Plenary paper presented by Professor Abiodun Ayodele at ...

Plenary paper presented by Professor Abiodun

Ayodele at the International conference on Science

and Sustainable Development (ICSSD 2020)

organized by the Department of Physics, Covenant

University, Otta in collaboration with other partners.

Preamble

• I am indeed honored to be here and I

am grateful to the organizers of this

event for the opportunity to partake in

this conference most importantly as a

plenary speaker.

• I plead that you accept my limitations

as I only provide the framework for

discussions while we later delve into

the knitty-gritty of the theme of the

conference.

Preamble

• We must also note that we are just

getting over the scare of the dreaded

Covid-19 pandemic.

• It has been a very trying moment for

us in the country.

• But we thank God that activities are

returning to normal however not

without a scar on the body of

scientists the world over.

Introduction

• Man is an integral part of the

biosphere, and from inception has

depended on the earth for survival by

exploiting it for food, water, energy

and power.

• Societal progress has been measured

by the level of growth and

development in the fields of science,

technology and innovation.

Introduction

• Global superpowers are recognized by

the levels of solutions they contribute

to rebuilding a sound relationship

between human society and the

environment.

Science/Technology/Sustainable Development

• Science and technology (S&T) are the

pivot of man‟s quest for sustainable

development (health, education, nutrition,

construction, communication, agriculture,

commerce, energy, defense etc.).

• S&T enhance our understanding of the

socio-economic, political, cultural,

environmental and even religious problems

of our country while technology is

necessary in solving these problems.


• Science is the process of discovery and the

relentless pursuit of increased

understanding through experimentation,

data taking, conjecture and modeling, and

critical testing of the boundaries of

knowledge – always seeking the true facts.

• This involves critical thinking and

challenging and testing of assumptions,

using several techniques.


• Science continues to seek new

technologies to improve our

understanding of the intricacies of our

environment.

• Technology is the application of scientific

knowledge for meeting the needs

of the society.

• It is the visible results emanating from

scientific research.


• With technology, humans change,

transform and recreate our environment

in order to meet the needs and

aspirations of the society through

creation of tools, machines, products

and services.

• The catalyst for science and technology

is innovation.


• Innovation is the implementation of

new ideas to create value; of creating a

new service, system, or process, or

enhancing existing ones.

• Inventions are the bedrock of

innovation, new solutions to some

technical problems.


• Sustainable development is defined as

“Development that meets the needs of the

present without compromising the ability

of future generations to meet their own

needs” (WCED, 1987:43).

• Sustainable development is premised on

social, economic and environment criteria

(Boulanger, 2008; Kongoli, 2016).

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

• No poverty,

• Zero hunger,

• Good health and

well-being,

• Quality education,

Gender equality,

• Clean water and

sanitation,

• Affordable and

clean energy,

• Decent work an

economic growth,

• Industry, Innovation

and Infrastructure,

• Reduced inequality,

• Sustainable cities

and communities,

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

• Responsible

consumption and

production,

• Climate action,

• Life below water,

• Life on land,

• Peace and Justice

• Strong institutions

and

• Partnerships to

achieve the goals.


• The quest for sustainable development

in Nigeria calls for commitment to first

build a strong capacity for sustainable

political governance.

• This will drive purposeful leadership

which will realize the need to

adequately invest in human capacity

engineered towards development

through Science and Technology.


• Harnessing the various natural

resources in our country demands that

adequate investments be made in S&T

for a sustainable environment and the

socio-economic development of the

nation.

• Policy decisions must take cognizance

of scientific facts to yield the desired

development in the country.


• There is equally the need for

private/public partnership in the whole

issue of science and technology for

sustainable development.

• Universities and research institutes

must make their research reports

available to the relevant industries

while the industries must also be ready

to fund meaningful research.


• Universities and research institutes must

have a well-coordinated working

relationship with a view to harmonizing

their potentials for the industry.

