PMKSY: Implementation Pathways and Options

Tushaar Shah

and Shilp Verma

|| 07-Sep-2016 || Ranchi ||

About IWMI-Tata Program

• ITP has operated as an ‘irrigation-agriculture-poverty’ think-tank for past 15 years

• ITP has closely studied important irrigation interventions in various states.

• It has written about what has worked, where and why in the irrigation playing field (and what has not).

• PMKSY is a subject of intense ITP study

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Irri

ga

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Are

a (

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Canals Tanks

Wells Other Sources

Type I Irrigation Type II Irrigation

Public / CPR Private / Group / Market

Single system may service 20 – 1.5 mha Typically serves 1 – 20 ha

Endemic Head – Tail Inequity Rare

Level of service tied to bureaucratic effectivenessImmune to bureaucratic lethargy;

Affected by fuel prices or feeder anarchy

Surface Ground / Surface / Surface Flow

Gravity flow in open channels Piped delivery; mechanical or kinetic energy

Unsuited for MI without pressure Ready for MI

6-12 on-farm deliveries /year On-Demand; throughout

Farming adapts to irrigation regime Irrigation regime adapts to farming

HAR KHET KO PANI?LESSONS FROM IRRIGATION SUCCESS IN

GUJARAT AND MADHYA PRADESH AFTER 2000

Tushaar Shah

Irrigation Miracle in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh post 2001

• The battle cry of BJP 2014 electoral manifesto: Har Hath Ko Kam, Har Khet Ko Pani

• BJP’s spectacular irrigation performance in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh since 2001 (10%+ agricultural growth)

• PMKSY should emulate BJP irrigation strategies that worked in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.

Har Khet Ko Pani:BJP’s Commitment

PMKSY: A Break from the Past?

• Since Colonial times, irrigation policy has aimed at creating irrigation potential by building major, medium and minor irrigation projects.

• Even after Rs 700,000 crores in these, 6.8 crore out of India’s 13.85 crore farms today are totally rainfed.

• Har Khet Ko Pani means supplemental irrigation to these 6.8 crore farm holdings in 3-5 years time-frame?

the Farmers are demanding

year-round, on-farm water control.

TYPE I TYPE II

IRRIGATION

SERVICE

5-6 IRRIGATIONS/YEAR IRRIGATION-ON-DEMAND, ALL YEAR-

ROUND

IRRIGATION

SYSTEM

RESERVOIR/TANK/

CANAL/CHANNELS/

GRAVITY FLOW

WELLS/TUBEWELLS/

PUMPS/PIPES/MICRO-IRRIGATION

COMMAND AREA UP TO TO 15 LAKH

HECTARES

1-20 HECTARES

WHO MANAGES GOVERNMENT/ WATER

USER ASSOCIATION

INDIVIDUAL FARMER/WATER

SELLER/SMALL GROUP

GOVERNMENT

POLICIES/

INTERVENTIONS

AIBP/MMM IRRIGATION

PROJECTS/PARTICIPATO

RY IRRIGATION

MANAGEMENT

MILLION WELLS

SCHEME/ELECTRIFICATION OF

WELLS/MICRO-IRRIGATION PROMOTION/

SOLAR PUMP/GW RECHARGE

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Net irrigated area of India

Canals Tanks Groundwater Other sources

Canals Type I

Tanks type I

Wells &tubewells type II

Since 1985, Irrigation type I is stagnating; Irrigation Type II is

booming all over India

% of cultivated area irrigated

But Jharkhand, Chhatigarh, Bihar,

Orissa, Assam have ample

rainfall

Western Rajasthan and Kutch have little

rainfall

Rapid increase in the index of net area irrigated in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh under BJP governments post-2001;

unprecedented in India and the whole world.

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2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Figure 5.2 Index of Net Area Irrigated from all Sources (2000-01=100)

Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Maharashtra India

Madhya Pradesh

Gujarat

India

Maharashtra

Andhra Pradesh

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Figure 5.1 Index of Canal Irrigated area (2000-01=100)

Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Maharashtra India

Gujarat

Madhya Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh

Maharashtra

India

BJP governments in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh recognized the criticality of Type II irrigation.

