PLASTIC SOEP IS OVERAL - wur.nl€¦ · Photo: G.Mauger, Groupe d'Étude des Cétacés du Cotentin...
Transcript of PLASTIC SOEP IS OVERAL - wur.nl€¦ · Photo: G.Mauger, Groupe d'Étude des Cétacés du Cotentin...
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Martin HeubeckMick MellorEric MeekKeith FaircloughDan TurnerJane GollanNicole Girard Gilles le GuillouChristine BlaizeEric StienenWouter CourtensMarc vd WalleElisa Bravo RebolledoSusanne KühnKees CamphuysenAndré MeijboomDavid FleetNils GuseStefan GartheJohn PedersenHelle SchulzPoul Lindhard HansenKare Olav OlsenBergur OlsenJohannes DanielsenJens-Kjeld Jensen
PLASTIC SOEP IS OVERAL27e NIBI Onderwijsconferentie,
12-jan-2013, Lunteren
pdf copy of conference presentation to be used only
in school classrooms
Jan van Franekerand the
‘Save the North Sea’Fulmar study group
The Netherlands Ministry of Infrastructure and the
Environment
“a day at sea” as an introduction to marine litter types
offshore oil and gasindustry
Coastal recreation
Shore-based industries
agriculture
coastal dump sites
Punta Arenas, Chile
Faroe Islands (2009)
Los Angeles river, USA
smallmarine
litter
INDUSTRIAL PLASTICS
+colourants, fillers, softeners, anti-oxidants,
flame-retardants, uv-protectors, biocides,…..
USER PLASTICS
Maximenko 2008 IPRC Climate, vol. 8, no. 2
Plastic soup… garbage patches
Grey PhalaropePhalaropus fulicaria
Plastic soup in Texel Ferry Harbour
PLASTIC SOUP is not
a ‘distant’ problem,it’s
EVERYWHERE
Corsica, April 2011
© Jan van Franeker
For short film on this picture see:http://youtu.be/nuHpjKHEsx8
why worry about marine litter ?
DAMAGE economic
Foto G Timmerman (TC)
economical damage from litter: possibly over 1.000.000.000 Euro per year !
DAMAGE ecological
http://marine-litter.gpa.unep.org/
Minke WhaleBalaenoptera acutorostrata
stomach contents of youngMinke Whale
beachwashed in FrancePhoto: G.Mauger, Groupe d'Étude des Cétacés du Cotentin - GECC
Directe doodsoorzaak
Indirecte effecten• schade maagwand• verminderde maagfunctie• onderdrukt hongergevoel• kleinere maaginhoud• opname giftige chemicaliën
afname conditie toename sterfteafname broedsucces
GEVOLGEN VAN HET ETEN VAN PLASTIC :
“Plastic Soup”
effects microscopicplastics on
filter feeders and on food web ???
marine litter = problem
DAMAGE economical
DAMAGE ecological
http://zeevogelgroep.nl/SchoonStrandTexel2005/
Northern Fulmar – Fulmarus glacialis
Lesser Black-backed Gull
Northern Fulmar
• talrijk, wijdverspreid, dode vogels op strand• eet allerlei soorten afval• fourageert alléén maar op open zee• hoopt plastic afval op in de maag• integreert vervuilingsniveaus in zijn voedselgebied op zee
Stormvogels zijn dom
maar juist daarom misschien …
een handige graadmeter voor
afval op zee
NetherlandsFulmar-Litter
monitoring1982 – 20…
‘North Sea’Fulmar Study
2002-20....