• TWI2050 identified six exemplary

transformations which will allow

achieving the SDGs and long-term

sustainability to 2050 and beyond as

follow:

Elements of an Effective Science and

Technology Strategy

• A sufficient base for science and

technology for sustainable

development must be assembled from a

variety of key activities such as:

• Building Capacity for Sustainable

Development,

• Investing in Training the Next

Generation,

Elements of an Effective Science and

Technology Strategy

• Ensuring Access to Information,

• Strengthening the Scientific Basis of

Decision-Making,

• Informing the Public.

Essentials of Advances in Science and

Technology

• Advances in agriculture must be geared

towards food self-sufficiency and food

security for the growing population in

our country.

• Advances in energy should focus on

Clean and renewable energy

technologies to guarantee a sufficient

and sustainable energy supply for the

developing world.


Technology

• Application of new technologies will

be crucial to providing adequate and

safe water supplies.

• Advances in Medicine for developing

countries such as ours to confront the

scourge of infectious diseases, plaques

and non-communicable diseases.


Technology

• Advances in ICT and communication

in general must be to support all other

facets of the economy.

• Advances in technologies to limit

pollution and ensure a clean and

sustainable environment.

Advances in Agriculture

• An agricultural innovation system is

about people, the knowledge,

technology, infrastructure and cultures

engaged with towards a stable and

enduring food security and

sufficiency.


• The use of technology

in agriculture increases growth and

development with effective production.

• Such advances in technology are key to

the future of agriculture as they

enhance higher food production with

less resources.

• Such now include among others:


• Driverless Tractors – unmanned tractors

in Agriculture;

• Agricultural Drones - an unmanned

aerial vehicle applied to farm in order to

help increase crop production and

monitor crop growth;

• Vertical Farming - process of cultivating

the crops in vertically stacked layers to

increase more production with less

utilization of soil and water;


• Combined Harvester- mainly used in

paddy and wheat farming at the

harvesting phase for reaping, threshing

and winnowing;

• Manual Milking Machines- partial

automatic milking systems with less

manpower required.

Some modern farming methods

• Aeroponics: process of growing plants

in an air or moist environment without

utilizing soil or an aggregate medium.


• Aquaponics: a closed-loop system that

relies on the symbiotic relationship

among aquaculture (fish) and agriculture

(plants) for fertilization.

• While fish waste accumulates in the

water and provides the nutrients essential

for plant growth, the plants naturally

clean the water.

• It provides a balanced, yet less

regimented, environment.


• Hydroponics: method is a soil-less

type of farming because it requires no

soil for the plants to grow; essentially

involves growing healthy plants

without the use of a traditional soil

medium by using a nutrient like a

mineral-rich water solution instead.


• Monoculture: This is the raising of a

single crop within a specified area.

• Many indoor farms growing medicinal

herbs and flowers are measured to be

monoculture farms.


• Seed priming (Nitropriming):

controlled hydration and dehydration is

employed in seed by initiating the

process of germination, but the

protrusion of radicle is restricted.

• Seed priming ensures proper and

synchronized germination and seedling

development.

Seed priming (Nitropriming) (Cont’d)

• It is a method of protecting crop seeds

from various stresses, faced during

germination in field.

• Plants obtained from nitrate primed

seeds develop the capacity to tolerate

drought, heat, cold, submergence and

heavy metals stresses.

• This treatment also improves the quality

of produce.

Advances in Botany

In Plant/Agriculture and Food

Security

• Tissue culture techniques, which lead

to the production of new plants from

parts of plant tissue under carefully

controlled laboratory conditions.

• Plants are produced on large scale

{micropropagation}

In Plant/Agriculture and Food Security

• Use of genetic engineering techniques

in genetic modification of plants for

crop improvement.

• Genome editing of plants which has

enhanced plant-based chemical

production, increased food production

and maintain better nutritional value.


• DNA sequencing and genomic

information have been used to create

maps of the DNA in different plant

species.