Madhya Pradesh: NSS survey results of % of cultivated area under irrigation by different sources 2003 and 2013

1.13

28.13

5.09

34.35

6.48

16.56

0.96

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3.78

34.73

8.2

46.71

21.12

63.36

3.52

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Govt. canals wells and tubewells Other sources All sources

Figure 4 INCREASE IN % OF CULTIVATED AREA UNDER IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES IN MADHYA PRADESH:

COMPARING NSSO ROUND 59 (2002-3) WITH NSSO ROUND 70 (2012-13)

Kharif 2003 Kharif 2013 Rabi 2003 Rabi 2013

Madhya Pradesh: Remote-sensing images of increase in land-cover ‘greenness’ between

winter 2009 and winter 2014

Remote sensing assessment of changes in single, double and triple cropping areas in Gujarat

between 2003-4 and 2010-11

11.09

5.53

1.38

12.51

8.96

2.17

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Monsoon Rabi Summer

Gujarat: RS estimates of increase in cropped area:

2003-4 to 2010-11

Area cropped 2003-04 ( million hectares)

Area cropped in 2010-11 (Million Hectares)

It is commonly believed that irrigation increase in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh

was due to new projects in Narmada basin; but not true..

Madhya Pradesh: Canal Irrigation increase was in all basins, not only Narmada

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Figure 3 Area reported to be irrigated by public canals in different river basins of Madhya Pradesh: 2011-12 to 2013-14

Total 2011-12 Total 2012-13 Total 2013-14

Single crop

Double crop

Tripplecrop

Perennial crop

In Gujarat, area outside Sardar Sarovar Command experienced more irrigation growth than command

other governments BJP in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh

Irrigation potential creation Benefit to farm households

Large projects, distant benefit Small investments, quick benefits

Major, Medium, Minor Irrigation schemes

Groundwater wells backed by aggressive recharge programs

Free power, but no power Reliable energy for irrigation

Construction of new mega projects Management of existing projects

Build-neglect-rebuild maintenance of existing infrastructure

No attention to groundwater recharge

Groundwater recharge in campaign mode

Lip service paid to new technologies but small budget allocation

Smart promotion of new-age technologies like micro-irrigation and solar irrigation pumps

Key Take-aways

1. Quick results

2. Energy for irrigation

3. Decentralized groundwater recharge

4. Maintenance of infrastructure

5. Management of public projects

6. Convergence of water, agriculture, RD, WS&S

7. CM’s & CS’s role in vigorous monitoring and coordination

Thank You…

Re-thinking PMKSY

Practical ways forward for India’s “unirrigated half”

District Clusters…

Different geographies have different hydro-ecological and socio-economic conditions…and would require different interventions…

India’s Unirrigated Half: Primary Target for PMKSY

Cluster # 1: Less than 30% irrigated holdingsCluster # 2: Irrigation constrained by absence of electricity and high cost of dieselCluster # 3: Irrigation constrained by inadequate and unreliable power supply

Quick Recap…

• Changing nature of India’s irrigation economy

• Type I and Type II irrigation

• India’s most irrigation deprived districts

• In its current shape, PMKSY unlikely to target “irrigation deprivation”

• Different district clusters face different problems and require different solutions

• Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh have shown the way with several innovations

• New opportunities such as solar irrigation pumps are inevitably going to reshape India’s irrigation economy

Contours of Deprivation in Jharkhand

Irrigation, Agriculture, Livelihoods

Mean Annual Rainfall and Irrigation

High rainfall, low storage, very little irrigation…

Groundwater Development and Energy Use

Surplus Groundwater, low density of structures, very little energy use in agriculture

Cropping Intensity and Agricultural Productivity

As a result, low cropping intensity and agricultural productivity, both per hectare and per worker

Irrigation Status in Jharkhand

• As against Ultimate Irrigation Potential, the total Irrigation Potential Created (IPC) and Irrigation Potential Utilised (IPU) in Jharkhand stands at 43% and 70% respectively

– The national numbers are 73% and 84%

• At present the major share of AIBP in the state goes to Suvernarekha Multipurpose Project (SMP) that intends to benefit two districts at a cost of ₹6,600 Cr.

• 16 out of the total 18 districts are a part of the most irrigation-deprived geography of India

Jharkhand INDIATop 20

Districts

Percentage Irrigated Area 10% 41% 86%

Percentage Canal Irrigated Area 0.1% 11% 14%

Percentage GW Irrigated Area 8% 28% 67%

Percentage Rainfed Holdings 85% 48% 12%

Cropping Intensity 1.10 1.37 1.84

Level of Groundwater Development 32% 61% 92%

GW Wells per 1000 Operational Holdings 58 146 203

Pump HP per 100 Ha NSA 19 89 174

Energy Consumption in Agriculture (kWh-equivalent per Ha of NSA)

122 504 1152

Agricultural Productivity (Rs/Ha) 26,088 27,584 74,201

Irrigation Deprivation in Jharkhand…

All Classes SC ST

Average Land Holding Size (Ha) 1.23 0.91 1.52

Percentage GCA under Irrigation (%) 9.61% 13.16% 6.84%

Irrigation Deprivation within Jharkhand…

Even within Jharkhand, Adivasi’s are the most irrigation deprived social group…

PMKSY implementation in Jharkhand

Can it ensure ‘Har Khet Ko Pani’? How?

