITARY

A unitary state is a state governed as one single unit in which thecentral government is supreme and any administrativedivisions(subnational units) exercise only powers that their centralgovernment chooses to delegate. The great majority of states in theworld have a unitay system.

Unitary states are contrasted with federal states(federations): Although political power in unitary states may be delegated through

devolution to local government by statute the central governmentremains supreme; it may abrogate the acts of devolved governmentsor curtail their powers.

The United Kingdom is an example of a unitary state. Scotland,Wales, and Northern Ireland which, along with England are the fourconstituent countries of the United Kingdom, have a degree of autonomous devolved power – the Scottish Government and Scottish

Parliament in Scotland, the Welsh Government and National Assembly for Wales in Wales, and the Northern Ireland Executiveand Northern Ireland Assembly in Northern Ireland. But suchdevolved power is only delegated by Britain's central government,more specifically by the Parliament of the United Kingdom



DEMOCRACY

government by the people; a form of government in which thesupreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by themor by their elected agents under a free electoral system.

Representative democracy in which people vote for representatives

who then vote on policy initiatives. Many countries that arerepresentative democracies allow for three forms of political actionthat provide limited direct democracy: referendum (plebiscite),initiative, and recall. Elected people representing a group of people,as opposed to direct democracy. For example, two countries which userepresentative democracy are the United Kingdom (a constitutionalmonarchy) and Germany (a federal republic).

Direct democracy (or pure democracy) is a form of democracy in whichpeople vote on policy initiatives directly, representative democracy inwhich people vote for representatives who then vote on policyinitiatives. Depending on the particular system in use, it mightentail passing executive decisions, making laws, directly electing ordismissing officials and conducting trials.



MONARCHY (A BSOLUTE)

Absolute monarchy is monarch that exercises ultimategoverning authority as head of state and head of governmenthis or her powers are not limited by a constitution or by thelaw. An absolute monarch wields unrestricted political powerover the sovereign state and its people. Absolute monarchiesare often hereditary but other means of transmission of power

are attested. Absolute monarchy differs from limitedmonarchy in which the monarch’s authority is legally bound orrestricted by a constitution consequently, an absolute monarchis an autocrat.

In theory, the absolute monarch exercises total power over theland and its subject people, yet in practice the monarchy iscounterbalanced by political groups from among the social

classes and castes of the realm: Some monarchies have weakor symbolic parliaments and other governmental bodies thatthe monarch can alter or dissolve at will. Countries where themonarch still maintains absolute powerare Brunei, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Araba, Swaziland,and Vatican City (elected monarch).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaziland

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaziland





MONARCHY (CONSTITUTIONAL)

Constitutional monarchy (or limited monarchy) is a

form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a constitution whether it bea written, uncodified or blended constitution. This form of government differs from absolute monarchy in which anabsolute monarch serves as the source of power in the stateand is not legally bound by any constitution and has thepowers to regulate his or her respective government.

Most constitutional monarchies employ a parliamentarysystem in which the monarch may have strictly ceremonialduties or may have reserve powers, depending on theconstitution. Under most modern constitutionalmonarchies there is also a prime minister who is the headof government and exercises effective political power.

Contemporary constitutional monarchiesinclude: Andorra, Belgium, Bhutan, Bahrain, Cambodia,Denmark, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Monaco,Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Tonga, United ArabEmirates, United Kingdom

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg







http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates










http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom













http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain

















http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain






OLIGARCHY

Aristocracy

Bureaucracy

Meritocracy

Military Junta

Plutocracy

Stratocracy

Technocracy

Timocracy



OLIGARCHY

Oligarchy (is a form of power structure in whichpower effectively rests with a small number of people.These people could be distinguished by royalty,wealth, family ties, education, corporate, or militarycontrol. Such states are often controlled by a fewprominent families who pass their influence from onegeneration to the next.

Throughout history, oligarchies have been tyrannical(relying on public servitude to exist) or relativelybenign. Aristotle pioneered the use of the term as asynonym for rule by the rich, for which the exact term

is plutocracy, but oligarchy is not always a rule bywealth, as oligarchs can simply be a privileged group,and do not have to be connected by bloodlines as in amonarchy. Some] city-states from ancient Greece wereoligarchies.