• Gene molecular markers have been

developed and successfully applied in

diversity assessment using marker

assisted selection in

breeding activities of various

agricultural crops.


• DNA markers have also been used in

identifying and discriminating of

closely related cultivars, and can be

applied in assessing

taxonomic, phylogenetic relationships,

pedigree analysis and linkage mapping.


• Biofertilizers and organic amendments

such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,

biochar and compost have been used to

improve the yield of crops and enhance

early maturing traits in plants.

• Planting on less land naturally require

less use of pesticides and reduce toxic-

specific insect pest and disease through

the application of plant extract used as

biopesticides, biofungicides.


• Drought-resistant plants that require

fewer environmental resources such as

water can be improved

biotechnologically through selection

breeding.

In Sustainable Use of Natural

Resources and terrestrial Ecosystem

• Environment, housing, urban and

regional development.

• Plants adapt to environmental stress

and Climate change.

• Increased environmental conservation

and sustainability.

In Sustainable Use of Natural Resources

and terrestrial Ecosystem

• Through breeding and biotechnology,

plants adapt by reducing carbon dioxide

(CO2) emission from farming process and

reducing toxic chemical pollution,

greenhouse and gas emission.

• These help farmers to adopt more

sustainable practices such as reduced

tillage which decrease the burning of fossil

fuels and retain more carbon in the soil.

In industry, innovation and Infrastructure

• Stems, leaves and roots of medicinal

plants have been used to synthesize

drugs in pharmaceutical industry for

health care delivery.

• Plants and plant products in form of

food crops, tree crops are useful in

processing of foods and beverages in

industries.

In industry, innovation and Infrastructure

• Plants are useful in construction

industries.

• Paper, textile and plastic industries have

also benefited from plant products.

Advances in Computer Science

• The 21st century has been marked with

many advances and innovations cross

the various fields of science and

technology.

• Computer Science is a logical and

replicable field that uses the principles

of science and technology to provide

innovations and advances that affect the

way we live, move, eat, teach, diagnose

diseases etc.


Advances in Computer Science that

affect sustainable development include:

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) and

Robotics

• Bog data analytics,

• Computer-assisted education,

• Bioinformatics

• Cybersecurity amongst others.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Robotics

• This is the simulation of natural

intelligence by computers and

machines.

• AI allows machines to react to objects,

move objects, and decide on the next

thing to do based on several inputs.

• The use of machines to replicate

human behavior is known as Robotics.


• Robots are no longer mechanical but

are electro-mechanical using the

simulated intelligence of humans to

operate in the real world.

• A lot of developments is still ongoing.

Big Data Analytics

• This is the use of statistics to interpret

large datasets that have been acquired

by organizations over time.

• The inadequacy of statistics led to the

development of new tools and

technologies to handle large data from

sources such as hospitals, banks and

schools.

Big Data Analytics

• The aim of data analytics is to allow

personalization and improvement of

services.

Computer-assisted Education

• This is the use of computers to mediate

in learning, serve as a teaching tool and

provide resources for teaching and

learning.

• The use of computers has allowed many

approaches to teaching and learning to

be tried out. Computers have given

many more people access to education

such as disabled people and rural

dwellers.

Bioinformatics

• This is the use of programmes and

software to build large datasets of

biological information for research

purposes.

• Bioinformatics helps medical

researchers, pharmaceutical companies

to reduce the time and resources

needed to work on challenges

associated with human and animals.

Cybersecurity

• This is the protection of digital assets

such as financial records, medical

records, usernames, and passwords

from attacks.

• A lot of transactions are carried out

online with various security

mechanisms developed to ensure

privacy and confidentiality.

Cybersecurity

• Cybersecurity is being implemented

with complex encryption techniques,

block chain technology amongst

others.

Advances in Mathematical Science

• Mathematics no doubt has also played

a major role in the above advances

elucidated in Computer Science

because both are interrelated.

