Plug-in Vehicles and the Electric Grid
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Plug-in Vehicles and the Electric Grid Mark Kapner, PE Senior Strategy Planner Austin Energy Mark.kapner@austinenergy. com
description
Plug-in Vehicles and the Electric Grid. Mark Kapner, PE Senior Strategy Planner Austin Energy [email protected]. Questions. How Many PHEVs Can the Power System Accommodate without Additional Generating Capacity ? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Plug-in Vehicles and the Electric Grid
Plug-in Vehicles and the Electric Grid
Mark Kapner, PESenior Strategy Planner
Austin [email protected]
1. How Many PHEVs Can the Power
System Accommodate without
Additional Generating Capacity ?
2. How does the Replacement of
Conventional IC Engine Vehicles
by PHEVs Affect Greenhouse Gas
Emissions ?
3. How will Large-scale Deployment
of PHEVs Effect the Grid ?
Questions
Methodology to Answer
Question 1Estimate existing idle generation capacity in a NERC region using a “valley filling” methodology
System load profile data from NERC and EIA
Simplified hourly load profiles to two 24 hour dispatches,a typical summer and typical winter day
Simulate the economic dispatch of generators
Generation available to charge PHEVs = available capacity minus generation dispatched to meet load.
Assumed that peaking plants are not used to charge PHEVs
Coal and Natural gas-fired units de-rated to account for planned outages
Austin Energy Generation
400
600
300
700
380
1
Natural Gas CombustionTurbine
Natural Gas Steam
Combined cycle
Coal
Nuclear
Summer Day Typical Load Profile
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
hour ending
MW
Nuclear
Coal
Comb Cycle
Other Gas-fired
Peakers
Typical Winter Day
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour Ending
MW
Nuclear
Coal
Comb Cycle
NERC Map
Specific Energy and Energy Storage Requirements by Vehicle Class
Vehicle Class Specific Energy in kWh per mile
Battery Capacity
Compact 0.26 8.6
Mid-Size Sedan 0.30 9.9
Mid-size SUV 0.38 12.5
Full-size SUV 0.46 15.2
Conclusion
(assuming max 2 kW charging rate)
NERC Region Technical Potential in Million PHEVs
ECAR 28.6
ERCOT 15.5
MACC 10.4
MAIN 13.1
MAPP 6.1
NPCC 15.6
FRCC 6.5
SERC 32.5
SPP 15.1
NWP 2.8
AZ & RMP 5.8
CNV 6.0
Total USA 158 million PHEVs
GreenHouse Gas Emissions
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Conventional Hybrid PHEV - coal PHEV - gas combcycle
Gra
ms
of
CO
2 p
er m
ile
Nitrogen Oxides - grams per km
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
EV - coal
EV -nat gas
gasoline avg
gasoline - new
Findings Valley Filling can charge approximately 75% of all
light duty vehicles in the US, if they were PHEVs
Potential Gasoline Displacement by PHEVs = 6.5
Million Bbls per Day (71% of total gasoline
consumption)
Assuming utilities have some control over when
charging occurs, PHEVs could increase minimum
system load, increase the utilization of baseload units,
and decrease plant cycling, and increase utility profits
(and/or reduce electric rates).
Findings PHEVs charging on today’s coal-fired generation have about
33% lower GreenHouse Gas emissions per mile than conventional
vehicles, charging on gas-fired combined cycle, have about 78%
lower GHG emissions.
Deployment of PHEVs facilitates the introduction of more wind
energy in regions where wind generation is strong at night.
Distribution engineers have expressed concern that distribution
transformers may not be designed to sustain a constant high
loading without a daily “cool down” period.
Studies
Pacific NW National Laboratory: Impacts Assessment of Plug-
In Vehicles on Electric Utilities and Regional US Power Grids
EPRI and NRDC: Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid
Vehicles
NREL: An Evaluation of Utility System Impacts and Benefits of
Optimally Dispatched Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