OLIGARCHY :

A RISTOCRACY AND BUREAUCRACY

Aristocracy is a form of government in which a fewelite citizens rule. In originin Ancient Greece, it wasconceived of as rule by thebest qualified citizens, and

contrasted with monarchy.In later times, aristocracywas usually seen as ruleby a privileged group (thearistocratic class), andcontrasted with democracy

Bureaucracy is a group of non-elected officials of agovernment or organizationthat implements the rules,laws, ideas, and functions of their institution. In other

words, they take over therule of the legislature, or ademocratically-electedrepresentation of a nation[Bureaucracy is defined as aform of government:“government by manybureaus, administrators,and petty officials .



MERITOCRACY AND MILITARY JUNTA

Meritocracy, is a system of government or other administrationwherein appointments andresponsibilities are objectivelyassigned to individuals based upontheir "merits", namely intelligence,credentials, and education,[

determined through evaluations orexaminations. The "most commondefinition of meritocracyconceptualizes merit in terms of tested competency and ability, andmost likely as measured by IQ orstandardized achievementtests."Supporters of meritocracies

do not necessarily agree on thenature of "merit", however they tendto agree that "merit" itself should bea primary consideration duringevaluation.

Military Junta A junta ormilitary junta (is agovernment led by a committeeof military leaders. The termderives from the Spanishlanguage junta meaningcommittee or meeting,

specifically a board of directors.Sometimes it becomes amilitary dictatorship thoughthe terms are not synonymous.



PLUTOCRACY AND STRATOCRACY

Plutocracy (also known asplutonomy or plutarchy, isrule by the wealthy or powerprovided by wealth.

Stratocracy A stratocracy (s a formof government headed by militarychiefs; the term is derived from twoGreek terms signifying army and

power.[It is not the same as a militarydictatorship where the military'spolitical power is not enforced or even

supported by other laws. Rather,stratocracy is a form of militarygovernment in which the state and themilitary are traditionally the samething and government positions arealways occupied by military leaders.The military's political power issupported by law and the society. As

such a stratocracy does not have to beautocratic by nature in order topreserve its right to rule.



TECHNOCRACY AND TIMOCRACY

Technocracy is a form of government in which experts intechnology would be in control of all decision making. Scientists,engineers and technologists whohave knowledge, expertise, orskills, would compose the

governing body, instead of politicians ,businessmen ,andeconomists. In a technocracy,decision makers would be selectedbased upon how knowledgeableand skilful they are in their field.The term technocracy wasoriginally used to designate the

application of the scientificmethod to solving social problems,in counter distinction to thetraditional economic political orphilosophic approaches.

timocracy is either: a state whereonly property owners mayparticipate in government or agovernment in which love of honouris the ruling principle. The moreextreme forms of timocracy, wherepower derives from wealth rather

than honor, may shift in their formand become a plutocracy where thewealthy and powerful use theirpower to entrench their wealth.



OTHERS

Anarchy typically is used to refer to a society without apublicly enforced government or violently enforced politicalauthority.[ When used in this sense, anarchy may or may notbe intended to imply political disorder or lawlessness within asociety. It implies a system of governance, that goes to lengthsto avoid the use of coercion, violence, force and authority,

while still producing a productive and desirable society. Authoritarianism is a form of social organization

characterized by submission to authority as well as theadministration of said authority. In politics, an authoritariangovernment is one in which political authority is concentratedin a small group of politicians. It is usually opposed toindividualism and libertarianism.

An autocracy is a system of government in which a supremepolitical power is concentrated in the hands of one person,whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraintsnor regularized mechanisms of popular control (exceptperhaps for the implicit threat of coup d'état or massinsurrection.



OTHER FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

Despotism is a form of government in which a singleentity rules with absolute power.

A dictatorship is defined as an autocratic form of government in which the government is ruled by anindividual: a dictator.

Kritarchy refers to the rule of judges

A republic is a form of government in which the country isconsidered a "public matter" not the private concern orproperty of the rulers, and where offices of states aresubsequently directly or indirectly elected or appointedrather than inherited. Not ruled by a monarch

Theocracy is a form of government in which official policy

is governed by immediate divine guidance or by officialswho are regarded as divinely guided, or is pursuant to thedoctrine of a particular religion or religious group

Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a politicalsystem where the state holds total authority over societyand seeks to control all aspects of public and private lifewherever feasible

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