• The aspect of number theory that is

involved in building cryptosystem to

ensure security of information, money

transfer,


in communication, wired or wireless,

graph theory, a very interesting part of

mathematics has proven very useful.

• Mathematical algorithms are used to

recover some lost details such as

graphics or some other sort of

information.


• These mathematical theories have been

the main pivot in security systems and

communication networking (Cyber and

Information Security).

• Recent developments of image

processing machines ranging from

measuring heart rate to getting signals

about undesired growth in the internal

part of the body have been linked to the

use of mathematical theories.


• Through mathematics, scientists and

engineers can now collaboratively

build machines to recognize faces,

voices and such similar fuzzy variables

helping to fight crimes (image and

pattern recognition).

Advances in Physics

• Physics, in particular, is impacting

concerted efforts worldwide at delivering

goals; especially as regards affordable

and clean energy; industry, innovation

and infrastructure; sustainable cities and

communities; and efforts to stop global

warming; that is, goals seven, nine,

eleven and twelve, respectively.

Advances in Physics

• Solid state physics research include

photovoltaic (solar) cells

• Higher power conversion efficiencies

were attained through research on these

photovoltaic (PV) cells for enhanced

harvesting of solar energy and efficient

conversion into electricity.

Advances in Physics

• Increasing stability and durability of

PV cells are also of paramount interest,

leading to advances in floating PV

panels amid increasing interest in

offshore solar due to ever decreasing

availability of land space due to

deforestation and habitation.

Advances in Physics

• Consequently, a lot of physics research

on renewable energy is concentrated on

new perovskite materials, carbon

nanotubes and nanophotonics crystals for

cheaper clean energy and on green

hydrogen as renewable fuel, which is

projected to reach the scale of oil and gas

but ecofriendly with very low emissions.

Advances in Physics

• Advances in solid earth physics include

improved methods of exploration of

leachate migration and other

contaminants of accessible potable

water for sustainable cities and

communities.

Advances in Physics

• Advances in atmospheric/

meteorological data mining and

analysis are being achieved in

atmospheric physics research in studies

to improve weather forecasting and

monitoring of climate change, for

sustainable cities.

Advances in Physics

• Moreso in studies of ozone layer

depletion and other precursors, as well

as measurable impacts, of global

warming to further enhance focused

activities and warnings to stop it.

Advances in Physics

• Research in radiation and health

physics are tailored to monitor and

sensitise people to safety radiation

levels as well as potential radiation

hazards.

• Many advances have been made in

increasing the areas and scope of

radiological assessment all over

Nigeria.

Advances in Physics

• With the recent fear of radiation

hazards of proposed upgrade of

telecommunication networks from 4G

to 5G a lot of research interest in

radiation and health physics are

focused on studying its potential

radiation hazards.

Advances in Chemical Science

• Chemistry has played an important role

in attaining sustainable development in

the following areas:

• Energy use: Use of renewable energy

like solar energy and wind energy

which reduces dependence on fossil

energy which pollutes and create

damage to environment.


• Efficient waste treatment technologies

in industrial and agricultural

production etc.

• Production of nanomaterials (e.g.

nanotubes) for drug delivery and other

industrial purposes.


• Syntheses of new efficient catalysts for

important reactions which lead to

generation of new materials for

sustainable development.

• Manufacture of environmentally

friendly herbicides and pesticides has

ensured sustainability of agricultural

products for all.


• Essential medicines: Discovery of

new improved drugs with little or no

side effects has improved greatly the

life span of human beings and their

general welfare like the new drug,

Remdesivir under trial in the treatment

of the pandemic COVID-19.


• Water and waste management resulting

in new household water purification

devices while minimizing waste and

pollution.

• Through advances in packaging

materials, the shelf life of food is

extended while maintaining food

quality and safety.


• Many pharmaceuticals effective in

fighting infectious and non-infectious

diseases have been derived by chemists

while new vaccines and drugs for

currently incurable diseases, „nanobots‟

for drug delivery and sensors for

disease diagnosis are being made

available.


