Plug-In Electric Vehicles: Motivation, Architecture, and Impact

© 2011 The Ohio State University

Plug-In Electric Vehicles: Motivation, Architecture, and Impact

Shawn Midlam-Mohler, PhD, PEAssistant Professor of Practice

Ohio State University Department of Mechanical Engineering

andOhio State University Center for Automotive Research

© 2011 The Ohio State University2

Introduction

• Motivation for PEVs

• PEV Technology

• Well-to-Wheels Impact

• Grid Impact


World Oil Supply

3“Long-Term World Oil Supply Scenarios - The Future Is Neither as Bleak or Rosy as Some Assert”, John H. Wood, Gary R. Long, David F. Morehouse, DOE/EIA Report, August, 2004.


Importance of Petroleum in the U.S.

4

~70% for transportation

“State and U.S. Historical Data”, US Report DOE/EIA, January 2007 NGPL = Natural Gas Plant Liquids


World Oil Supply Estimates

5“Long-Term World Oil Supply Scenarios - The Future Is Neither as Bleak or Rosy as Some Assert”, John H. Wood, Gary R. Long, David F. Morehouse, DOE/EIA Report, August, 2004.


Energy Use and Per Capita GDP


EV AND PHEV TECHNOLOGY

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Fueling the Future:An Early Perspective

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"The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today, but such oils may become in the course of time as important as the petroleum and coal tar products of the present time.“ - Rudolph Diesel, 1912

"The fuel of the future is going to come from fruit like that sumac out by the road, or from apples, weeds, sawdust - almost anything. There is fuel in every bit of vegetable matter that can be fermented. There's enough alcohol in one year's yield of an acre of potatoes to drive the machinery necessary to cultivate the fields for a hundred years.“ - Henry Ford, 1925


Electrified Vehicles: Then and Now

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1917 Woods Dual Power 2010 Chevy Volt

1914 Detroit Electric Model 47 2010 Nissan Leaf

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

ElectricVehicles


Plugging-in .. how many PEVs??

Based on the historical rate of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) growth as a benchmark for the first 10 years, and realistic technology sales growth projections by 2020 based on known technical and infrastructure challenges

Courtesy of California Air

Resources Board


Where does the Energy Go?

In urban driving, how much fuel energy is actually used propel a conventional vehicle?a) 6% b) 13%c) 23% d) 31%

11

?%

?%

?%

?%

?%

?%

?%?%?%

Dissipation of kinetic energy

Overcoming tire rolling resistance

Overcoming aerodynamic

drag


Where does the Energy Go?

In urban driving, how much fuel energy is actually used propel a conventional vehicle?a) 6% b) 13%c) 23% d) 31%

12

?%?%

Dissipation of kinetic energy

Overcoming tire rolling resistance

Overcoming aerodynamic

drag


Conventional Vehicle

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Engine

Transmission

Fuel Tank

• Efficiency improvements hard fought – usually focusing on the engine, driveline, and accessories

• Advanced engine technology (Diesel, variable valve timing, etc.) are all part of the solution

• Reduced vehicle size is one of the most reliable means of reducing fuel economy


Mild Hybrid

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Engine

Transmission

BSA

Battery Pack

Fuel Tank

• A Belted Starter Alternator (BSA) is a small electric motor coupled to the engine in place of the alternator

• The motor allows the engine to be restarted rapidly, which reduces idle time (i.e. standby losses)

• The small battery pack for the BSA allows electrification of accessories


Full Hybrid

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Engine

Transmission

Battery Pack

Fuel Tank

EM

EM

• A hybrid vehicle contains at least one large electric motor, usually two in today’s production vehicles

• The motors allow engine stop-start and downsizing of the engine for more efficient operation

• More aggressive regenerative braking is also possible as are electric accessories


Hybrid Fuel Economy Comparison

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City Fuel Economy: ~50% better for HEVHighway Fuel Economy: ~10% better for HEV

Five cars with conventional and hybrid models:1. Honda Civic2. Nissan Altima3. Ford Escape4. Toyota Highlander5. Chevy Tahoe


