What is pneumonia?

PNEUMONIA

PREPARED & PRESENTED BY:GROUP NO.1Ms. Vandana DubeyMs. Priti TawdeMr. Narendra DaundkarMr. Khandu Chaudhari

UNDER GUIDANCE OF:Ms. Sheetal MamPNEUMONIAOUTLINESIntroductionSigns and SymptomsEtiologyDiagnosisComplicationsTreatmentGeneral Management

PNEUMONIAPneumonia is an infection in one or both of your lungs. Characterized primarily by inflammation of the alveoli in the lungs (alveoli are microscopic sacs in the lungs that absorb oxygen).

TYPES OF PNEUMONIAPneumonia affects your lungs in two Ways .

According to areas involved :

Lobar pneumonia : affects a section (lobe) of a lung.

Bronchial pneumonia (Bronchopneumonia) :affects patches throughout both lungs.

LOBAR PNEUMONIA

Lobar Pneumonia

BRONCHOPNEUMONIA

(Bronchitis and Pneumonia occur together)SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

High fever, Shaking Chills Shortness of breath (Dyspnoea)Increased breathing rate Chest pain when you breathe deeply or coughDusky or purplish skin colour (cyanosis) from poorly oxygenated bloodFatigue and muscle achesNausea, vomiting or diarrhoeaCough, particularly cough productive of sputum

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Streptococcus pneumoniae: Rust-colored sputumPseudomonas, Haemophilus, and pneumococcal species: May produce green sputumKlebsiella species pneumonia: Red currant-jelly sputumAnaerobic infections: Often produce foul-smelling or bad-tasting sputum

Newborns and infants may not show any sign of the infection. Or they may vomit, have a fever and cough, appear restless or tired and without energy, or have difficulty breathing and eating.

Older people who have pneumonia sometimes have sudden changes in mental awareness.

ETIOLOGYBacteria : Streptococcus pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Neisseria meningitidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae , Pneumocystis jiroveci .

Viruses : Influenza virus, Adenoviruses, Rhinovirus

Mycoplasmas : They are not classified as to whether they are bacteria or viruses, but they have traits of both.

Other infectious agents, such as fungi : Pneumocystis carini

Various Chemicals

Who gets Pneumonia?

Cigarette smoking Recent viral respiratory infectiona cold, laryngitis, influenza etc. Difficulty swallowing (due to stroke, dementia, Parkinson's disease, or other neurological conditions) Chronic lung disease such as COPD, bronchietasis or cystic fibrosis Other serious illnesses, such as heart disease, liver cirrhosis, or diabetes Living in a nursing facility Impaired consciousness (loss of brain function due to dementia, stroke, or other neurologic conditions)

DIAGNOSISChest X-raysBlood testsSputum testBronchoscopyPulse oximetryCOMPLICATIONSBacteria in the bloodstream (bacteremia)Lung abscess.Build up of fluid in the space between the lung and chest wall (pleural effusion).Difficulty breathing.Shock and respiratory failureSeptic arthritisEndocarditis

TREATMENTMost people can be treated at home.If pneumonia becomes so severe that treatment is in the hospital, you may receive fluids and antibiotics in your veins, oxygen therapy, and possibly breathing treatments.Viral Pneumonia: Anti-virals like Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza)Bacterial pneumonia: Patients with mild pneumonia who are otherwise healthy are treated with oral macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin, clarithromycin, or erythromycin).Patients with other serious illnesses, such as heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or emphysema, kidney disease, or diabetes are often given more powerful and/or higher dose antibiotics.ANTIBIOTICSPenicillin: common penicillins used to treat pneumonia- Amoxicillin(Amoxil)Amoxicillin-clavulanate(Augmentin)Ampicillin(Rimacillin)Benzylpenicillin(Crystapen)Piperacillin-tazobactam(Tazocin)Ticarcillin-clavulanate(Timentin).

There is a risk of a type of jaundice if you take amoxicillin-clavulanate.(affects liver function)

Contd..2. Macrolides: Often prescribed. Interference with other medicines.Stomach cramps and can damage liver if taken for long time.

Common macrolides used are-Azithromycin(Zithromax)Clarithromycin(Klaricid)Erythromycin(Erymax,Erythrocin).

3. Ceftaroline, a cephalosporin, is newly approved for the treatment against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (S.) aureus(MRSA) and multidrug-resistantStreptococcus pneumoniae.

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)Levofloxacin (Levaquin)Gemifloxacin (Factive)

Side effects include-Nervous system, mental, and heart problemsSensitivity to lightPregnant women should not take these medications.

MANAGEMENT OF PNEUMONIADon't smoke. Practice good hygiene. Stay rested and fit. Wearing surgical masks by the sick may also prevent illness.Appropriately treating underlying illnesses (such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes mellitus, and malnutrition) can decrease the risk of pneumonia.Get a Pneumonia Vaccination.

VACCINATIONPneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar): For children less than 2 years of age or between two and four years with certain medical conditions.

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (Pneumovax) : Adults who are at increased risk of developing pneumococcal pneumonia, such as the elderly, diabetics, those with chronic heart, lung, or kidney disease, alcoholics, smokers, and those without a spleen.