• Green chemistry has been exploring

catalytic processes for light harvesting

towards hydrogen production and

carbon dioxide fixation to avoid

environmental pollution.


• To provide the society with adequate

clean water, advances include

disinfectants that kill germs and

prevent disease, polymer membrane

filters that remove impurities, thermal

desalination by solar panels and

materials for pipes that protect water,

from its source to the tap.


• Use of cleaner and alternative fuels,

solar cells, lithium ion batteries,

advanced biofuels, more cost-effective

materials for solar panels provide end-

user products for a low-carbon society.


• Chemistry is using technologies to

produce a host of materials from

lightweight auto parts, to energy-

efficient windows, doors, lighting and

insulation, to lightweight packagings,

polymers, plastics, semiconductors and

solid-state display devices.

Advances in Geoscience

• With modern scientific innovations in

geosciences, technologically savvy

professionals now use computer

applications and software in several

facets of geoscience including hydro-

geology, engineering geology,

petroleum exploration, and

environmental impact assessment of

geological activities.


Development of high resolution high

tech equipment, supported by high Giga

to Terra byte computing software has led

to:

• improved accuracy in the search for the

earth‟s resources which in turn saves

cost,


• improved understanding of the origin,

mode of transportation, storage,

exploration and management of

groundwater resources,


• identification and development of

mineral resources such as iron ores for

the production of metals, rock

aggregates for engineering works such

as building and road construction,

discovery of gemstones, exploration

and exploitation of petroleum resources

as a source of energy,


• development of alternative energy

sources such as nuclear, geothermal,

solar, wind, biomass etc.

Advances in Microbiology

• Conversion of wastes to value-added

products using biotechnological

approaches involving the utilization of

microorganisms and their metabolites

e.g. production of biogas (methane)

from wastes generated from

households, agricultural and industrial

settings.


• The use of Escherichia coli in the

amplification of the gene encoding the

production of insulin via the process of

cloning thus helping in saving the

lives of patients suffering from diabetes

and other related diseases.


• The development of gene-amplifying

PCR machine which is currently the

surest way to confirm the presence of

the causative agent of COVID-19 (a

virus) in an infected individual and the

serological method used in the

screening for COVID-19 are some of

the advances in Microbiology.


• Many microorganisms are being

employed in the partial or complete

production of food and other food

products.


• Most fermented beverages, condiments and

other fermented food products are products

of microbial fermentation processes, where

organisms such as the lactic acid bacteria

(LAB), Bacillus spp., Saccharomyces

cerevisiae (a yeast) have played a major part

in enhancing the nutritive and organoleptic

properties of food, in addition to enhancing

the shelf lives of such products and give

health to mankind.

CONCLUSION

• Harnessing and maximizing the

potential of science and technological

innovation can help in meeting

sustainable development goals.

• Sustainable development depends on the

actions of and cooperation between all

stakeholders.

CONCLUSION (Cont’d)

• These include governments, civil

society, academia, technologists and of

course the private sector.

• The question now remains: Is Africa

prepared to contribute to sustainable

development using the advancement of

science and technology?


• From 2007 to 2013, the Asia-Pacific

region‟s share of world expenditure on

science and technology research and

development rose from 36% to 44%;

Africa had 1% (ESC report, 2016).


• The Asia-Pacific region is home to some

of the most technologically advanced

economies in the world.

In contrast, Africa is still grappling

with injustice, insecurity, conflicts

and hunger.

Acknowledgement

• I acknowledge the contributions of the

following staff of the Faculty of Science,

University of Ibadan, Ibadan to this

write-up: Drs A. O. Adekanmbi,

Temitope E. Olalekan, E. A. Orijieme,

O. E. Oyewande, B. O. Onasanya, C. G.

Udomboso, F. J. Ayoola, O. Osunade, O.

J. Olawuyi, O. A. Boboye, A. A.

Sobowale and Pastor O. A. Ayodele.

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