Average mass ± se of plastics in stomachs of fulmars in the Netherlands (running 5-year arithmetic average for all ages, all plastics)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1980s(69)
1995-1999(222)
1996-2000(258)
1997-2001(304)
1998-2002(329)
1999-2003(294)
2000-2004(318)
2001-2005(331)
2002-2006(304)
2003-2007(309)
2004-2008(290)
2005-2009(226)
Plastic mass(gram)
5-year periods (sample size)
Current 5-year period2005-2009 Netherlands:
incidence 95 %average nr 27 particles / birdavg mass 0.28 gram / bird
Average mass ± se of industrial and user plastics in stomachs of fulmars in the Netherlands (running 5-year arithmetic average for all ages)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
1980s(69)
1995-1999(222)
1996-2000(258)
1997-2001(304)
1998-2002(329)
1999-2003(294)
2000-2004(318)
2001-2005(331)
2002-2006(304)
2003-2007(309)
2004-2008(290)
2005-2009(226)
INDUSTRIAL plastic mass
(gram)
USER plasticmass (gram)
5 -year periods (sample size)
Kwaliteitsdoelstelling (Ecological Quality Objective ‘EcoQO’) voor ZWERFVUIL in de Noordzee
Kwaliteits meterdood aangespoelde
Noordse Stormvogels
Doelstelling< 10 % van de vogels
heeft> 0.1 gram plastic
in de maag(alle deelgebieden; voor aaneengesloten
periode van tenminste 5 jaar)
North Sea Regional Pattern (EcoQO performance 2005-2009)
The pattern indicates major local sources of pollution (rather than ‘ background’ from e.g. Gulf Stream)
The southern area, in particular the Channel, is most heavily polluted: ±twice the level of that in the Scottish Islands
1
2
3
5
4
Region
10%target
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
ScottishIslands
NEEngland
Channel SE NorthSea
Skagerrak
1
2
3
4
5
% of birds with > 0.1 g plastic
Canadian Arctic data from Mallory et al. (2006; 2008), Provencher et al 2009 & pers. inf. authors
North Atlantic comparisonEcoQO performance(% birds with more than 0.1g plastic in stomach)
0%
25%
50%
75%
NorthSea
FaroeIslands
Iceland ArcticCanada
10%target
doelstelling:Zwerfvuil veroorzaak “geen schade” aan kust en zeemilieu
Graadmeters : trends in hoeveelheid vuil op kust en in het water, ook voor microplastics, en ‘invloeden van zwerfvuil op het leven in zee *
* = gemeten aan het eten van plastics door zeedieren, naar het voorbeeld van de stormvogel EcoQO in de Noordzee
Europese KaderRichtlijn Marien(KRM 2008) :
“Goede MilieuToestand (GMT) in 2020
in regions where fulmar sampling is not possible other options for bio-monitoring have to be explored
Photo: G.Mauger, Groupe d'Étude des Cétacés du Cotentin - GECCmammals ? turtles ? fishes ? Other birds ?
European Marine Strategy Framework Directive :
Harm ?
North Sea 2003-2007 95% plastic incidence;
0.31 gram per bird
HARM?
Fulmar wreck 2004:highly unusual sex & age
compositionserious deficiencies in down
plumage illogical reproductive decisions
Suggesting a disturbed endocrine hormonal system !
Hormonal disruptions are a known effect of the types of contaminants accumulated by fulmars through food and/or plastic ingestion
From Honolulu 2011 5IMDC presentation: Chemicals in marine plastics and risks: a mass mortality incident among fulmars in 2004 showed many characters of hormonal disturbance,
potentially related to plastic ingestion
Foto: Johan Kroll
Fulmar - symbol of the Save the North Seamarine litter campaign
Fulmar is a
high quality scientific toolplus a
strong public relations tool
to create the political and public awareness that is essential to accept and support measures
aimed at the reduction of litter in the marine environment
John Mouat Rick Nickerson Melanie Schultz van Haegen(NL North Sea Deputy Minister)
Salko de Wolf, EcoMare
to the benefit of all marine life
G.Mauger, - GECC
Shipping (incl. fisheries) considered as the main source of marine litter.
(measures: e.g. EU Directive on
Port Reception Facilities)
remains of balloonsaverage 6 per km
(Texel, april 2005)
IMARES
Thank you for
listening !