Key Points

~190,000 wells can be created across all the districts (except in Dhanbad) without threatening GW sustainability

Creation of these wells will add 1.0-1.3 mha (5-7ha per well) to the region’s gross irrigated area at a cost of Rs. 950 crores (assuming 1 well costs Rs. 50,000)

These will add twice the NIA expected to be added by the Suvernarekha multi-purpose project (SMP) at 1/7th

of the cost

Tank-groundwater conjunctive use can be made possible by restoring available tank capacity

Potential for Sustainable GW Development

District-wise GW Development Opportunity

DISTRICTAnnual

GW Available

Current GW Use in Agri.

Current TOTAL

GW Use

Level of GW

Devt.

Dom. + Ind. GW Demand

2025

Mean GW Draft per Well (m3)

PotentialNew Wells

(70% GWD)

BOKARO 230.81 54.88 79.62 34.5 35.75 10,911 4,233

CHATRA 287.72 88.86 102.60 35.7 22.62 6,734 11,312

DEOGHAR 237.33 55.27 82.82 34.9 47.83 9,472 3,746

DHANBAD 149.43 37.15 83.38 55.8 57.80 11,066 -

DUMKA 435.98 89.03 122.51 28.1 43.97 2,760 50,247

GARHWA 309.86 92.21 112.48 36.3 29.25 34,027 2,209

GIRIDIH 436.95 123.08 162.21 37.1 52.45 19,651 4,641

GODDA 142.71 43.69 64.21 45.0 24.14 9,377 1,231

GUMLA 663.07 161.14 188.23 28.4 38.06 11,185 21,266

HAZARIBAG 468.85 142.59 194.42 41.5 64.23 22,680 3,067

KODARMA 75.72 18.18 27.03 35.7 12.86 5,357 2,448

LOHARDAGA 100.58 34.98 41.25 41.0 9.48 8,030 2,450

PAKAUR 137.83 7.85 20.41 14.8 18.97 4,249 13,439

PALAMU 602.93 154.05 190.64 31.6 53.75 12,645 14,048

PASHCHIMI SINGHBHUM 542.07 17.54 74.58 13.8 78.72 6,563 34,458

PURBI SINGHBHUM 291.00 31.38 66.05 22.7 38.37 19,178 5,177

RANCHI 516.94 151.32 218.38 42.2 98.84 7,373 6,055

SAHIBGANJ 132.28 9.57 30.70 23.2 31.59 4,934 6,142

JHARKHAND 5,762.06 1,312.77 1,861.52 758.69 186,170

Horticulture

Vegetable and Upland crops

Well + Pump

Cereal crop stabilization

Up-lands

Low-lands

Mid-lands

Borrowing from CInI…

Solar Pumps in JharkhandTo meet energy needs; to sustainably develop GW

• There are only 6% un-electrified villages but 62.9 % of HHs still live in dark.• Irrigation Structure Scarcity & Energy Scarcity

• Subsidy- Rs. 110/Wp up to maximum of Rs. 2.5 lakh can be reduced by private investment and financial products

15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20Total (MW)

MW Power Plant 100 250 250 500 500 2100

Rooftop 25 50 100 125 200 500

Solar Pumps Sanctioned 1500; 5 kWp 7.5

Digging more WellsFlat Rate

ElectricityMetered

Electricity GW Depletion

issue

Interventions to re-organize GW economy

Localized power generation to run irrigation pumps and injecting surplus electricity in the local grid-• Electricity to houses• Income to farmers,• Value attached to GW to avoid over-exploitation

Fig 1: Usual way of powering agriculture

Fig 2: As per Solar Policy of the state

Recommendations for PMKSY in Jharkhand

• Focus on “unirrigated holdings” in most-deprived districts and give priority to “Adivasi” holdings– ITP, CInI and Tata Trusts can help in finer level clustering

• Prioritize Type II over Type I irrigation for cost-effective irrigation expansion

• Support farmers to acquire wells, pumps and water delivery systems

• Support decentralized water harvesting and groundwater recharge activities at watershed level

• First ensure access to Type II irrigation, then invest in drip irrigation and other improved irrigation technologies

RaCE Irrigation Expansion Program

• Leverage MGNREGA for constructing ~200k private wells

• Leverage solar-PV opportunities for meeting rural energy needs and sustainably developing groundwater

• Solarize Public Tubewells through Irrigation Service Entrepreneurs

• Support irrigation distribution infrastructure for catalysing equitable irrigation service enterprises

• Invest in decentralized water harvesting and groundwater recharge

• Maximize conjunctive use in canal and tank commands

Irrigation Source, Water Control

Pumping/ Energy Needs

Distribution Systems

Recharge, Watershed,

Micro Irrigation

THANK YOU…