PM Presentation 20[1].03

8/6/2019 PM Presentation 20[1].03

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CAD System

A CAD system is a combination of hardware andsoftware that enables engineers and architectsto design everything.

CAD systems require: software, high-qualitygraphics monitor; a mouse, light pen, ordigitizing tablet for drawing; and a special printeror plotter for printing design specifications.

CAD systems allow an engineer to view a designfrom any angle with the push of a button and tozoom in or out for close-ups and long-distanceviews.


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CAD Software History

1960s: It was more than 2,300 years after Euclidthat the first true CAD software, a very innovativesystem (although of course primitive compared totoday's CAD software) called Sketchpad" was

developed by Ivan Sutherland as part oh his PhDthesis at MIT in the early 1960s. Sketchpad wasespecially innovative CAD software because thedesigner interacted with the computer graphicallyby using a light pen to draw on the computer'smonitor.

1970s: The 1970s started with simple 2D CADsoftware programs such as CADAM but researchand commercial interest in 3D CAD software wasrapidly gaining momentum and one of the mostinfluential pieces of research of the decade was in

complex 3D surface modeling for CAD software


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CAD Software History

In the period 1990 - 1993, some of the largestcontracts in CAD software history werecompeted for and won. Pratt & Whitneystandardized on Unigraphics, as did GE AircraftEngines. Mercedes-Benz, Chrysler, Renault and

Honda standardized on CATIA. 37 years after Ivan Sutherland published his

SketchPad thesis, the CAD software industryhad clearly entered what Clayton Christensenwould term its period of "sustainingtechnologies".

End of the 1980s, first-generation RISC processors and high-performance real-time 3D full-color rendering were setting thebenchmark in the hardware market. HP and Sun emerged as thestrongest general purpose workstation vendors with SGI dominatingthe 3D graphics workstation market. DEC was by then desperatelysearching for ways to regain its early 1980s dominance and IBM was

shortly to face some of the biggest losses in US corporate history.


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CAD software packagesrange from 2D vector-based drafting systemsto 3D solid and surfacemodellers

Geometric modellingare categorised into two

types:a. Two dimensional (2D)

b. Three- dimensional (3D)

Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use ofcomputer technology to aid in the design andparticularly the drafting of a part or product, includingentire buildings.

Design

Analysis

Ideas

Production

Geometric

Modelling


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2D Computer Aided Design

It lets you create views from

above, below or from the side. This kind of CAD is used a lot

in designing room layouts,such as an architect or a

kitchen designer may want todo.

A landscape gardener coulduse a 2D CAD package to

design the layout of a garden.

2D CAD software lets you create drawings in 2Dsimilar to the ones shown in the picture on theright.


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3D wireframe 3D wireframe is basically an extension of 2D drafting.Each line has to be manually inserted into the

drawing. The final product has no mass propertiesassociated with it and cannot have features directlyadded to it, such as holes. The operator approachesthese in a similar fashion to the 2D systems, althoughmany 3D systems allow using the wireframe model tomake the final engineering drawing views.

3D wireframe picture of the Fokker D.XXI


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3D "dumb" solids 3D "dumb" solids (programs incorporating this technology include

AutoCAD and Cadkey 19) are created in a way analogous tomanipulations of real word objects. Basic three-dimensional geometricforms (prisms, cylinders, spheres, and so on) have solid volumesadded or subtracted from them, as if assembling or cutting real-worldobjects. Two-dimensional projected views can easily be generatedfrom the models. Basic 3D solids don't usually include tools to easilyallow motion of components, set limits to their motion, or identifyinterference between components.


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Who Is CAD Beneficial to Engineer and

Designer?1. CAD is faster and more accurate than conventional

methods.

2. CAD makes job of developing the model and associateddrafting very easy task

3. Under CAD it is possible to change various dimensions,

attributes and distance of drawing elements. (for designing)4. One never have to repeat the design and drawing of any

component. It can be copied in seconds

5. One can accurately calculate various geometric propertiesincluding dimensions, without making models and profiles.

6. Modifications of model is very easy7. Use of std components makes very fast model development

work.

8. Several CAD packages provide 3D visulisation so thatdesigners can see the product designed from several

orientation


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Computer-aided manufacturing

(CAM) Computer-aidedmanufacturing(CAM) is the

application ofcomputerizedprocesses to helpintegrate theproduction of partsthrough computer-controlledautomaticprocess.


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Advantages of Using CAM

Greater design freedom Increased productivity

Greater operating flexibility

Shorter lead time

Improved reliability Reduced maintenance

Reduced scrap and rework

Better management control

Due to all above advantages, There is lowertotal cost and consequently higher finalearnings


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Types of Manufacturing AutomationTypes of

Machines

Description Examples

Machine

Attachments

Machines that replace human effort

with machine effort and typically

perform from one to a few simple

operations

Magazine feed attaachments, quick centering

and grasping devices for lathes, strip feeders for

stamping machines, vibrating hoppers with

scales that drop charges of chemicals into

waiting containers.