Electric Vehicle

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Electric Motor

Transmission

Battery Pack

• Vehicle is independent of petroleum and zero emissions

• Typically reduced range (<100 miles) and long recharge times (several hours)

• Well-to-Wheel analysis is critical


Sample EV Window Sticker


Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

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Engine

Transmission

Battery Pack

Fuel Tank

EM

EM

• Cross between HEV and Electric Vehicle– In vehicles like the Chevy Volt, the vehicle

can go 30 miles using only electricity– After which, it operates like a

conventional HEV• For many drivers, functions as an EV during

daily commute


Sample PHEV Window Sticker

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Technology Summary

• Technologies Discussed:– Mild Hybrids, Full Hybrids, Electric Vehicles, Plug-In Hybrids

• PHEVs a good compromise between EV and HEV• Other Technologies can come to bear on the issue:

– Fuel Cells– Alternative Fuels– Alternative Combustion Modes– Waste Heat Recovery– Many others

• Current designs are largely no-compromise designs

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WELL-TO-WHEELS ANALYSIS

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Types of Vehicles

• Charge Sustaining Electric Drive Vehicles:– Today’s HEVs– No ability to connect to grid– All energy comes from on-board chemical fuel

• Charge Depleting Electric Drive Vehicles:– PHEVs and EVs– Require or expected to be connected to grid– For PHEVs, energy is mix between on-board chemical fuel and

electricity

• The latter category requires a more in-depth approach for evaluating the impact

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Timing of Charging Matters for PEVs

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Location of Charging Matters for PEVs

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Usage Patterns Matter for PEVs

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Well-to-Wheel Analysis

• For advanced technology vehicles and alternative fuels, a well-to-wheel analysis is vital

• There are no emissions from an electric vehicle directly – but where does the fuel come from?

• For biomass based fuels, there is considerable debate on the true life-cycle cost of the fuels

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Zero Emissions, High Efficiency

Regulated Emissions, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, High Energy Conversion Losses

(Chemical->Mechanical->Electrical)


Well-to-Wheel Petroleum Usage

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Well-to-Wheel GHG Emissions

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Well-to-Wheel NOx Emissions

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Well-to-Wheel SOx Emissions

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Well-to-Wheels Conclusions

• Charge depleting electric drive vehicles can offer major gains in petroleum usage and greenhouse gas emissions– Certain regulated emissions can increase from

conventional vehicles– Generation mix, time of charging events, and vehicle

driving patterns all impact environmental impact

• Charge sustaining electric drive vehicles (i.e. today’s conventional HEVs) offer more modest improvements in petroleum and GHG with no increase in regulated emissions

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WHAT IS OSU DOING IN THIS AREA?


OSU PEV Activities

• Education at undergraduate and graduate level (GATE Program)

• Privately funded research in the area of batteries, PEV control, advanced vehicle lubricants, and much more

• Consortium funded research in many areas through SMART@CAR Consortium

• Student motorsports projects:– Electric Motorcycle– Buckeye Bullet 3– EcoCAR 2


What is EcoCAR 2?

• A three year student vehicle competition:– 15 top schools selected in

competitive entry process– Engineering, business, and

communications focus• Students focus on:

– Improving efficiency– Reducing emissions– Reducing petroleum usage– Improving stock performance

and consumer features• GM provides a 2013 Chevy

Malibu at the start of Year 2


OSU EcoCAR 2 Vehicle Components

1.8L E85 Engine

A123 Systems Battery Pack

Parker-Hannifin Electric Machine and

GM 6-Speed Automated Manual Transmission

Parker-Hannifin Electric Machine

and BorgWarner Single Speed

Gearbox


Charge-Depleting

Front

OSU EcoCAR 2 Vehicle Modes


Charge-Sustaining Series

Front



Charge-Sustaining Parallel

Front



Year 1 Results

Second Place Overall


Questions?

Plug-In Electric Vehicles: Motivation, Architecture, and Impact

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