Numerically

controlled (N/C)

machines

Machines with control systems that

read instructions and translate

them into machine operations

Lathes, boring mills, tire building machines,

curing machines, weaving machines

Robots General-purpose, reprogrammable,

multifunction manipulators that

posses some humanlike

physiological characteristics

Machines that weld, paint, assemble, inspect for

quality, grasp, transport and store

Automated quality

control inspection

Automated machines that perform

part or all of the inspection process

Electronic circuit checks, computer driven

function checks, weighing robots, flexible

inspection system

Automatic

identification

systems (AIS)

Technologies used in automatic

acquisition of product data for entry

into a computer

Barcoding systems, inventory counting, data

entry for shop-floor control, systems for adjusting

settings of production machines

Automated process

controls

Computer systems that receive

data on the production process and

send adjustments to process

settings

Control systems for rolling mills in tire

manufacturing, calenders in plastic film

processing, cracking units in oil refineries.


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The largest CAM software

Providers UGS Corp (now owned by Siemens and calledSiemens PLM Software, Inc) and Dassault Sytemes,both with over 10% of the market.

CAMWorks (From Geometric Ltd) is the first CAM

package with Automatic Feature RecognitionTechnology,PTC, Hitachi Zosen and Delcam have over5% each.

Planit-Edgecam, Tebis, TopSolid, CATIA, CNC(Mastercam), SolidCAM, DP Technologys ESPRIT,One CNC, and Sescoi between 2.5% and 5% each.

The remaining 35% is accounted for by other nichesuppliers like T-TLEX, Mec Soft Corporation, SurfCAM,BobCAD, Metamation, GibbsCAM and SUM3D.


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Overcoming historical

shortcomingsOver time, the historical shortcomings of CAM arebeing attenuated, both by providers of niche solutions

and by providers of high-end solutions. This is

occurring primarily in three arenas:

1. Ease of use2. Manufacturing

complexity

3. Integration

with Product

lifecyclemanagement

(PLM) and the

extended

enterprise.


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Manufacturing complexity Wire EDR: Wire EDM features submerged

cutting with a drop tank configuration

CNCTuning

5 axismachining


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Role of computer in manufacturing

classified into 2 groups

Manufacturing supportapplications, which deal

essentially with thepreparation for actualmanufacturing and post-manufacture operationsand the type of support

applications are:

Computer monitoring and control ofthe manufacturing process. Eg. Incontinuous process industry (like

Chemical processing), Packaging.


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Computer-aided design (CAD)

Computer-aided design and drafting (CADD)

Computer-aided Engineering (CAE)

Computer aided Manufacturing (CAM)

Computer aided process planning (CAPP)

Computer aided tool design (CATD)

Computer aided planning (CAP)

Support Applications:


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Product Cycle From P. N. Rao

Business

Data ProcessingSystem

Computer

AidedManufacturing

(CAM)

Financial ManagementCosting

Sales and MarketingPurchase Order ControlVendorsSubcontractingPersonnel

Computer

Aided Design

(CAD)

Manufacturing

Systems

Key CIM TechnologiesComputer NetworksSystem Design and AnalysisDistributed Processing

Database ManagementModelling and SimulationExpert SystemsQuality Engineering

Factory Level ProductionPlanning

Production ManagementMPS, MRP.MRP II, JIT, OPTBill of material,Capacity Planning,Inventory control

Manufacturing Information

GenerationProcess PlanningProduction PlanningCNC Part ProgrammingRobot ProgrammingCMM Programming

Computer GraphicsGraphic standards

Design Analysis toolsTest and AnalysisDesign tools mechanicalHydraullic, electronics, etc.Feature and solid modellingVariational and parametricmodelling

Production ActivityMachining, AssemblyMaterial Handling, StorageProduction controlLoading, Scheduling,

Balancing, CapacityPlanning, Quality control


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The Product Cycle in a Computerised

Manufacturing Environment From P. N. Rao

GeometricModelling

Finite ElementAnalysis

CAD

Need

Forecast

Product

Concept

Computer

Aided Design

Product Proving

(Simulation)

Computer

Aided Drafting

Customer

Feedback

Order New

Equipment

Computer Aided

Process Planning

Computer Aided

Tool Design

Tool Manfg.

And Tryout

MarketingMaterial

Requirement

Planning

Computer aided

CNC part Program

Generation

Computer Aided

Scheduling

Computer Aided

Work Standards

CNC

Machines Robots and other

Material Handling

EquipmentComputer Aided

Inspection and

Quality Control

Actual

Production

CIM

CAM


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Machining process

Most machining progresses through four stages,each of which is implemented by a variety of basicand sophisticated strategies, depending on thematerial and the software available. The stagesare:

Roughing :Semi-finishing

Finishing

Contour milling


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Computer Integrated

Manufacturing

Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)is an umbrella term that refers to a total

interpretation of design, engineering,

manufacturing and the planning and

control procedures used within an

organization through the application of

complex system.


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The Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) areacontains several state-of-the-art computer numericallycontrolled (CNC) machines, an automated storage andretrieval system (AS/RS) and several industrial materialhandling robots. A simulation based control system isutilized for computer integrated control of the work cells.

CAD/CAM

software isavailable from

central locations

to give an

overall

perspective of

the factory floor


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Conclusion

CAD/CAM implies merger of CAD and

CAM.

The important result of this merger is theautomation of the transitions from product

design to manufacturing.

CAD/CAM promises great product

flexibility, low production costs and

improved product quality.


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PM Presentation 20[1].03

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